telecommuniting distance learning and e learning.ppt

A computer network, often simply referred to
as a network, is a collection of computers and
devices interconnected by communications
channels that facilitate communications among
users and allows users to share resources.

LAN - Local Area Network
A LAN connects network devices
over a relatively short distance. A
networked office building, school,
or home usually contains a single
LAN, though sometimes one
building will contain a few small
LANs (perhaps one per room), and
occasionally a LAN will span a
group of nearby buildings. In
addition to operating in a limited
space, LANs are also typically
owned, controlled, and managed
by a single person or organization.
LAN-Local Area Network

A metropolitan area
network (MAN) is a large
computer network that
usually spans a city or a
large campus. A MAN
usually interconnects a
number of local area
networks (LANs) using a
high-capacity backbone
technology, such as fiber-
optical links, and provides
up-link services to wide
area networks (or WAN)
and the Internet.
MAN- Metropolitan Area Network

WAN - Wide Area Network
As the term implies, a WAN spans a large
physical distance. The Internet is the largest
WAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is a
geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A
network device called a router connects LANs
to a WAN. In IP networking, the router
maintains both a LAN address and a WAN
address.
Wide- Wide Area Network

LOCAL AREA NETWORK WIDE AREA NETWORK
1.Diameter of not more than a few
kilometers.
1.Span entire countries.
2.A total data rate of at least several
mbps.
2.Data rate less than 1 mbps.
3.Complete ownership by a single
organization.
3.Owned by multiple organization.
4.Very low error rates. 4.Comparitively higher error rates.
LAN Vs. WAN

Network topology is the layout pattern of
interconnections of the various elements (links, nodes,
etc.) of a computer network. Network topologies may
be physical or logical. Physical topology means the
physical design of a network including the devices,
location and cable installation. Logical topology refers
to how data is actually transferred in a network as
opposed to its physical design.
Network Topology

Many topologies have been developed, but the
major ones are:
 the Star topology
 the Bus topology
 the Ring or circular
 the Tree
 the Graph
 the Mesh
Types of Topology

 Star networks are one of the most common
computer network topologies. In its simplest form,
a star network consists of one central switch, hub
or computer, which acts as a conduit to transmit
messages. Thus, the hub and leaf nodes, and the
transmission lines between them, form a graph
with the topology of a star.
1.Star Topology

The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by
connecting all of the systems to a central node. This
central hub rebroadcasts all transmissions received from
any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the
network, sometimes including the originating node. All
peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by
transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only.
The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral
node to the central node will result in the isolation of that
peripheral node from all others, but the rest of the systems
will be unaffected.
Star Topology

 Better performance: star topology prevents the passing of
data packets through an excessive number of nodes. At
most, 3 devices and 2 links are involved in any
communication between any two devices. Although this
topology places a huge overhead on the central hub, with
adequate capacity, the hub can handle very high utilization
by one device without affecting others.
 Simplicity: This topology is easy to understand, establish,
and navigate. Its simplicity obviates the need for complex
routing or message passing protocols. Also, as noted
earlier, the isolation and centralization it allows simplify
fault detection, as each link or device can be probed
individually.
Star Topology

 Isolation of devices: Each device is inherently
isolated by the link that connects it to the hub. This
makes the isolation of individual devices
straightforward and amounts to disconnecting each
device from the others. This isolation also prevents
any non-centralized failure from affecting the
network.
 Easy to install and wire.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
 No disruptions to the network when connecting or
removing devices
Star Topology

 Benefits from centralization: As the central hub
is the bottleneck, increasing its capacity, or
connecting additional devices to it, increases the
size of the network very easily. Centralization also
allows the inspection of traffic through the
network. This facilitates analysis of the traffic and
detection of suspicious behavior.
Star Topology

DISADVANTGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY
 High dependence of the system on the functioning
of the central hub
 Failure of the central hub renders the network
inoperable
 The performance and scalability of the network
depends on the capabilities of the hub
 Wiring up of the system can be very complex and
expensive

Network size is limited by the number of
connections that can be made to the hub
Other nodes may see a performance drop
if traffic to another node occupies a
significant portion of the central node's
processing capability or throughput.
DISADVANTGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY

 A bus network topology is a network architecture
in which a set of clients are connected via a shared
communications line, called a bus. There are
several common instances of the bus architecture,
including one in the motherboard of most
computers, and those in some versions of Ethernet
networks.
2.Bus Topology

 Bus networks are the simplest way to connect multiple
clients, but may have problems when two clients want
to transmit at the same time on the same bus. Thus
systems which use bus network architectures normally
have some scheme of collision handling or collision
avoidance for communication on the bus, quite often
using Carrier Sense Multiple Access or the presence
of a bus master which controls access to the shared
bus resource.
 A true bus network is passive – the computers on
the bus simply listen for a signal; they are not
responsible for moving the signal along.
Bus Topology

 However, many active architectures can also be
described as a "bus", as they provide the same logical
functions as a passive bus; for example, switched
Ethernet can still be regarded as a logical network, if
not a physical one. Indeed, the hardware may be
abstracted away completely in the case of a software
bus.
 However, almost all current wireless networks can be
viewed as examples of passive bus networks, with
radio propagation serving as the shared passive
medium.
Bus Topology

 Bus network topology uses a broadcast channel
which means that all attached stations can hear
every transmission and all stations have equal
priority in using the network to transmit data.
 The Ethernet bus topology works like a big
telephone party line — before any device can send
a packet, devices on the bus must first determine
that no other device is sending a packet on the
cable.
Bus Topology

Advantages of linear topology
 Easy to implement and extend.
 Easy to install.
 Well-suited for temporary or small networks not
requiring high speeds (quick setup), resulting in
faster networks.
 Cheaper than other topologies (But in Recent years
has became less Important due Devices like a Switch)
 Cost effective; only a single cable is used.
 Easy identification of cable faults.
 Reduced weight due to fewer wires.

Disadvantages of linear topology
 Limited cable length and number of stations.
 If there is a problem with the cable, the entire
network breaks down.
 Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run.
 Performance degrades as additional computers are
added or on heavy traffic (shared bandwidth).
 Proper termination is required (loop must be in
closed path).

 Significant Capacitive Load (each bus transaction
must be able to stretch to most distant link).
 It works best with limited number of nodes.
 Commonly has a slower data transfer rate than
other topologies.
 Only one packet can remain on the bus during one
clock pulse.
Disadvantages of linear topology

3.The ring or circular topology
 In ring topology each node is connected to
two and only two neighboring nodes.
 Data is accepted from one of the
neighboring nodes and is transmitted onward
to another.
 after passing through each node, it returns to
the sending node, which removes it.

What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global web of computers
connected to each other by wires, (mostly phone
lines). If you look at a map of big cities, smaller
towns, and scattered houses, each is connected
together with roads, railways, etc.. This is similar
to the Internet, except with the Internet, wires
connect computers. The Internet is a
superhighway.
Internet is a network of interconnected
computers that is now global.

Some ways to use the Internet
 E-mail
 Research
 Shopping
 News
 Games
 Ed-line

Internet Terms
WWW
Browser
Search Engine
URL
Domain
html

Browser
 Software program that allows a person to
view WWW documents. Examples of
browsers are Netscape, Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Mosaic, Mac web, and
Net cruiser.

Search Engine
 A web site that will help you search the
Internet for key words, subjects, etc.

URL
 UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR- The
unique address of any web page. It tells
your computer where the information is
stored so it can be viewed.

Domain
 A way to indicate what type of site you may
be viewing. In the U.S. some common
domains are .com-commercial, .org- non-
profit and research organizations, .gov-
government agency, .edu-education. More
are constantly being added so theses
should only be used as guidelines to help
you know what type of site you are on.

html
 The Language
used to create
Web Pages

World Wide Web
 The World Wide Web has been so successful and has
made the Internet accessible to so many people that
sometimes it seems to be synonymous with the
Internet.
 In fact, the design of the system that became the Web
started around 1989, long after the Internet had
become a widely deployed system.
 The original goal of the Web was to find a way to
organize and retrieve information, drawing on ideas
about hypertext—interlinked documents—that had
been around since at least the 1960s.

World Wide Web
 The core idea of hypertext is that one document can
link to another document, and the protocol (HTTP)
and document language (HTML) were designed to
meet that goal.
 One helpful way to think of the Web is as a set of
cooperating clients and servers, all of whom speak the
same language: HTTP.
 Most people are exposed to the Web through a
graphical client program, or Web browser, like Safari,
Chrome, Firefox or Internet Explorer.

World Wide Web
 Clearly, if you want to organize information into a
system of linked documents or objects, you need to be
able to retrieve one document to get started.
 Hence, any Web browser has a function that allows
the user to obtain an object by “opening a URL.”
 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are so familiar to
most of us by now that it’s easy to forget that they
haven’t been around forever.
 They provide information that allows objects on the
Web to be located, and they look like the following:

http://www.cs.princeton.edu/index.html

World Wide Web
 If you opened that particular URL, your Web browser
would open a TCP connection to the Web server at a
machine called www.cs.princeton.edu and
immediately retrieve and display the file called
index.html.
 Most files on the Web contain images and text and
many have other objects such as audio and video
clips, pieces of code, etc.
 They also frequently include URLs that point to other
files that may be located on other machines, which is
the core of the “hypertext” part of HTTP and HTML.

 A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its
own Internet address is called a Web site.
 A Web Page is like a page in a book. Websites often have
several pages that you can access by clicking on links. A Web
site can be a collection of related Web pages.
 Each Web site contains a home page (this is the original
starting page) and may also contain additional pages.
 Different computers will have different home pages. You can
set your own webpage.

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

Applications
 E-mail
 Searchable Data (Web
Sites)
 E-Commerce
 News Groups
 Internet Telephony (VoIP)
 Video Conferencing
 Chat Groups
 Instant Messengers
 Internet Radio
Introduction to Computer Networks

E-Learning
 eLearning is the use of technology to enable
people to learn anytime and anywhere. e-
learning can include preparing, the delivery of
without a moment to spare information and
guidance from experts.

Distance Lerning
 Distance learning is the thing that should
happen if the excellent idea has been taken
in regards to the course design, instructional
systems, correspondence mediums, and
affiliation and authoritative issues related to
the distance preparing program. Data
exchange should come to pass regardless of
the way that the educator and student are
geologically isolated by time or distance.

E-learning vs Distance Learning:
What’s the Differences?

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE LEARNING
AND E-LEARNING
 Distance learning: Distance learning is a sequential and step by
step delivery system that connects learners, regardless of their
location, with educational resources provided to them. The
resources and a step by step guide are provided to the learner
for keeping in touch with normal regular attending students.
 E-learning: E-Learning is a term that refers to a wide range of
electronically distributed teaching and training materials. It most
commonly refers to anytime, anywhere electronic or computer-
supported learning and is often associated with online courses.
[2]It also includes the power point presentations, short video
films, questionnaire based on them and graphical
representations to teach all the stuff.

Benefits of Distance Learning:
 Distance learning, otherwise called online guideline, is a useful
choice for some people of any age who need to get prepare. It
holds different professionals and central focuses over a
conventional learning condition.
 Decision: An online guideline gives the chance to contemplate
more subjects and connect with programs that are not
accessible in the incite zone.
 Adaptable: Distance learning is necessarily more flexible than
conventional styles of classroom guideline. Understudies who
need to take different classes or work can do classwork at
whatever point they have a free minute as opposed to being
confined to an unbending timetable

 Systems organization: Students who enlist in classes with online
direction acquire a more extensive scope of systems management
openings. Rather than being restricted to systems administration
in the neighborhood, learning empowers understudies to make a
relationship with a more varied range of people.
 Pace: Online preparing empowers understudies to work at their
own particular pace a significant part of the time. The necessities
are not as strict and typically give a scope of due dates when the
work ought to be submitted.
 Booking: The calendars for distance learning are more open and
consider understudies, watchmen, and experts to take the classes
at whatever point it fits into their timetable. This is helpful for
classroom preparing that expects understudies to design work and
childcare around the class time.

 Money: Online classes typically cost not as much as preparing
in a classroom circumstance. There are fewer space restrictions
and materials required for every understudy, and the investment
reserves are passed on from the instructive association to every
understudy.
 Voyaging: A significant favorable position to getting an online
direction is that there is no compelling reason to go to and from
class every day. Somebody who wouldn't drive or like to
consume through money on the expenses of accessible
transportation every day will presumably get an online guideline
over the conventional classroom.
 Determination of Professors: Distance learning empowers
understudies to pick up from perhaps the most renowned
teachers and guest speakers in each field.

 No classroom setting: Sitting in the classroom is not an ideal
route for each understudy to learn. An understudy may learn
better at his own particular pace and in an unexpected setup in
contrast with conventional coaching alternatives offer.
 Viable: Online classes are comparable as, if not increasingly,
influential at demonstrating understudies than the conventional
classroom style of learning.
 Distance learning may not be the perfect choice for everybody
yet rather should be considered when looking for a guideline.

Benefits of E-learning:
 E-learning has definite benefits over conventional classroom
preparing. While the most evident is the flexibility and the cost
reserve stores from not traveling or spend excess time a long way
from work, there are also others that won't be so self-evident. For
example:
 It's less expensive to produce - Using Trainer Soft's written work
software to create your own specific non-concurrent preparing
programs, e-preparing is free once you reach the break-even point.
Synchronous projects will have continued expenses associated with
the educator dealing with the class, however, will even now be lower
than standard courses.
 It provides a consistent message - E-learning eliminates the
problems associated with different educators teaching barely
different material on the same subject. For association based
preparing, this is often fundamental.

 It's self-paced - Most e-learning tools can be taken when
needed. The "books" that you set up using Trainersoft create a
module-based design enabling the learner to experience
smaller pieces of preparing that can be utilized and absorbed
for quite a while before proceeding forward.
 It moves faster - According to an article by Jennifer Salopek in
"Preparing and Development Magazine," e-learning courses
progress up to 50 percent faster than conventional courses.
This is most of the way because the individualized approach
enables learners to skip material they already know and
understand and move onto the issues they need preparing on.

 It can work from any area and whenever - E-learners can
experience instructional meetings from anywhere, typically
whenever. This Just-In-Time (JIT) benefit can make learning
possible for people who never would have been able to work it
into their schedules preceding the development of e-learning.
(On the off chance that you manage a corporate learning
program, however, be careful about requesting that workers
learn without anyone else time from home.)
 It can be updated easily and quickly - Online e-learning
sessions are exceptionally easy to keep in the current style
because the updated materials are uploaded to a server. Plate
ROM-based projects may be barely more expensive to update
and distribute, yet at the same time come out cheaper than
reprinting manuals and retraining educators.

 It can lead to increased retention and a stronger handle on the
subject - This is because of the numerous elements that are
combined in e-learning to reinforce the message, for example,
video, sound, quizzes, interaction, etc. There is more over the
ability to revisit or replay sections of the preparation that won't
have been clear the first time around. Attempt that in a crowded
lobby!
 There are many advantages to e-learning, and even the
potential disadvantages (i.e., exhausting text-based courses,
technophobia, loneliness) can be alleviated with a properly
designed course. Let's move on now to how to create a decent
course.

 It can be easily managed for large gatherings of students -
Trainersoft Manager permits corporate preparing directors, HR
managers, and others to keep track of the course offerings,
schedule or permit preparing for employees and keep tabs on
their development and results. Managers can review a student's
scores and identify any areas that need extra preparing.

Telecommuting
 Communications activity associated with distributing
or exchanging information.
 Telecommunications technology of communications
at a distance that permits information to be created
any where and used everywhere with little delay.
 Telecommuting is working from a remote location
outside of a traditional office. The remote location can
be from home, a coffee shop, or hotel room. The
Internet, faxes, phones, webcams, and instant
messaging are some of the technological advances
that enable this type of work arrangement.

Telecommuting
 Telecommuting (also known as working from home, or e-commuting)
is a work arrangement in which the employee works outside the office,
often working from home or a location close to home (including
coffee shops, libraries, and various other locations).
 Rather than traveling to the office, the employee “travels” via
telecommunication links, keeping in touch with coworkers and
employers via telephone and email.
 The worker may occasionally enter the office to attend meetings and
touch base with the employer. However, with many options for
distance conferencing, there may be no need to visit the office.

Benefits of Telecommuting
There are many benefits to telecommuting.
Telecommuting allows a worker greater freedom regarding his
or her work hours and work location. This gives the employee
more flexibility to balance work and personal obligations.
Often, working from home can actually make you more
productive, because you do not have the distractions of an office
space.
There are also many benefits to employers. Allowing workers to
telecommute often makes them more productive, which benefits
the company. Telecommuters are also likely to be happier in
their jobs and are therefore more likely to stay with the
company. Telecommuting even saves companies money in office
expenses.

Drawbacks of Telecommuting
 However, there can be downsides to working from home. You
have to be extremely self-motivated, or else you may get
distracted easily. You also need to find a productive place to do
work, such as a home office or coffee shop.
 Some people also find working from home to be a bit isolating,
because you are not around your coworkers.
 When considering a telecommuting job, it is important to weigh
these positives and negatives.

telecommuniting distance learning and e learning.ppt

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