Telco Global Connect 4

E book 4 -2014 dated 27 january 2014
From a blog dedicated to provide Strategic Insights for Telcos and CSP's

Blog Source : www.maliksadiq13.wordpress.com

Table of Contents

About

Sadiq Malik ( Telco Strategist )

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Deep Dive : Assessing the utility of SDN for Telcos !!
2 : Telco Growth Imperative : How to organise for new services !!
LTE in Africa : Getting ready to rock n roll !!
Inside Track : Carrier Aggregation in LTE
Fast Track : Evolved Managed Services

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About

Sadiq Malik is Principal Consultant at Broadband Gurus Network which provides
a portfolio of consultancy services to address the ongoing business challenges
faced by organisations throughout the telecoms value chain.
Broadband Gurus Network , a think tank that is focused on helping Telcos and
Government Regulators on how best to monetize broadband in the pursuit of
bridging the Digital Divide in Developing countries.
At Informa Telecoms Media’s Middle East & Africa region Sadiq spearheaded
the design and delivery of consultancy packages to help telcos and CSPs
succeed in a fast evolving market landscape with alternative business models . At
BCT Global, Sadiq led the formation of the telco services division where he
secured contracts concerning a range of innovative services in the broadband
arena.
As strategic projects consultant for Motorola, he initiated projects with a longterm impact on the company’s intellectual and brand competitiveness such as the
establishment of Africa’s first cellular training centre.Sadiq has managed several
key projects for Telcos / CSP’s including: LTE Business Planning; Fixed Mobile
Operator Consolidation assessment; monetising VAS strategic planning and
Smart Cities Evolution (technical and commercial planning).
Sadiq is speaker at telco conferences and conducts CxO workshops for CSP’s in
Malaysia , Dubai, Cairo and Johanesburg. Some of the workshop themes :
Convergent Billing , Hybrid Broadband Architectures , IPTV Commercial
strategies , 3G LTE and Wimax Technical and commercial aspects , Telco 2
business models , Mobile network optimisation and Capacity planning , Business
case build up Mobile TV etc.
In the last 5 years he has trained over 1000 managers from the Telco industry in
MEA and Far East.
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1: Deep Dive : Assessing the utility of SDN for Telcos !!

Software
Defined Networking or SDN is a technological approach to designing and
managing networks that has the potential to increase operator agility, lower
costs, and disrupt the vendor landscape.With SDN the network becomes a
programmable fabric that can be manipulated in real time to meet the needs of
the applications and systems that sit on top of it. SDN promises fully automated,
application-aware and adaptive adjustments to bandwidth, compute power and
storage with end-user visibility is what is needed to provide ultimate QoE to the
mobile user connected an IP based Telecom network such as LTE .
The root cause of a network’s limitation is that it is built using switches, routers
and other devices that have become overly complex because they implement an
ever-increasing number of distributed protocols and use closed and proprietary
interfaces. By decoupling the network control and data planes, OpenFlow-based
SDN architecture abstracts the underlying infrastructure from the applications
that use it, allowing the network to become as programmable and manageable
at scale as the computer infrastructure that it increasingly resembles. An SDN
approach fosters network virtualization, enabling IT staff to manage their
servers, applications, storage, and networks with a common approach and tool
set.
In a SDN, the network administrator can shape traffic from a centralized control
console without having to touch individual switches. The administrator can change
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any network switch’s rules when necessary — prioritizing, de-prioritizing or even
blocking specific types of packets with a very granular level of control. This is
especially helpful in a Cloud computing multi-tenant architecture because it
allows the administrator to manage traffic loads in a flexible and more efficient
manner. SDN allows network engineers to support a switching fabric across multivendor hardware and application- specific integrated circuits.
Most of the churn in mobile subscribers today is attributed to poor QoE (Quality
of Experience). What’s needed is an efficient and elastic system that adapts to
the end-user traffic automatically and dynamically. The rapid adoption of 4G
Mobile (LTE) necessitates uninterrupted availability of quality services 24/7
regardless of location or device. SDN has the capability to make this a reality.
The Open Flow protocol allows the network to be programmed on a per-flow
basis and thereby provides visibility at the user and application level. The
capability to increase or decrease the bandwidth needed, for instance, by way
of automated bandwidth signalling is one advantage. It can also adjust the
number of VMs (Video Messages) and the associated storage needed
proactively and dynamically with¬out any human intervention on an application
basis.
Developing an SDN business involves the deployment of physical infrastructure, a
network controller and a telecoms operating management system which combines
operation and business support systems. The network controller is central to SDN
with two main functions: virtual resource control and traffic management systems
(TMS). The network controller can create a programmable, logical network that
allocates resources within the physical network (access and core networks) in the
most dynamic way without needing to know the actual infrastructure topology. In
so doing, the operator can build the most appropriate virtual network offering
multiple services.
SDN is not only an esoteric technology concept but a current reality: in 2012
Google announced that it had migrated its live data centres to a Software
Defined Network using switches it designed and developed using off-the-shelf
silicon and OpenFlow for the control path to a Google-designed Controller.
Google claims many benefits including better utilisation of its compute power
after implementing this system. Recently Japanese vendor NEC established a
partnership with Portugal Telecom that will see the two firms collaborate on SDN
(software defined networking) and virtualisation technology for data centers and
carrier networks. The two firms claimed the agreement would enable both
companies to test and assess the commercial feasibility and benefits of SDN
implementation for carrier data centers , adding that SDN and network
virtualisation have “exceptional potential”.
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According to Infonetics, telecoms plan to deploy SDNs and NFV by 2014 within
data centers, between data centers, operations and management, content
delivery networks (CDNs), and cloud services. In most cases, Telcos are starting
small with their SDN and NFV deployments, focusing on parts of their network, in
“ contained domains “ such as data centers, to ensure they can get the
technology to work as intended.
Running in parallel Telco network architects believe that NFV (this term Network
Function Virtualisation was coined by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute ) will consolidate many network equipment types onto
industry standard high volume servers, switches and storage, thus providing a
new network production environment so as to lower cost, raises efficiency and
increases agility. Network Functions Virtualisation can be implemented without
the prescence of a SDN , although the two concepts and solutions can be
combined to unlock greater value.
In the next decade SDN is big business.According to SDN Central (an
independent market research community for SDN & NFV), the SDN market is
expected to surpass $35 billion in the next 5 years. Adoption of SDN technology
has accelerated in recent years from sales of $10 million in 2007 to $252
million in 2012.The emergence of the software-defined networking market is
supported by growth in venture capital investment in SDN focused companies.
Venture capital funding rose from $10 million in 2007 to $454 million in 2012.


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2 : Telco Growth Imperative : How to organise for new services !!

Telecommunications
companies are facing difficult times these days: their products are commoditised,
competition is fierce and pressure on margins is high. Some operators with
foresight are trying to set themselves apart through better service. Services, by
being less visible and more labor dependent, are much more difficult to imitate,
thus becoming a sustainable source of competitive advantage. Reaching out to
and understanding the needs of customers, both current ones and those who may
consider shifting from competitors in such turbulent and competitive era, is an
important element of the service strategy. As such Telcos would do well to learn
from other industry best practices to gain a competitive edge in and expand
beyond their core markets.
Other industries, such as computer or telecom hardware, have shown that
business development based on new services can be a successful road to new
growth. In 1993, CEO Louis Gerstner initiated a transformation at IBM. The
transformation involved a change from a hardware and software business to a
solutions and services business and from a regionally aligned organization to a
global organization. IBM committed itself to business and cultural change ,
invested in talent and the right financial and IT systems to support them and
placed strategic bets on IT as a utility service and hosted storage. The
transformation created opportunities for cost savings by encouraging
development and use of enterprise-wide technology platforms.

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Fortunately with the ever evolving technology and more complex products,
incumbent operators have a powerful asset to leverage: their technical field
service organization and capabilities. In order to capitalise on further strategic
growth opportunities, Telcos should consider an option of developing a
dedicated service organization which has control of its entire value chain,
primarily focusing on multiproduct communications services for mass segments.
This means a dedicated unit, focusing on developing the service business, having
full control over its entire value chain, freedom and leeway to develop its
business, full management attention and support to execute its mandate. The
primary focus of the new service organizations is service innovation excellence
and ability to scale customer solutions for rapid growth across well defined
customer segments based on their real communications needs.
Customer front-end responsibility (marketing and sales) should be placed into
new service Org. The consolidation of the service offering under a single division
is normally accompanied by a strong initiative to improve the efficiency, quality
and delivery time of the services provided, and the creation of additional
services to supplement the basic offering. The consolidation of services also
comes with the development of a monitoring system to assess the effectiveness
and efficiency of the service delivery.
Transitioning from product manufacturer into service provider constitutes some
managerial challenges. Services require new organizational principles, structures
and processes. Not only are new capabilities, metrics and incentives needed, but
also the emphasis of the business model changes from transaction- to
relationship-based. Be warned that research has shown it takes a serious effort
by senior managment to build the structures, capabilities, processes and systems
to seize the service opportunities.Successful service companies do not start from
scratch – they are built up on the basis of existing units and businesses with the
best suited set of service assets and capabilities such as customer knowledge ;
service development, standardization and roll-out capabilities for complete
service delivery.
A focus on forward-looking IT investments (funded by reductions in maintenance
costs for today’s systems) will be essential to support the service organisation.
Social media collaboration platforms support all service operations: enterprise
case management, call centers, customer portals, websites, and integration with
social media channels. A knowledge base provides answers to your agents and
your customers through all your channels, increasing deflection rates and
reducing time spent per case, keeping your customers happy and loyal. Cloud
based CRM platforms can support the customer service team to improve the way
they managed everyday customer interactions. Cloud Customer Portals give
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customers a true online service experience, ensuring they have the flexibility to
manage their interactions with their Telco entirely online if they chose to do so,
and enabling customer service questions to be managed, just like an order
coming in from a field sales team person. Customers can create orders online for
new and replacement products including, phones, accessories, and SIM cards,
and then track the status of the order through to shipment. When Sprint acquired
Nextel, over 5,000 employees in over 1,100 retail stores and 800 dealer
locations got busy collaborating on customer retention and churn avoidance. Tied
together via an employee social network, disparate teams across both
organizations focused their efforts to retain customers and build new loyalty
programs.
Delivering good services as part of a core product offering does not suffice as
the sole differentiator in highly competitive telecommunications markets.
Investments in new radio access technology bring along radically new network
economics leaving mobile operators with the quest to gear their network
investments towards a cost optimal access, backhaul and core portfolio. It is
critical to cut spending on low-value activities, and redeploy it to investments that
generate growth, margins and true differentiation. Being able to accurately
identify where value is generated at all levels of the organization – from
divisions to specific products or offerings to particular customers – is a critical
managerial competence.


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3 : LTE in Africa : Getting ready to rock n roll !!

The Africa LTE
Congress in Cape Town was a well organised and well executed Event. The 2day assembled over 300 attendees from across the continent to hear insightful
presentations, network and discover the future of LTE in Africa . The general
ambience was cautiously optimistic even exciting since there is so much riding on
LTE to bridge the growing Digital Divide in Africa.
It seems South Africa is clearly taking the LTE lead in Africa with a reported
94% of Africa’s 300,000 activated LTE SIM cards earlier this year. However, the
rest of the continent is quickly catching up with Econet wireless confirming they
are testing their LTE network in Zimbabwe, Surfline Communications announcing
an LTE rollout in Ghana next year and MTC Namibia reporting 33% of data
currently used on the network is already from LTE. And more projects in the
works including Govt backed Open Access Model in Rwanda and Kenya.
It was widely discussed that there are still several hurdles to overcome before
LTE in Africa can become truly mass market, mainly spectrum availability,
affordable LTE devices and backhaul infrastructure requirements. Despite these
challenges, a clear consensus was that LTE is on the minds of all operators in
Africa with the CEO of Smile Communications ( who are rolling out LTE across 5
nations ) inspired the audience by stating that LTE is the only technology fast
enough to truly open the doors to the digital revolution in Africa.
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Key Highlights of LTE Africa included:
Telkom Mobile live LTE network demonstration, wowed the audience when it
reached downlink speeds of over 210Mbps. A Telkom Mobile executive
explained that they used an LTE modem connecting to their LTE TDD network in a
4×4 MIMO configuration supporting dual carrier downlink to achieve these
speeds.
Huawei claimed to have 44 LTE networks across Africa, many of which are
inactive but can be switched on immediately once the operators are ready. In a
roundtable discussion with reporters leading global figures from the giant
Chinese communications solutions provider painted a positive picture as to just
how close major commercial rollouts are on the continent. The Vice president for
Huawei, emphasised LTE TDD is the right solution for Africa because it is
available across 200 different devices and it is rapidly being adopted on a
global scale, which translates to 44 different networks to date confirming TDD
viability.
The Samsung Rep informed VoLTE in South Korea, was first optimised and
commercialised last year in August. He said VoLTE call setup time is significantly
shorter as opposed to VoIP. It also allows for “one touch” switch over from a
voice call to a video call. He enthused how Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE) is a viable
solution for African communications given there are 800 million mobile
subscribers on the continent.
Alcatel-Lucent and Surfline Communications have announced a partnership that
could provide Western Africa with its first commercial 4G LTE network –
operational in Ghana – by the first quarter of 2014. Their model is primarily to
focus on the high end market targeting high potential residential areas and small
to medium sized enterprises. The Ghana Regulator made a conscious decision not
to award any LTE licenses to the current crop of mobile operators in a bid to
promote competition in the industry as well as recognise the poor quality of
voice services they currently offer the public.
Successful LTE networks are implemented using inductive thinking ( as opposed to
deductive thinking ). The end result is envisaged ( nationwide coverage ) and
then worked backwards on how to get there. Worldwide LTE operators can
learn from the competitive success of the US , Korean and Japanese operators’
aggressive national build-out plans and evolving pricing strategies focused on
multi-device usage and the role that devices play in the take-up of LTE.

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Yours truly ( Sadiq Malik )expounded on the vital importance of Policy Control
and Charging in LTE Networks. Policy function is crucial to a number of mobile
data billing models that operators expect to become much more widespread in
the near term including the control of bandwidth according to application,
service tier or customer profile.So what’s all the buzz about policy management?
Policy has been around for years as a tool to enable traffic prioritization,
particularly among cable operators looking to better manage broadband
usage.
The current iteration of policy ( Policy 2.0) is dynamic and real-time is multidimensional, meaning the operator can incorporate multiple inputs into a policy
decisions—for example, combining time of day with content type and device
type to determine whether a teenager has access to a certain service under a
parental control offering. Telcos can support virtually any service model strategy
for data, based on advanced customer models combined with dynamic
contextual network-level information.
In value-based pricing enabled by new Policy Control platforms linked to the
OCS the feedback loop into creating new services and price points can be a lot
faster; different value-based opportunities can be created and launched in
weeks and not months. Value-based or Dynamic plans allow subscribers and
providers to take advantage of new, innovative forms of mobile data
consumption and pricing. These types of plans allow service providers to offer a
mix of data packages to match user context , needs , propensity to pay and
accurately charge for the data used on their networks.
While bandwidth management has been the primary policy control use case of
the past few years, policy control is fast becoming table stakes for enabling rich,
dynamic services and models that keep consumers and business users
engaged.Policy control’s reach will extend beyond the network to business
support systems (BSS), to enable complex service definition and real-time
charging controls in innovative data services and plans.
The availability of real-time data in the post-paid billing system is essential to
the future of mobile data billing. The integration of that real time data with the
operator’s policy function is fundamental to the creation of the kind of diverse
network controls that will enable more sophisticated data billing solutions. Bills
should be presented to users on the device to increase customers’ control over
their own usage and to create lucrative opportunities to sell them extensions and
upgrades on an ‘as-needed basis’.
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4 : Inside Track : Carrier Aggregation in LTE

Carrier
aggregation is one of the most distinct features of 4G systems including LTEAdvanced, which is being standardized in 3GPP as part of LTE Release 10. This
feature allows scalable expansion of effective bandwidth delivered to a user
terminal through concurrent utilization of radio resources across multiple carriers.
These carriers may be of different bandwidths, and may be in the same or
different bands to provide maximum flexibility in utilizing the scarce radio
spectrum available to operators.
The key to achieving higher data rates with LTE is to enable network operators
to use the technology in bandwidths wider than 20MHz. Some network operators
may be lucky enough to have contiguous spectrum allocations of more than
20MHz. However, the nature of spectrum allocation over the years is such that
most operators have a mix and match of spectrum within and between frequency
bands. Following the redistribution of analogue TV spectrum and the provision of
higher frequency spectrum, an operator might have LTE spectrum at one or more
of 700MHz, 800MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz, 2100MHz, 2500MHz
and 2600MHz.
Recently Telekom Austria, conducted a successful demonstration of LTE-Advanced
carrier aggregation .The live demo, which included handling large file transfers
with a simultaneous video stream, showcased download speeds of 580 megabits
per second (Mbps), far more than twice the current 4G LTE peak rates. In
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combination with carrier aggregation, Telekom Austria plan to turn LTEAdvanced into a Gigabit technology that will allow a large number of users to
simultaneously access high data rates within one mobile radio cell.
The U.S. market is one of the main drivers for deployment of Carrier
Aggregation since the frequency spectrum is a scarce resource and very
fragmented with few operators having contiguous 20 MHz spectrum generally
available. The LTE Carrier Aggregation roll out will start during 2013 and we
expect significant growth 2014. U.S., Korean and Japanese operators already
have firm deployment plans for Carrier Aggregation. In the first phase, up to
20MHz of spectrum will be aggregated enabling subscribers to enjoy up to
150Mbps downlink data throughput, or even higher in the future.
CA (Carrier Aggregation) may be used in three different spectrum scenarios :
Intraband Contiguous CA — This is where a contiguous bandwidth wider than 20
MHz is used for CA. Although this may be a less likely scenario given frequency
allocations today, it can be common when new spectrum bands like 3.5 GHz are
allocated in the future in various parts of the world. The spacing between center
frequencies of contiguously aggregated CCs (Component Carriers) is a multiple
of 300 kHz to be compatible with the 100 kHz frequency raster of Release 8/9
and preserving orthogonality of the subcarriers with 15 kHz spacing.
Intraband Non-Contiguous CA — This is where multiple CCs belonging to the
same band are used in a non-contiguous manner. This scenario can be expected
in countries where spectrum allocation is non-contiguous within a single band,
when the middle carriers are loaded with other users, or when network sharing is
considered.
Interband Non-Contiguous CA — This is where multiple CCs belonging to
different bands (e.g., 2 GHz and 800 MHz are aggregated). With this type of
aggregation, mobility robustness can potentially be improved by exploiting
different radio propagation characteristics of different bands. This form of CA
may also require additional complexity in the radio frequency (RF) front-end of
UE. In LTE Release 10, for the UL the focus is on intraband CA, due to difficulties
in defining RF requirements for simultaneous transmission on multiple CCs with
large frequency separation, considering realistic device linearity. For the DL,
however, both intra and interband cases are considered in Release 10, while
specific RF requirements are being developed.
Whereas GSM made use of only four frequency bands globally and
WCDMA/HSPA requires five bands to get global coverage, LTE is deployed on
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more than ten bands already as of December 2012, and the number of bands
will still increase. The frequency band fragmentation is a result of regional
decisions on how the spectrum shall be utilized. Of course, there are initiatives to
define some bands as global roaming bands. Another big challenge for Carrier
Aggregation is to develop a RF front-end flexible enough to support a majority
of domestic, and international, bands together with possible future Carrier
Aggregation combinations
LTE Carrier Aggregation will provide mobile network operators with even
greater scope to support services that hitherto would have been restricted to
fixed networks, and may open up the possibility of providing a viable
alternative to fixed network broadband services, particularly in rural locations
where fixed broadband provision may be poor. Which is why CA is extremely
important for Africa.
At the current rate of LTE Spectrum allocations it is most unlikely that the long
suffering African broadband consumer will ever experience the high speed LT.
By the time Regulators release the Digital Dividend spectrum in Africa ( 2015 –
2018 ), LTE Advanced will be a globally standardised and mature technology.
This is the silver lining, believe it or not , since African Telcos will have the
opportunity to launch LTE Advanced with all its speed benefits and refinements
like Carrier Aggregation by the time they get some Spectrum.


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5 : Fast Track : Evolved Managed Services

For many
operators in MEA Region, the cost of delivering services will increase faster than
revenues are keeping pace. In fact, this so-called revenue-cost gap is generally
a global phenomenon, as operators find that single digit percentage reductions
in expenses are simply not enough when it comes to meeting customer
expectations for personalized multimedia services. As such the entire concept of
“managed services” has changed.
The main components of the old approach — NOC services, multivendor
maintenance and network outsourcing — were sufficient in an environment where
point solutions, cost savings and the bottom line were primary considerations.
According to Analysts many companies are undercutting their own outsourcing
initiatives by not managing them strategically. Most outsourcing initiatives do not
attain the full desired benefits, especially cost reductions simply because Telcos
fail to :
• Define a clear strategy of what activities should be outsourced, what objectives
should be accomplished via outsourcing, and what boundaries should exist
between any internal and external work. Aligning this strategy with the business
units to maximize the value of any sourcing decisions is critical
• Establish a clear baseline of current costs (both the total and its components)
and compare that to external benchmarks. Deciding what work can be optimized
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internally prior to outsourcing and use that as the basis to define cost targets
with vendors is paramount
Develop to establish a systematic demand management process that prioritizes
project requests based on the proposed value creation for a business. And
introduce consumption-based chargeback mechanisms to the business units to
create an awareness of costs and to foster behaviors that are more conscientious
toward usage.
Buyer organizations should use a structured, strategic approach to calculate the
true costs of outsourcing, taking into account the risks and opportunities. If cost is
a concern, then a clear knowledge of performance baselines before entering an
outsourcing engagement is critical. To contain costs, companies should rely on
benchmarks and adopt a consumption-based system that charges expenses back
to the business units that incurred them.
Providers and buyers must work together to apply sourcing discipline and craft
outsourcing relationships that address near-term cost objectives and longer-term
scalability and enhancement. Clearly companies need to turn transactional
vendor relationships into strategic partnerships by doing the following:
• Clearly define the objectives and expected results (KPIs) from any outsourcing
partnership.
• Assign clear roles and responsibilities to in-house personnel for handling various
aspects of vendor partnerships, from overall relationship management to
individual projects and their specific deliverables.
• Agree on an interaction model with the vendor to ensure day-to-day
communications occur, expectations are regularly aligned, potential problems
are identified and addressed early on, and future opportunities, especially those
involving new technologies, are identified.
• Flexibility is the operative word for outsourcing strategies and contracts
because outsourcing can never be separated from business goals. To drive the
desired results, outsourcing relationships must constantly evolve.
In the traditional BOM approach, a qualified and trusted partner can share a
portion of the risk in the early years of deployment with the network operator.
Instead of paying all CAPEX up front before realizing any new revenues, the
network operator can share the risk of build-out with the partner by deferring a
share of the cost until it realizes subscriber growth.Since next-generation
managed services are geared toward achieving business transformation via
services-centric approach risk mitigation is evolving into a risk sharing approach.
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Risk avoidance will be an inhibitor for some companies to outsource, even those
that could gain efficiencies from managed services and performance-based
contracts with an external provider. Risk management best practice include a
PLAN :
• To identify and evaluate technical and commercial risks due to outsourcing
specific services.
• To take mitigating precautions wherever warranted, such as identifying
alternate vendors for crucial pieces of work.
• To define and continuously monitor risk-related KPIs that trigger early action
whenever a particular risk materializes.
Although buyers expect service delivery performance to match what has been
contractually agreed on, as the focus shifts increasingly to cost reduction,
providers and clients must be able to manage the relationship and the
expectations, not just the contract. Over the lifetime of the deal the focus is likely
to shift rapidly toward improvement and innovation. The challenge will be in
managing change while maintaining realistic expectations among the key deal
stakeholders within the context of the deal.
To gain advantage from the major trends driving the rapid evolution of
infrastructure outsourcing, buyers must accept — and when possible seek —
opportunities for consolidation, industrialization and global delivery. The best
outsourcing contracts ensure the proverbial win-win relationship, where both
parties arrive at terms and pricing that is fair and promises long-term
sustainable value. Contracts that leave the provider with only marginal profit or
limited revenue growth will ultimately result in service quality issues.
Through creative partnering and innovative risk sharing options, new managed
services and outsourcing business model options provide the framework for
creating a next generation enabled portfolio of services for consumers and
enterprises ready for Telco 2 sided business model. Instead of short-term tactical
advantages, the focus is firmly on long-term strategic gains . And only then will
Telcos be able to reap the full benefits of managed services via trusted
partnerships.
Contacts
email : sadiq.malik@broadbandgurus.net
mobile : + 27 84 6791327
skype : sadiqmalik1
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web : www.broadbandgurus.net
Twitter : @sjm786
Linked In : za.linkedin.com/in/sadiqmaliksjm786/

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