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2-2
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
4. Task performance is the set of explicit obligations that an employee must fulfill to receive
compensation and continued employment.
True False
5. Routine task performance can involve employee responses to task demands that are novel,
unusual, or, at the very least, unpredictable.
True False

2-3
6. Adaptive task performance involves employee responses to task demands that are novel,
unusual, or, at the very least, unpredictable.
True False
7. Employees' performance of routine task behaviors is becoming increasingly important as
globalization, technological, advances, and knowledge-based work increase the pace of change
in the workplace.
True False
8. Creative task performance is the degree to which individuals develop ideas or physical outcomes
that are both novel and useful.
True False
9. Creative task performance is a behavior that is only valuable in jobs such as artist and inventor.
True False
10. The first step in conducting a job analysis is to generate a list of all the activities involved in a job.
True False
11. The O*NET is an online government database that describes the results of task performance
behaviors that must be reported by firms to the government on an annual basis.
True False
12. O*NET captures the "numerous small decisions" that separate the most effective organizations
from their competitors.
True False

2-4
13. Creative ideas that are not implemented do not count toward positive job performance.
True False
14. Citizenship behavior is defined as voluntary employee activities that may or may not be
rewarded.
True False
15. Courtesy refers to keeping coworkers informed about matters that are relevant to them.
True False
16. Sportsmanship involves maintaining a good attitude with coworkers, even when they've done
something annoying or when the unit is going through tough times.
True False
17. When employees work in small groups or teams, interpersonal citizenship behavior is not
important.
True False
18. Organizational citizenship behaviors benefit the larger organization by supporting and defending
the company, working to improve its operations, and being especially loyal to it.
True False
19. Boosterism involves speaking up and offering constructive suggestions for change.
True False
20. Counterproductive behavior is defined as employee behaviors that unintentionally hinder
organizational goal accomplishment.
True False

2-5
21. Property deviance refers to behaviors that harm the organization's assets and possessions.
True False
22. Wasting resources is the most common form of production deviance.
True False
23. Substance abuse is a form of political deviance.
True False
24. Political deviance refers to behaviors that intentionally harm the organization's assets and
possessions.
True False
25. Gossiping is communication that is rude, impolite, discourteous, and lacking in good manners.
True False
26. Personal aggression is defined as hostile verbal and physical actions directed toward other
employees.
True False
27. People who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior do not usually engage in other
forms.
True False
28. Sometimes the best task performers also engage in counterproductive behavior.
True False

2-6
29. There is a positive correlation between task performance and counterproductive behavior.
True False
30. In addition to being more cognitive, knowledge work tends to be more structured and static in
nature.
True False
31. Service work involves direct verbal or physical interaction with customers.
True False
32. Service work contexts place a greater premium on high levels of citizenship behavior and low
levels of counterproductive behavior.
True False
33. The MBO approach involves collecting performance information not just from the supervisor but
from anyone else who might have firsthand knowledge about the employee's performance
behaviors.
True False
34. BARS emphasizes the results of job performance as much as it does the performance behaviors
themselves.
True False
35. Feedback from BARS can help an employee develop and improve over time.
True False

2-7
36. Very few 360-degree feedback systems ask the employee to provide ratings of his/her own
performance.
True False
37. Despite its popularity, 360-degree feedback is not well suited for developing employee talent.
True False
38. In a 360-degree rating system, when participants believe the information will be used for
compensation, rather than for skill development, there is a very low level of bias.
True False
39. A company that tells managers that only 10 percent of their subordinates can receive excellent
performance ratings and an additional 12 percent must receive unacceptable rankings is using a
percentage ranking system.
True False
40. Forced ranking systems can force managers to give bad evaluations to good performers.
True False
41. Social networking sites and their applications can be used to monitor employee performance.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions

2-8
42. The value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positively or negatively, to
organizational goal accomplishment is known as .
A. citizenship behavior
B. task orientation
C. job satisfaction
D. job performance
E. organizational commitment
43. includes employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of
organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces.
A. Task performance
B. Citizenship behavior
C. Counterproductive behavior
D. Job orientation
E. Organizational commitment
44. When an athletic director at State University evaluates how much time a coach spends with the
team, the coach's ethical impact on team member behaviors, and the clarity of the coach's
explanations of new plays, the manager is assessing the coach's .
A. job performance
B. team commitment
C. organizational commitment
D. productivity
E. leadership

2-9
45. Dr. Hogan, Dean of the College of Business, evaluates the performance of Dr. Maskulka, a
faculty member in the college, by looking at student and peer evaluations of Dr. Maskulka's
teaching, the number and quality of her research publications, and her service to the university,
all of which are described in the job description of a faculty member's responsibilities. She also
pays attention to Dr. Maskulka's willingness to take on extra tasks that are not required, such as
recruiting new faculty members and contacting local businesses to involve them with student
project teams for her marketing class. She is assessing the faculty member's:
A. task performance.
B. job performance.
C. citizenship behavior.
D. counterproductive behavior.
E. commitment.
46. The explicit obligations that an employee must fulfill to receive compensation and continued
employment are referred to as .
A. job orientation
B. citizenship behavior
C. organizational commitment
D. task performance
E. counterproductive behavior
47. Charles finds an advertisement for an accountant's position at a local office. The advertisement
mentions preparing, examining, and analyzing accounting records for accuracy and
completeness as job responsibilities of the position. This job description refers to:
A. comprehension skills.
B. task performance.
C. counterproductive behavior.
D. citizenship behaviors.
E. organizational commitment.

2-10
48. involves well-known responses to normal job demands that occur in a predictable way.
A. Job enhancement
B. Adaptive task performance
D. Routine task performance
E. Citizenship behavior
49. Paul, a ticket collector, performs his duty robotically every day. This refers to .
A. sportsmanship
B. adaptive task performance
C. routine task performance
D. counterproductive behavior
E. citizenship behavior
50. Sandy works in a factory where employees are expected to complete 14 widgets each hour. The
managers are very strict and frequently check to make sure employees are actually completing at
least this base number of widgets each hour. The employees are being assessed on their
.
A. routine task performance
B. pacing
C. interpretive task performance
D. work ability
E. creative task performance

2-11
51. involves employee responses to job demands that are novel, unusual, or unpredictable.
A. Job dissonance
D. Routine task performance
E. Citizenship behavior
52. For a kindergarten teacher, assisting her students out of a smoke-filled elementary school is an
example of .
A. citizenship behavior
B. routine task performance
C. job dissonance
D. counterproductive behavior
E. adaptive task performance
53. Adaptability involves all of the following except:
A. handling work stress.
B. solving problems creatively.
C. handling emergencies.
D. performing daily routine work.
E. responding to unpredictable demands.

2-12
54. Which of the following behaviors involved in adaptability deals with anticipating change in the
work demands and searching for and participating in assignments or training to prepare for these
changes?
A. Handling work stress
B. Solving problems creatively
C. Dealing with uncertain and unpredictable work situations
D. Learning work tasks, technologies, and work situations
E. Demonstrating interpersonal adaptability
55. Riya has become famous creating new styles in women's formal wear. Her assistants copy the
patterns she creates, cut pieces of cloth, and sew them into garments. The work done by Riya is
a type of whereas the work done by her assistants is a type of .
A. routine task performance; creative task performance
B. creative task performance; counterproductive behavior
C. citizenship behavior; counterproductive behavior
D. counterproductive behavior; creative task performance
E. creative task performance; routine task performance
56. Managers know what behaviors to emphasize in training programs and to assess when doing
performance evaluations by referring to a(n) .
A. job analysis
B. performance contract
C. cultural evaluation
D. organizational chart
E. structural analysis

2-13
57. Which of the following statements concerning job analysis is incorrect?
A. The first step in job analysis is to generate a list of all job activities.
B. A subject matter expert is consulted regarding the frequency and importance of all job
activities.
C. A list of all job activities is generated using various sources of data such as surveys, employee
interviews, and observations.
D. Activities with the lowest ratings are used to define job responsibilities.
E. Job analysis is used by many organizations to identify task performance behaviors.
58. The electronic database used to identify the set of behaviors needed to define task performance
is known as the:
A. behaviorally anchored ratings scale network.
B. employment analysis network.
C. occupational information network.
D. task performance analysis network.
E. job responsibilities network.
59. Which of the following statements about the O*NET is false?
A. It captures the "numerous small decisions" that separate the most effective organizations from
their competitors.
B. It is an online database.
C. It is involved in figuring out the important tasks for a given job.
D. It includes the characteristics of most jobs in terms of tasks.
E. It includes the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform a task.

2-14
60. is defined as voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that
contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes
place.
A. Creative task performance
D. Citizenship behavior
E. Routine task performance
61. Citizenship behaviors can be divided into the two main categories of:
A. intrapersonal and organizational.
B. interpersonal and intrapersonal.
C. organizational and political.
D. interpersonal and political.
E. interpersonal and organizational.
62. Which of the following behaviors benefits coworkers and colleagues and involves assisting,
supporting, and developing other organizational members in a way that goes beyond normal job
expectations?
A. Intrapersonal citizenship behavior
B. Interpersonal citizenship behavior
C. Organizational citizenship behavior
D. Production citizenship behavior
E. Political citizenship behavior

2-15
63. Interpersonal citizenship behaviors consist of all the following except:
A. helping.
B. courtesy.
C. sportsmanship.
D. boosterism.
E. respect for others.
64. Interpersonal citizenship behavior includes:
A. voice.
B. civic virtue.
C. sportsmanship.
D. boosterism.
E. secrecy.
65. Don always maintains a good attitude with coworkers even when the department goes through
tough times. Don's behavior is an example of:
A. helping.
B. courtesy.
C. sportsmanship.
D. civic virtue.
E. boosterism.

2-16
66. Which of the following is false about interpersonal citizenship behavior?
A. A team whose members have good interpersonal citizenship behavior is likely to have a
positive team atmosphere.
B. Interpersonal citizenship behavior is most important when employees work in small groups.
C. Interpersonal citizenship behavior is most important when employees work in large groups.
D. Behaviors that commonly fall under the "teamwork" heading are examples of interpersonal
citizenship behavior.
E. Team members with good interpersonal citizenship behavior tend to work toward achieving
common goals.
67. Which of the following is an organizational citizenship behavior?
A. Civic virtue
B. Courtesy
C. Representing self-interests in a positive way to the public
D. Sportsmanship
E. Behaviors that benefit employees with excess workloads
68. Some people react to bad rules or policies by constructively trying to change them, instead of
passively complaining about them. This positive characteristic refers to:
A. helping.
B. sportsmanship.
C. voice.
D. civic virtue.
E. boosterism.

2-17
69. Natalie, Rose, and Charles are three dental hygienists who work for Dr. Doris at Healthy White.
All three hygienists perform almost the same tasks every day. On average, they see 12 people
every day for regular teeth cleaning, which involves cleaning, flossing, rinsing, and a normal
checkup. Dr. Doris, on the other hand, has quite an unpredictable job. She has to respond to all
types of dental emergencies, including situations involving surgery. All three hygienists always try
to help each other out, have a very good attitude toward each other, and keep each other
informed about matters that are relevant to them and to Dr. Doris. Natalie specifically takes on the
role of attending all community-related voluntary meetings and functions where Healthy White
may have a stake or is asked to be present. She makes sure that she is up to date with all dental
regulations and business-related news that may have an impact on Healthy White. Rose and
Charles, on the other hand, can be described as the unofficial publicists of Healthy White. They
always represent the clinic in a very positive way away from work. Dr. Doris couldn't be happier to
have such wonderful people working with her.
Natalie, Rose, and Charles contribute most directly to the business goals of the Healthy White
clinic through their:
A. creative task performance and interpersonal citizenship behaviors.
B. routine task performance and organizational and interpersonal citizenship behaviors.
C. interpersonal task performance and counterproductive behaviors.
D. intrapersonal task performance and intrapersonal citizenship behaviors.
E. adaptive task performance and creative citizenship behaviors.

2-18
Dr. Doris contributes most directly to the business goals of the Healthy White through:
A. creative task performance.
B. routine task performance.
C. interpersonal task performance.
D. intrapersonal task performance.
E. adaptive task performance.

2-19
The three hygienists interact with one another in a manner that reflects high levels of .
A. boosterism
B. interpersonal citizenship behavior
C. routine task performance
D. adaptive task performance
E. centralized behavior

2-20
Natalie's acts of attending events on behalf of Healthy White and keeping abreast of dental
regulations and business related news during her personal time refer to:
A. counterproductive behavior.
B. boosterism.
C. civic virtue.
D. sportsmanship.
E. voice.

2-21
Which of the following citizenship behaviors does Charles exhibit?
A. Voice
B. Feminism
C. Civic virtue
D. Boosterism
E. Political deviance
74. Delux Services was celebrating the 20th anniversary of its operations in more than 17 countries.
Linda, a junior assistant in the Human Resources department, was not interested in attending this
celebratory event. The senior HR managers overheard Linda asking her friends the reason for
this party. Back at the office, after a review, it was found that Linda never attended any of the
meetings with the local business heads. Her lack of interest and knowledge about the company
would make her someone who displays .
A. high self-esteem
B. low civic virtue
C. "A" player characteristics
D. low self-worth
E. positive boosterism

2-22
75. James is a junior level manager with the Palm Green Hotels. He is also a freelance journalist for a
local travel magazine. James keeps himself updated with news about his company and always
features the hotel in his weekly columns. He promotes his hotel to such an extent that the number
of visitors to the hotel has considerably increased. Which of the following characteristics does
James portray?
A. Edginess
B. Political deviance
C. Sportsmanship
D. Civic virtue
E. Boosterism
76. Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment are referred to
as:
A. mistaken errors.
B. omissions.
C. erroneous identities.
D. counterproductive behaviors.
E. counteractive mistakes.
77. Which of the following is a type of serious interpersonal counterproductive behavior?
A. Sabotage
B. Harassment
C. Incivility
D. Gossiping
E. Wasting resources

2-23
78. Which of the following is a minor organizational counterproductive behavior?
A. Sabotage
B. Harassment
C. Incivility
D. Gossiping
E. Wasting resources
79. Which of the following is a serious organizational counterproductive behavior?
A. Incivility
B. Wasting resources
C. Gossiping
D. Sabotage
E. Substance abuse
80. Which of the following behaviors is a type of minor interpersonal counterproductive behavior?
A. Sabotage
B. Harassment
C. Incivility
D. Substance abuse
E. Theft

2-24
81. Terry works doing oil changes and is sick and tired of rude customers. Terry decides to purposely
use the wrong type of oil for the next rude customer knowing that it will harm the customer's
engine in the long run but won't be traceable or noticed immediately. If Terry does this, his
behavior would be a form of .
A. counterproductive behavior
B. citizenship behavior
C. creative property deviance
D. collateral theft
E. production deviance
82. Behaviors that intentionally harm the organization's assets and possessions are referred to as:
A. production deviance.
B. political deviance.
C. property deviance.
D. personal aggression.
E. organizational aggression.
83. All of the following are forms of counterproductive behaviors except:
A. political deviance.
B. personal aggression.
C. property deviance.
D. production deviance.
E. conflict management.

2-25
84. Which of the following behaviors is a type of production deviance?
A. Wasting resources and substance abuse
B. Sabotage and theft
C. Gossiping and incivility
D. Harassment and abuse
E. Interpersonal and organizational behaviors
85. Property deviance includes .
A. interpersonal and organizational behaviors
B. sabotage and theft
C. gossiping and incivility
D. harassment and abuse
E. wasting resources and substance abuse
86. Behaviors that intentionally disadvantage other individuals rather than the larger organization are
referred to as .
A. property deviance
B. organizational aggression
C. wasting resources
D. personal aggression
E. political deviance
87. Which of the following behaviors are forms of production deviance?
A. Wasting resources and substance abuse
B. Sabotage and theft
C. Gossiping and incivility
D. Harassment and abuse
E. Interpersonal and organizational behaviors

2-26
88. Behaviors that focus specifically on reducing the efficiency of work output are known as .
A. political deviance
B. property deviance
C. personal aggression
D. political aggression
E. production deviance
89. is the most common form of production deviance.
A. Theft
B. Incivility
C. Wasting resources
D. Sabotage
E. Harassment
90. represents communication that is rude, impolite, discourteous, and lacking in good
manners.
A. Abuse
B. Incivility
C. Harassment
D. Property deviance
E. Gossiping

2-27
91. Behavior that involves hostile verbal and physical actions directed toward other employees is
referred to as .
A. boosterism
B. incivility
C. personal aggression
D. sabotage
E. political deviance
92. Which of the following occurs when employees are subjected to unwanted physical contact or
verbal remarks from a colleague?
A. Harassment
B. Abuse
C. Incivility
D. Production deviance
E. Boosterism
93. Which of the following occurs when an employee is assaulted or endangered such that physical
and psychological injuries may occur?
A. Boosterism
B. Sabotage
C. Incivility
D. Abuse
E. Gossiping

2-28
94. Which of the following is false about counterproductive behaviors?
A. People who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior also tend to engage in other
forms of counterproductive behavior.
B. Counterproductive behavior is relevant to any job.
C. There is a strong positive correlation between task performance and counterproductive
behavior.
D. Counterproductive behaviors tend to represent a pattern of behavior rather than isolated
incidents.
E. Sometimes the best task performers are the ones who can best get away with
counterproductive actions.
95. There is correlation between task performance and counterproductive behavior.
A. a weak negative
B. a weak positive
C. a strong negative
D. a strong positive
E. no
96. Historically, research on OB has focused on the aspects of job performance.
A. educational
B. knowledge
C. interpersonal
D. physical
E. theoretical

2-29
97. Which of the following statements about knowledge work is false?
A. By the early 1990s, the majority of new jobs required employees to apply analytical knowledge
acquired through formal education and continuous learning.
B. The tools used to do knowledge work change quickly.
C. Statistics from the U.S. Department of Labor confirm the rise of knowledge work.
D. Jobs involving cognitive activity are becoming more prevalent than jobs involving physical
activity.
E. Knowledge work tends to be less fluid and dynamic in nature than physical work.
98. Which of the following is one of the jobs that represent the bulk of the service job growth in the
United States?
A. Maintenance workers
B. Repair sheet metal workers
C. Retail salespersons
D. Construction industry laborers
E. Production jobs
99. Which of the following statements about management by objectives (MBO) is false?
A. It is a management philosophy that bases an employee's evaluations on whether the
employee achieves specific performance goals.
B. Employee involvement is high in MBO.
C. It is a set of mutually agreed-upon objectives that are measurable and specific.
D. It is best suited for managing the performance of employees who work in contexts in which
subjective measures of performance can be quantified.
E. Employee performance can be gauged by referring to the degree to which the employee
achieves results that are consistent with the objectives.

2-30
100.Which of the following performance appraisal systems refers to a philosophy that bases an
employee's evaluations on whether the employee achieves specific performance goals?
A. Behaviorally anchored rating scales
B. Management by objectives
C. 360-degree feedback
D. Benchmarking
E. Behavioral observation scales
101.The management technique that assesses an employee's performance by directly assessing job
performance behaviors is known as .
A. behaviorally anchored rating scales
B. management by objectives
D. behaviorally applicable rating scales
E. 180 degree feedback
102.The approach uses critical incidents to create a measure that can be used to evaluate
employee performance.
A. management by objectives
B. 360-degree feedback
C. behaviorally anchored rating scales
D. benchmarking
E. behavioral observation scales

2-31
103.The short descriptions of effective and ineffective behaviors used to create an employee
performance measurement instrument that managers can use to evaluate employee behavior are
referred to as .
A. 360-degree feedback
C. critical incidents
D. descriptive events
E. favorable incidents
104.The approach involves collecting performance information not just from the supervisor but
from anyone else who might have firsthand knowledge about the employee's performance
behaviors.
A. behaviorally anchored rating scales
D. behavioral observation scales
E. benchmarking
105.The method of performance evaluation can encourage hypercompetition among workers,
behavior that is the opposite of what is needed in today's team-based organizations.
A. forced ranking
B. BARS system
C. MBO process
D. 360-degree feedback
E. self-report generation

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secret manœuvres of Henry VIII., the relations which he still
maintained with the nobility, and the perfidy of a certain number of
great barons prevented the Scots, however, from profiting by their
advantages and by the reinforcements sent by Francis I.; the
southern counties of Scotland were again ravaged by the Earl of
Hertford; a fatal manifestation of the fanaticism of Cardinal Beaton
occurred to add strength to the English arms and intrigues. A
reformed preacher, George Wishart, celebrated among his party and
passionately loved by the people, was pursued, seized, and burned
alive at St. Andrew's, amidst great public indignation. For a long
time past the assassination of Cardinal Beaton, whom Henry VIII.
regarded as the principle obstacle to his projects against Scotland,
was meditated; the moment appeared favourable, and, on the 28th
of May, 1546, two gentlemen of the name of Lesley, with whom the
cardinal had had great personal quarrels, accompanied by some
friends, took Beaton by surprise in the castle of St. Andrews, and
stabbed him in his bed. Norman Lesley hung the corpse on the
wall, as the inhabitants of the town were advancing to the help of
the legate. "There is your God," he said, "now you should be
content; return to your homes." All the assassins received pensions
from abroad, and hastened to claim the reward of their crime. King
Henry had been mistaken in his hopes; the Church of Rome in
Scotland had received a fatal blow, but the national independence
remained erect. The embarrassments of the finances were
increasing in England; Boulogne was closely pressed by the French.
Henry VIII. was now suffering from ill-health; he concluded a treaty
at Campes with King Francis I., and the Scots were included
therein, to the great vexation of their implacable foe. Francis I.
promised money; the sum once paid, England was to surrender
Boulogne, which town had been fortified at great expense since its
capture. It was the end of the campaigns of King Henry VIII.,
which had almost uniformly proved ruinous, and without any
substantial results; and which had rarely been otherwise when the
monarch placed himself personally at the head of his troops. The
hostile armies did not allow themselves to be conquered as easily
as England allowed itself to be oppressed.

So many checks abroad, together with the constant pecuniary
embarrassments entailed by his prodigalities at home, completed
the embitterment of the terrible character of the despot, who was
now slowly dying in his palace at Whitehall. Addicted from the
earliest time to the pleasures of the table, he had acquired an
enormous corpulence, which rendered the least movements difficult
to him. He had a difficulty in signing his name, and could not take
a step without the assistance of his attendants. He suffered from
an ulcer in the leg, and his morose disposition had completely
metamorphosed his court, formerly so brilliant. None dared to raise
his voice in favour of the most innocent victims. A lady who had
access to the court, Anne Askew, young, beautiful, and learned,
passionately attached to the doctrines of the Reformation, had left
her husband and children to come to London to preach the Gospel;
she was arrested and conducted before Bishop Bonner, who caused
her to sign a confession of faith in conformity with the doctrines of
the Catholic Church. But the zeal of Anne did not abate; she
continued to preach: being again arrested, she was tried and
condemned as a heretic. Her prosecutors were anxious to make her
avow the means which she had made use of in order to spread the
forbidden books amongst the ladies of the queen, and they put her
to the torture to compel her to denounce her friends. "I have no
friends at court," she repeated; "I have never been supported by
any member of the council." The courage of Anne Askew remained
firm at the stake as under the torture of the "wooden horse;" she
died praising God in company with a gentleman of the King's
household, named Lascelles, and two others equally dangerous
heretics, who would not except [accept?] the doctrine of
transubstantiation. While he was ordering these executions, King
Henry VIII. was delivering his last discourse to Parliament, grieving
at the lack of brotherly love amongst his subjects: "Charity was
never so faint amongst you, and virtuous and godly living was
never less used, nor God Himself among Christians was never less
reverenced, honoured, or served. Therefore be in charity one with
another, like brother and brother; love, dread, and serve God; to

the which, as your supreme Head and Sovereign Lord, I exhort and
require you."
Perhaps Queen Catherine Parr suspected that the king needed upon
his own account those religious exhortations which he had always
so liberally bestowed upon his people, for she attempted, it is said,
to discuss with him certain points in theology which she had
studied in the heretical books, probably those very publications
which Anne Askew had caused to be introduced into the royal
household—a dangerous experiment which she had occasion to
repent. The king flew into a violent passion. "A good hearing this,"
he exclaimed, "when women become such clerks, and a thing much
to my comfort, to come in my old age to be taught by my wife!"
The sword which had threatened Catherine so long was on the
point of falling. Gardiner and Wriothesley, the new chancellor,
ardent Roman Catholics, received the order to prepare the
impeachment of the queen. She was warned in time; she was
intelligent and skilful.

Catherine Discussing Theology With The King.

When in the eventide the conversation turned again upon religious
questions, the king appeared to urge her to speak; she began to
laugh, "I am not so foolish as not to know what I can understand,"
she said, "when I possess the favour of having for a master and a
spouse a prince so learned in holy matters." "By St. Mary!"
exclaimed the king, "it is not so, Kate; thou hast become a doctor."
The queen continued to laugh. "I thought I noticed," she said, "that
that conversation diverted your Grace's attention from your
sufferings, and I ventured to discuss with you in the hope of
making you forget your present infirmity." "Is it so, sweetheart?"
replied the king, "then we are friends again, and it doth me more
good than if I had received a hundred thousand pounds." The
orders given to the chancellor had not been revoked; he arrived on
the morrow with forty men of his guard to arrest Catherine, but the
king sent him away angrily. Catherine Parr henceforth left theology
in peace.
A few more executions were wanting to light up the dismal valley
of death into which the king felt himself descending; the jealousies
of the political chiefs of the great factions which divided the country
were about to furnish matter for the last deeds of violence of the
dying monarch. The ancient and illustrious house of the Howards
and its chief, the Duke of Norfolk, had observed with vexation the
growing power and influence of the Earl of Hertford and of the
family of the Seymours. The wealth, as well as the past renown of
the Howards, had nothing to fear from the new rival who had
sprung up beside them; but Lord Hertford was uncle to the heir to
the throne, which gave him much power in the future, he wished to
secure himself against any fatal mishap by striking his enemies
beforehand. The distrust and jealousy of King Henry VIII. were
easily excited; the old Duke of Norfolk and his son, the Earl of
Surrey, were arrested on the 12th of December, 1546, and taken to
the Tower. At the same time, in the presence of several witnesses,
the king erased their names from the list of his testamentary
executors. The precautions had been well taken. Advantage had
been taken of the bad terms which had for a long time existed

between the Duke of Norfolk and his wife, between the Earl of
Surrey and his sister, the Duchess of Richmond, to search the
papers and coffers of the family, in order to discover some tokens
of treason. The ladies had even been arrested, and had been
severely interrogated; but all that could be alleged in the
impeachment was that Lord Surrey had quartered with his own
arms the royal arms of Edward the Confessor. The old Duke of
Norfolk had, it was said, been guilty of seditious utterances
regarding the death of the king while manifesting his dissatisfaction
at the reforms of the Church. His trial had not commenced when
Lord Surrey was brought to Guildhall to reply to his accusers. He
was young, handsome, valiant; he was learned and cultivated; his
poems are still famous. He defended himself with as much
intelligence as courage, proving that he was authorized by the
decisions of the heralds-at-arms to bear the arms of Edward the
Confessor, which he had constantly displayed in the presence of the
king without his Majesty having discovered anything to find fault
with. The court declared, however, that this simple matter of royal
arms betrayed pretensions to the throne; Surrey was condemned,
and on the 19th of January the flower of English chivalry perished
upon the scaffold, while King Henry VIII. was already at the point
of death.
Norfolk had in vain demanded to be confronted with his accusers;
he had written to the king, and his letters had remained without a
reply. Henry VIII. when dying, had not forgotten the convenient
arm which he had wielded so long; the old duke, alarmed and
wearied, had even gone so far as to make a gift of all his property
to the sovereign, begging him to secure them for Prince Edward.
The experienced politician knew that it would be easier for his
posterity to regain some day the riches concentrated in the hands
of the sovereign, than to snatch them from the hands of the
greedy courtiers, who were already in expectation sharing them
amongst themselves; but this manœuvre was not successful in
saving him; the confession which preceded his donation served as a
basis for the bill of attainder, which was voted by the House of

Commons on the 20th of January, 1547. The king was no longer
able to sign. On the 27th the Chancellor Wriothesley informed the
two Houses that his Majesty had chosen delegates to ratify the
condemnation, and the order was despatched to the Lieutenant of
the Tower to execute the Duke of Norfolk on the 28th, early in the
morning. On the same night Henry VIII. expired, after a reign of
thirty-seven years. On the last day only had the bolder of his
courtiers dared to suggest to him the possibility of a near end, and
proposed to bring a priest to him. "No other than Archbishop
Cranmer," he said, "but not yet; when I shall have rested." When
the archbishop was at length asked for, the king could no longer
speak; Cranmer reminded him of the mercy of God through Jesus
Christ, and Henry grasped the hand of the prelate with his
remaining strength; a moment afterwards he was no more.
For some years past, endeavours have been made to place the
memory of King Henry VIII. in a more favourable light. No one has
laboured in this direction with more zeal and ability than Mr.
Froude; but no party passions can annihilate the facts of history;
the personal character of the king must still be regarded as corrupt
and cruel; relations with him were fatal to all who approached him,
wives and ministers. A despotic and arbitrary, violent and unjust
monarch, he was at the same time a capricious and perfidious ally,
a vain and harsh pedant. The reform which he undertook in
England was the work of his private interest and his tyrannical
pride, not of a settled and sincere conviction. In his heart he still
remained a Catholic and only wished to rid himself of the
supremacy of the Pope, who thwarted him and of the monasteries,
the spoliation of which enriched him. Illegalities and abuses of all
kinds were increasing with the servility of Parliament, the long
duration of the reign and the development of the vices of the king.
At the period of his death no one in England dared any longer to
raise his head.
Notwithstanding so many crimes, oppressions and errors, England
had grown under the reign of Henry VIII.; the king had

overwhelmed his people with taxes, but he had maintained public
order, and favoured the development of commerce; he had
persecuted Catholics and Protestants, but by separating violently
from the court of Rome, he had implanted in English soil the germ
of that religious liberty which was destined never to perish: he had
laboured to construct a strange structure, mingled with strange
contradictions and he had called it the Church of England in order
to place himself at its head as the supreme chief, but he had
imprinted upon English reform its peculiar character, at once
governmental and liberal, aristocratic and popular. He infamously
plundered the monasteries, but he thereby involved in the party of
reform the great noblemen enriched by the spoils; he shed upon
the scaffold the noblest blood of England, but he followed the
policy of his father, in elevating to the summit obscure men drawn
from that growing middle class which was one day to constitute the
greatness and strength of his country. Without brilliant military
genius, without great political talents, he had contrived to maintain
himself abroad as the respected arbiter of the greatest sovereigns
of Europe, causing the scale to incline to the side to which his
capricious vanity impelled him. The royal coffers were full at the
death of Henry VII.; they were empty at the death of his son,
notwithstanding the enormous exactions which had filled them so
many times; but sixty years of comparative peace had enriched the
nation, so long crushed under the weight of civil and foreign wars;
it had regained its breath. In vain had Henry VIII. oppressed it; in
vain had he reduced Parliament to servile dependence; the new
spirit inspired by the reformation had done its work; in spite of the
stake, religious sects were already multiplying; the day of the
Puritans was about to dawn; the obstinate resistance of weakness
under a powerful oppression was already preparing. Protestant
England had sprung into existence.

Chapter XVIII
The Reformation.
Edward VI. (1547-1553).
The oppressive tyranny of Henry VIII. had ceased, and the child
who succeeded him was destined to reign without attaining
manhood. The ambitions and animosities of the great, as well as
the sincere passions and intrigues of the theologians were about to
occupy the scene, to divide and agitate all minds; but the work
which was to make England Protestant and free had begun, and
was continuing silently, and in obscurity; Henry VIII. had thought to
regulate the religious movement in England as he had shaken off
the supremacy of the Pope, but all his despotism could not arrest
the effects of the new convictions, powerful especially among the
lower clergy and the inhabitants of the towns. It was there that the
Reformation numbered every day more numerous and more zealous
adherents; it was there that the changes soon brought about by
Cranmer in the organization of the Church met with the most
ardent sympathy, and it was there that the persecution set on foot
by the fanatic zeal of Queen Mary was to find the firmest resistance
and the most heroic martyrs. Henry VIII. had accomplished the
royal reform in order to satisfy his passions and his personal
animosities; the English people, under the reign of his son,
accomplished noiselessly and without proclamation a reform in a far
different way, solid and profound. The country districts were still
Catholic and long remained so; a portion of the bishops and the
high clergy refused to admit the new doctrines, but the religious
reform progressed none the less; it was no longer in the power of
man to arrest the work begun in the heart and conscience of a
mass of people as obscure as they were sincere. The young king,

moreover, never had a desire to do so. During the short reign of
Edward VI., through the weaknesses and vacillations natural to
childhood, the prince was seen to pass from one to the other of the
great noblemen who were contending together for power; never
did he change in opinion or in religious tendency, and his influence
always weighed on the side of the Reformation. Edward VI. was
destined for a long while yet, to remain the most Protestant of
English sovereigns.
Henry VIII. had scarcely been dead four days, his obsequies had
not yet been celebrated, and already all that he had wished and
ordained for the government of England during the minority of his
son was destroyed. Formerly the House of Lords possessed the
privilege of designating the regent and the members of the council
of regency; Parliament had granted this power to the king by the
Act which had allowed him to dispose at his pleasure of the
succession to the throne. Henry had accordingly made use of this
right in designating in his will sixteen persons to constitute the
privy council, and to be entrusted with the executive power. A
second commission of twelve members was to be consulted in
grave cases; the two bodies united composed the council of
regency. Among the more important members of the privy council
were the names of Cranmer, Chancellor Wriothesley, Lord Hertford,
Lord Lisle; but the Earl of Hertford did not limit his ambition to his
seat in a council. He had taken his steps and secured partisans
among the testamentary executors of the king; at the first meeting,
he contrived to accomplish his project. It was proposed to select a
president. Wriothesley violently opposed this, saying that the will
placed all the councillors in the same rank; he counted, no doubt,
upon taking possession of the principal part of the power; he found
himself alone upon his side, and finally gave way. When the Lords
reassembled, on the 1st of February, the young king heard the list
of the members of the two councils read, Wriothesley added that
the executors had resolved to place at their head the Earl of
Hertford as Protector of the kingdom and governor of the royal
person; on condition, however, that he would take no steps in any

matter without the assent of a majority of the members of the
council. All the peers spiritual and temporal applauded this
amendment and the last wishes of Henry VIII. were violated with
no more ado.
Some intentions were attributed to the late king, however, which
met with more respect; a clause of the will commanded the
executors to accomplish all the promises which he might have
made; it was even asserted that he had repeated this injunction to
those who surrounded his deathbed. The royal promises might be
of great extent and entail grave consequences; inquiries were
promptly made; according to the statement of Sir William Paget
secretary of state, Sir Anthony Denny and Sir Fulke Herbert,
gentlemen of the bedchamber, to whom the king had spoken on
the subject, it was a question of a promotion to the peerage and a
distribution of legacies in money among the testamentary
executors. Lord Hertford was to be made Duke of Somerset; the
Earl of Essex to become Marquis of Northampton; Lord Lisle, Earl of
Warwick; Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton; Sir Thomas Seymour,
brother of Lord Hertford, Baron Seymour and Lord High Admiral; all
were to receive from the ecclesiastical property still at the
disposition of the crown, revenues proportioned to their new
dignities. The servants of the new king rewarded themselves in
advance, and with their own hands, for the services which they
were to render him. Public opinion was shocked at this; people
went as far as to call in question the alleged intentions of the late
king as they had been reported by Sir John Paget. The elevation of
Somerset was received with great joy among the Protestants, to
whom he was favourable; the Catholics counted upon Wriothesley,
who had become Lord Southampton, but he committed the
imprudence of charging four delegates, under the great seal, to
attend in his absence to the affairs of the chancellorship, without
having previously consulted his colleagues; this act was declared
illegal, and the omission being grave enough to deprive the
chancellor of his office and his seat in the privy council, he gave in
his resignation and was kept a prisoner in his house, until the

council had decided the amount of the fine which he was to pay.
Henceforth Somerset found himself without a rival; none protested
when he caused all the executive powers to be conferred upon
himself, abolishing the two councils, and confounding all the
testamentary executors under the common title of councillors of the
king. Matters were arranged; an amnesty had been proclaimed for
all state offenders, with the exception of the Duke of Norfolk and
Cardinal Pole, and the Protector was preparing to sign the treaty of
alliance between France and England, renewed in London on the
occasion of the accession of Edward VI., when he learnt the death
of Francis I. That monarch had been painfully affected by the
decease of the King of England; he was convinced, it was said, that
he would survive him a short time. In effect, he had died at
Rambouillet, on the 31st of March; the Protestant interests received
a fatal blow in Germany and in Scotland; in Germany, because the
Emperor Charles V., delivered of his rival, was becoming master of
the country; in Scotland, because the Guises, the brothers of the
dowager queen, were all-powerful with the new King of France, and
because the latter immediately concluded a close alliance with the
Earl of Arran, now placed at the head of the Catholic party. At the
same time, Henry II. refused to sign the treaty of London, and sent
ships to Scotland to assist the regent in the siege of the Castle of
St. Andrew, which the assassins of Cardinal Beaton had contrived
to retain. The latter had demanded help in England, promising to
support the marriage of the little Queen Mary with the young King
of England; but before the Protector had been able to assemble his
forces, the castle had been captured, razed to the ground, and all
its defenders conveyed to France. Five weeks elapsed before the
English troops were able to cross the frontier. It was on the 10th of
September that the two armies met, not far from Musselburgh.
Arran was there encamped behind the river Esk, with considerable
forces; nearly all the great Scottish noblemen had joined him,
notwithstanding party rivalries. The first challenge which the English
received was that of Lord Huntley, who proposed to the Protector
to fight him man to man, or with the assistance of ten knights on
each side, after the fashion of Horatii and Curiatii. Somerset smiled.

"Tell your master," he replied to the herald, "that it is a want of
judgment on his part to make such a proposal to me, who, by the
grace of God, am entrusted with so precious a jewel as the person
of a king and the protection of his kingdom." Warwick wished to
accept the challenge of Huntley, but the duke did not permit it. "Let
them come to us upon the field of battle," he said, "and they shall
have blows enough."
The Scots, eager to come to close quarters, committed the
imprudence of quitting the advantageous position which they
occupied, to advance and meet the enemy. The combat began by a
charge of Scottish cavalry, taken in flank as they were crossing the
bridge of the Esk, by a broadside from the English vessels drawn
up along the coast. The English had found time to take possession
of the hill upon which was situated St. Michael's church; the fray
soon became general. The English wavered at first before the long
lances of the Scots; but the ardour of the latter led them so far
forward in the pursuit that, in reforming, they found themselves
involved in the hostile ranks; the arrows of the English archers who
were drawn up on an eminence, thinned the ranks of the Scottish
men-at-arms; the firing from the vessels was incessant; the knights
at length moved and took to flight. The pursuit was vigorous and
the massacre horrible; quarter was given only to the great
noblemen capable of paying a heavy ransom; the Esk rolled down a
shoal of corpses; eight thousand Scots, it is said, remained upon
the battle-field of Pinkey, as it was called, from the name of a
neighbouring mansion belonging to the Douglases. The Earl of
Huntley, Lord Yester, Lord Wemyss, and several other persons of
distinction were made prisoners.
For four days the victors continued their work of pillage at Leith
and in the environs. People expected to see them march upon
Edinburgh, but Somerset suddenly ordered a retreat, without any
one being able to explain, in Scotland, this unexpected deliverance.
Grave interests recalled him to the court of the young king.

Lord Seymour, brother of the Protector, and Lord High Admiral of
England, was as ambitious as his elder brother, and more
courageous and enterprising; he had been deeply offended by the
unequal partition of the power, and during the absence of Somerset
he had laboured to establish his influence with the little king. He
married, in the month of June, 1547, Catherine Parr, the widow of
the king, who had always loved him, it was said, notwithstanding
the two other unions which she had contracted, and finding himself
thus brought nearer to the person of the king, who often saw his
step-mother, and being enriched by the fortune which Catherine
had amassed as queen of England, he took care to win the good
graces of Edward VI. by supplying him with the funds which he
wanted for pocket-money and charities, liberalities which the
Protector did not encourage.

Death Of Anne Askew.
Seymour had also gained the favour of the household of the king,
by distributing many gifts among them. In the month of November,

1547, the admiral persuaded the young king to address a letter to
Parliament, demanding that the office of guardian of the royal
person should be conferred upon his uncle, Lord Seymour. The
project became known and steps were taken; the admiral was
threatened with the Tower, and a reconciliation was effected
between the two brothers; Seymour shortly afterwards received a
fresh dotation.
The ambition of the admiral could not be satisfied with money;
Catherine Parr had recently died in childbed, and the rumour was
circulated that she had been poisoned. Her husband had already
turned his views higher; he was paying his addresses to the
Princess Elizabeth, whose guardian he had completely gained over;
he did not aspire to a secret marriage, which, according to the will
of Henry VIII., would have impaired the right of succession, but he
patronized all the members of the council, endeavouring to arouse
among them sufficient disaffection to secure the approval of his
union with the princess. The Protector resolved to rid himself of so
dangerous a rival. The opportunity was propitious; Sharington, the
director of the mint at Bristol, was accused of having enriched
himself by means of numerous malversations. The admiral
defended him vigorously, but Sharington, to save his life, suddenly
betrayed his advocate; he stated that he had promised to coin
money for Lord Seymour, and that the latter could count upon an
army of ten thousand men, with whom he hoped to change the
aspect of the State. Less than this was needed to send the Lord
High Admiral to the Tower. His courage was not cast down, and he
demanded to be confronted with his accusers. Somerset had been
brought up in the school of Henry VIII.; he knew how to use bills
of attainder: the little king, terrified, had abandoned his uncle
Seymour; when the House of Commons made some opposition,
demanding that the accused should be heard, a royal message
silenced the objectors, and the bill was voted without further
difficulty; Lord Seymour was executed on the 20th of March, 1549,
protesting his innocence to the last. Two letters had been seized, it
was said, written from the Tower to the Princesses Mary and

Elizabeth, to incite them to jealousy towards their brother. The
Protector had given to the young king a terrible example of cold
barbarity, by being the first to sign the death-warrant of his brother.
The war continued in Scotland, with alternations of successes and
reverses, but its principal aim, the marriage of King Edward VI.
with the little queen, had been thwarted by Henry II., king of
France, who destined her for the Dauphin. Parliament even
consented to send the child to France, there to receive her
education in safety. Mary of Guise remained in Scotland; but the
little queen, Mary Stuart, arrived at Brest in French vessels, and
was conducted to St. Germain-en-Laye, to be solemnly betrothed to
the Dauphin. The warfare continued upon the frontiers, but the
thoughts of the government were elsewhere; a great popular
insurrection, which had taken its rise in the south, had gained the
eastern counties; a portion of England was in flames. Various
causes had contributed towards the insurrection; the alteration of
the currency under the reign of Henry VIII. had brought about an
excessive rise in the nominal price of commodities, but labour was
not remunerated in proportion; workmen were, on the contrary,
less employed and less paid than in the past. A great quantity of
arable land had been transformed into pasture-ground, in
consequence of a considerable increase in the price of wools. The
monasteries no longer took in intelligent peasants to make monks
of them; the monastic charities no longer relieved the misery of the
poor; the vast spaces belonging to the parishes, where the villagers
were wont to let their cattle graze, had been, by degrees,
swallowed up by the neighbouring proprietors, who had enclosed
all the waste lands, thus depriving the poor, at a time of great
distress, of a resource to which they were accustomed. Vagrancy
had increased in such a manner, that in the first year of the reign
of Edward VI. a barbarous law had been voted by Parliament,
delivering up to the first comer, in the capacity of a slave, any
individual without a fixed residence, sojourning for three days in
any place. Being declared a vagabond, he was to be branded upon
the chest with a red-hot iron; his master had the right to compel

him to work by every possible punishment; he could chain him up,
let him out to hire, or sell him; a veritable slave-market being thus
suddenly instituted for a few years in that free England, which,
three centuries later, was to be the first to put its hand to work to
destroy slavery in the whole world. These rigours did not suffice;
the vagabonds were not the only unhappy or exasperated persons;
the religious feelings of the Catholic populations were galled by the
rapid progress of the Reformation; the insurrection was so grave
that the Protector, always greedy of popularity, vainly endeavoured
to appease it by a hurried measure, forbidding the enclosure of all
waste lands accessable to the peasants, and ordering that they
should everywhere be restored to their former uses. This
concession only served to put arms in the hands of the peasantry,
some to beat down the fences, others to defend them; the
government was everywhere obliged to send troops. But for the
auxiliaries raised in Italy, Spain, and Germany, for the war with
Scotland, the Protector might have found himself much
embarrassed.
The demands of the insurgents and the aim of the insurrection
were of a very different nature, according to the various parts of
the country in which they were found. The south almost
everywhere claimed the re-establishment of the old religion; the
men of Devonshire, at the head of whom marched Humphrey
Arundel, were secretly urged by the priests; they laid siege to
Exeter, and Lord Russell, badly provided with men and supplies,
could not effectually succour the town. The proclamations of the
young king in vain succeeded each other in answer to the
inquisitions of the insurgents. Exeter was closely pressed for five
weeks, and famine was already in the city, when Lord Russell,
having received troops and money, at length defeated the rebels
and caused the siege to be raised; the insurrection was drowned in
blood, and the soldiers ravaged the country. Arundel and some of
the chiefs were taken to London, where they were executed.

The insurrection in Norfolk had a more political character; it had
begun in like manner by the question of the enclosures; a tanner of
Norwich, named Ket, had placed himself at the head of the
insurgents, and had established his camp upon a little elevation
called Moushold Hill, at the gates of Norwich. There, surrounded by
malcontents from the environs, to the number of twenty thousand,
it is said, he declaimed against the oppression of the commoners
by the nobles, and against the new religious service, asserting that
he had only taken arms with the object of placing around the king
honest councillors, favourable to the wishes of the people. A first
attack upon the rebels, directed by the Marquis of Northampton,
completely failed; they had been allowed time to assemble: they
pillaged at their ease in the environs; then they gathered together
again under the Reformation Tree, as they called an oak in the
centre of their camp, bringing with them the noblemen whom they
had made prisoners. It was only on the 25th of August, when the
disorder had already lasted for nearly two months, that the Earl of
Warwick, detained several days in Norwich for want of men and
supplies, was able, on the arrival of some reinforcements, to attack
the camp of Ket. The rebels were completely defeated, and the
massacre was terrible. Ket and his brother, being sent to London, to
be tried, were hanged, one from the belfry of Wymondham, the
other in the citadel of Norwich, and nine of the principal leaders
were suspended from the nine branches of the Reformation Tree.
The revolt in Norfolk was at an end, and the insurrection which
manifested itself shortly afterwards in Yorkshire having been stifled,
tranquillity was restored in the country; it was not so at the court.
The checks which the policy as well as the arms of England had
suffered in Scotland, the progress of King Henry II. in all the
territory surrounding Calais and Boulogne, the proposals of
Somerset to the Emperor to deliver the latter town to him, had
slowly undermined the influence of the Protector, although he still
remained popular with the lower classes, who called him the good
duke; but the nobility were discontented, incensed at the arrogant
tone of the Duke of "Somerset by the grace of God," as he styled

himself. Indignation was aroused at the palace which he had raised
in the Strand, at the cost of a church and three episcopal dwellings,
and public opinion began to award him a rival, who, owing to the
animosity of the former chancellor, Wriothesley, had for a long time
been destined to accomplish the ruin of his enemy. Lord Warwick,
equally ambitious, equally vain, but more bold and enterprising
than Somerset, had already acquired a great military reputation,
which was increased by his recent services in Norfolk. The two
rivals had nearly come to blows in the month of October, 1549.
Twenty members of the council joined Warwick in London, and the
Protector, who remained at Hampton Court with the young king,
began to assemble forces.

Test Bank for Organizational Behavior: Improving Performance and Commitment in the Workplace 5th Edition

Edward VI. Writing His Journal.
Edward VI. has related in his journal the negotiations between the
Protector and the malcontents, the alternations of resolution and
weakness of Somerset, the decision of the noblemen congregated
around Warwick. The overtures of the Protector, though more and
more moderate, were all rejected; the trouble of answering him
was no longer taken, when he at length convoked the counsel at
Windsor. All the nobility repaired thither, and decreed without
hesitation the arrest of Somerset; on the 14th of October he was
conducted to the Tower, accused of high treason, and the young
king was taken back to Hampton Court. Warwick was henceforth
master. Southampton had in vain hoped to share the power with
him; he was not even re-established in the office of chancellor, and
the earl, who had hitherto appeared to be in favour of the Roman
Catholic party, abandoned it completely to turn towards the
Reformers. The wind blew from this quarter, and the principles of
Warwick never impeded in anything the pursuit of his interests.
The Duke of Somerset was, at first, treated gently; he had shrunk
from no humiliation in order to secure the mercy of the king, and
had confessed all that had been desired, upon his knees, before
the council. Deprived of all his offices, and smitten with a heavy
fine, he appeared to accept his downfall meekly, remaining at court
and behaving so modestly that he was again admitted into the
privy council. The eldest son of Warwick, Lord Lisle, even married,
on the 3rd of June, 1550, Lady Anne Seymour, the daughter of the
Duke of Somerset. But secret intrigues increased every day;
notwithstanding solemn reconciliations, the hostility of the two
rivals remained unaltered. Warwick had taken the precaution of
causing himself to be nominated Warden of the Scottish frontiers,
in order to cut off the retreat towards the north of the Duke of
Somerset, and the latter contemplated raising a civil war; he was at
the same time ambitious of equalling him in rank, and caused

himself to be styled the Duke of Northumberland; his friend, the
Marquis of Dorset, became the Duke of Suffolk, and a few days
after this promotion it suddenly became known that the Duke of
Somerset had been arrested and conducted to the Tower, as guilty
of conspiracy and high treason; the duchess was also arrested as
well as a certain number of the friends of the duke.
The charges against Somerset were grave and numerous; he had
plotted, it was said, the assassination of the principal noblemen of
the council, Northumberland, Northampton, Pembroke, and others;
a revolt was at the same time to be fomented in London, and the
duke was to take possession of the person of the king. This time
the prisoner was publicly conducted to Westminster Hall, to be tried
by his peers, that is to say, by the councillors of the king, whom he
was accused of having intended to assassinate; but he was not
confronted with the witnesses against him. The prosecutors
contented themselves with reading their depositions. He confessed
the scheme of assassination with regard to his powerful enemies,
but he had abandoned it, he said, and he absolutely denied any
intention of rebellion or insurrection. He was accordingly acquitted
upon the count of treason, but the count of felony was proved, and
this sufficed to ruin him. The people, who thronged in the hall and
the streets, did not understand the sentence; the axe, which had
been borne before him as long as he was accused of high treason,
had disappeared from the retinue; they cried out that the good
duke had been acquitted, and the favour of the population of
London did not incline Northumberland to show mercy. On the
22nd of January, 1552, six weeks after his condemnation, less than
five years after the day on which he had taken possession of the
supreme power, the former Protector of England was conducted to
that scaffold so often bathed in the most illustrious blood. He died
with more resolution than he had shown during his life; his young
nephew, convinced, it is said, of his crime, having made no effort
to show mercy. Somerset, no doubt, called to mind on Tower Hill
the brother whom he formerly condemned to the same fate. Four
of his friends were executed in like manner, protesting their

innocence. "Every time the Duke of Northumberland places his
head upon his pillow, he will find it wet with our blood," exclaimed
Sir Ralph Vane, addressing the people. They listened in silence,
without much emotion; the nation was growing accustomed to see
the high nobility fall beneath the axe of the executioner instead of
perishing, as formerly, bravely, sword in hand, upon the field of
battle.
Boulogne had been definitively restored to France by a treaty of
peace in which Scotland was included; the seal of the new alliance
was to be the marriage of Edward VI.; but the health of the young
monarch had been declining for some months past, and the
ambitious Northumberland had already entered upon the
manœuvres which were destined to bring about his ruin. He had
married his fourth son, Lord Guildford Dudley, to Lady Jane Grey,
the eldest daughter of the Duke of Suffolk, and grand-daughter, by
her mother's side, of Mary, formerly Queen of France, and sister of
Henry VIII.; he thus united his family to the royal blood, while he
caused his other children to contract powerful alliances. His aim
was no other than to exclude from the succession to the throne the
Princesses Mary and Elizabeth, who had never been reinstated in
their birthright, for the benefit of the Duchess of Suffolk, the
mother of Lady Jane Grey, who was disposed to renounce her
rights in favour of her eldest daughter. The duke counted upon
being supported in his undertaking by the Protestant party, uneasy,
with just cause, at the probable accession to the throne of Princess
Mary. He urged the same argument upon the young King Edward:
it was, in truth, the only one which could operate upon him. The
dying youth had, naturally, never played a political part; he even
appears not to have taken much interest in public life, but he was
sincerely pious and attached to the Protestant faith. The work of
the Reformation had been the great preoccupation of a mind of a
precocious gravity, and he had it in heart to protect the new
religion after his death; he knew himself to be in most precarious
health, and he consented without difficulty to the proposals which
Northumberland made to him upon this subject. Perhaps he

thought, moreover, that he had the right of using the same
privilege as his father had claimed of designating his successor to
the throne. The poor lad did not perceive into what new troubles
and dangers he was about to plunge his kingdom by exposing it
once more to the misfortunes of a contested succession and the
rivalries of a powerful nobility.
Three social forces, meanwhile, had made immense progress in
England—regard for public order, the idea of the royal legitimacy,
and the spirit of the Reformation. This last power which
Northumberland thought to enroll in his service, had taught men to
govern themselves, to judge their own affairs freely and rationally,
and all the terrors of an ardently Roman Catholic reign were unable
to turn them aside from the path of justice. United, the three
motives frustrated the ambitious designs,—the plots of the great
nobles. Subsequently, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the same
influences were destined to place Protestantism in England on a
settled basis. The reformed faith had made rapid strides since the
death of Henry VIII. The silent struggle between the progressive
and the retrogressive parties had continued; Cranmer and Gardiner
had continued to confront each other, but Cranmer now had the
upper hand. Gardiner had at first been placed by Henry VIII. in the
list of the privy council, then his name had been effaced from it
from motives of prudence; the Archbishop of Canterbury had all the
members of the council at his disposal, with the exception of the
Chancellor Wriothesley and the Bishop of Durham, Tunstall. It has
been seen how Wriothesley was driven from power. Tunstall was
relegated to his diocese. Cranmer, therefore, found the coast clear,
but he was determined to proceed with more moderation, for fear
of arousing a fresh pilgrimage of grace; he did not completely
succeed in averting the discontent which his innovations caused
among the populations remaining Catholic.
The first care of the archbishop was to establish in each diocese
royal visitors, half lay, half ecclesiastical. Wherever they
presented themselves, their authority was supreme; they

established in all churches the use of a selection of homilies
intended to be read every week, and composed, in great part, by
Cranmer; none could preach without the authorization of the
Protector or the Metropolitan. This prudent prohibition, intended to
favour the extension of the new doctrines, did not escape
attention; Gardiner immediately protested against the homilies and
the paraphrase of the New Testament by Erasmus, introduced into
the Church service in each parish. The reactionary bishop
demanded that neither the doctrine nor the practice established by
the late king should be interfered with until the majority of the
young Edward VI. The intervention of Gardiner was not successful;
he was arrested and held in prison during the continuance of the
Parliamentary session.
The property which the religious communities, churches and
colleges, yet possessed, had been placed at the disposal of the king
by Parliament, as a trust-fund for the endowment of schools and
livings. Cranmer opposed this fresh spoliation without success,
foreseeing that it would turn to the profit of the courtiers; but the
measures voted by the two Houses were of a consoling nature; the
law against the Lollards, the prohibition against reading the
Scriptures and the statutes of the six articles of faith were revoked;
marriage was allowed to the clergy; communion of two kinds was
granted to the faithful, and soon the order was given for
celebrating the service in the English language, without any
modification of the mass being yet made in the text itself.

The Corpse Passed Under Her Windows.
Such were the changes already accomplished a year after the death
of Henry VIII. The royal power had at the same time extended
itself and gathered strength; the election of the bishops had been
withdrawn from the deans and chapters, and made to depend
solely upon the king, and it was by a simple royal decree that the
bishops were invited to suppress in their dioceses certain Catholic
observances, while taking care to destroy all images that might be
extant. In the month of January, 1549, appeared the great work
which the Archbishop of Canterbury had been preparing for some
time, the catechism and the prayer book of the Church of England.
This latter production, skilfully composed by a commission of
bishops and theologians, had for a basis the Catholic missals and
breviaries which had been both deprived of all that might clash
with the Protestant faith, and carefully adapted to the convictions

and sentiments of the Catholics. It was a work of conciliation
effected with skill and with the most praiseworthy intentions; but
the archbishop did not deceive himself regarding the repugnance
which it encountered among the population, and he took care to
surround it with an efficatious protection; from Whitsuntide, the use
of any other book was prohibited, for Divine service, under severe
penalties. The insurrections which shortly afterwards supervened,
proved that Cranmer had not been mistaken; the new service was
especially the object of the complaints of the rebels of Devonshire.
Cranmer soon perceived that it was necessary to attack those
prelates who were hostile to the innovations; they were numerous,
but the majority were timid and contented themselves with
proceeding slowly to adopt the reforms ordained by government;
some few were bolder; it was towards these that the efforts of
Cranmer were directed.
For two years past already, Gardiner had been confined in the
Tower, in consequence of a sermon declared to be seditious, and
had not been brought to trial. The Bishop of London, Bonner,
reprimanded for his want of zeal, was commissioned by the council
to preach at St. Paul's Cross; his text had been chosen, and all the
divisions of his discourse settled beforehand, when he appeared
before the crowd; he was to overwhelm with ecclesiastical thunders
the rebels of Devonshire and Norfolk, to refer to the king and his
religious authority, and to point out that, the rights and power of
the sovereign not depending upon his age, King Edward VI. was as
competent to decide questions of faith as he could be in later
years. Bonner completely omitted this last point of the sermon, and
was immediately summoned before the council. He excused himself
upon the ground of the weakness of his memory, affirmed that he
had lost his notes, declaring at the same time that he was
prosecuted not for a trifling act of forgetfulness, but because he
had firmly maintained the Roman Catholic doctrine of the real
presence. Bonner was condemned, deprived of his see and sent to
prison. Ridley, bishop of Rochester, was summoned to London in his
place; but the bishopric was despoiled of a portion of its

possessions, as well as those which soon became vacant by
successive deprivations. The court profited by the conscientious
obstinacy of the bishops.
Gardiner was more skilful than Bonner, and quite as resolute; he
embarrassed his enemies by his self-possession and his intellectual
resources, and he refused to sign the formula of submission which
was presented to him, so long as he should continue to be unjustly
detained. He accumulated so many evidences and called so many
witnesses to prove the plot that had long been hatching against
him, that Cranmer cut short the proceedings. Gardiner was
deprived of his episcopal see, and, like Bonner, he was detained in
prison, as well as two other prelates Heath and Day, Bishops of
Worcester and Chichester. It was at this period that the great
Scottish reformer, John Knox, being in London, preached before the
king with so much talent and vigour, that the primate was
instrumental in offering him the bishopric of Rochester, which had
become vacant by the translation of Poynet to Winchester, where
he replaced Gardiner. Knox declined, but the proposal shows upon
what path the Church of England, formerly so violent against the
friends and partisans of Knox had entered. Some ardent and
reforming prelates, Ridley, Latimer, Hooper, replaced the revoked
bishops; the latter was so profoundly imbued with Calvinistic
principles, that much difficulty was experienced in inducing him to
accept the consecration of the primate, and to clothe him in the
sacerdotal ornaments.
It was not enough to establish effectually the new system, or to
secure convinced and faithful ministers; it was necessary also to
firmly establish its doctrines. Towards the end of the year 1551, the
prelates had finished drawing up the articles of the national faith;
forty-two propositions contained the same principles as the thirty-
nine articles subsequently voted under Queen Elizabeth, which still
remain the rule of faith of the Church of England. In the main, and
under different forms, they come very near to the doctrines of the
reformation on the Continent, inclining, sometimes towards

Calvinism, sometimes towards Lutheranism, but always resting
firmly upon the Bible.
The resource of removing the bishops, had always been open to
the government when it had been found impossible to triumph over
their resistance, but it was more difficult to compel the Princess
Mary to practice the new worship. She had been warned, by an
order of the council on the occasion of the institution of the prayer
book, that the celebration of the mass would no longer be
permitted even in her private chapel; and for two years the
intercession of the Emperor in her favour remained ineffectual; the
chaplains of the princess were arrested, she was at length
summoned before the council, and the young king himself vainly
endeavoured to convince her. The Emperor at length declared that
he would wage war with England, rather than suffer his relative to
be constrained in her conscience; Cranmer counselled the young
king to temporise; but Edward VI. wept, lamented the obstinacy of
his sister and the obligation which he was under of allowing mass
to exist in any place in his kingdom. The attempts were renewed
with Mary several times; she remained inflexible in her resolution.
"If the chaplains cannot repeat mass, I shall not hear it," she said;
"but the new service shall not be established in my house; if it
were introduced there by force, I would leave the place." "Matters
remained thus," says Burnet, "and I think that Lady Mary continued
to have her priests and to have masses said, so secretly that it
could not be complained of."
In truth, and notwithstanding the removal of the bishops and some
deplorable executions of poor heretics who attacked the very
foundations of Christianity, persecution was at a standstill under the
reign of Edward VI. In the new stage of the Reformation, no
Catholic suffered seriously for his attachment to his faith.
The obstinacy of the Princess Mary had left a profound impression
upon the mind of the young king, and thus contributed, no doubt,
to the effect of the insinuations of Northumberland in favour of a

Protestant succession. Edward did not wish, however, to
compromise any of his councillors, and he drew up with his own
hand the project for a law which was to regulate the succession to
the throne; he then caused the judges to be summoned, with the
attorney and solicitor-general, to commission them to prepare the
act. They hesitated; the king peremptorily commanded them to
obey, and only reluctantly granted them time to examine the
precedents, in order to satisfy the desires of his Majesty.
When these officers returned they were still undecided, or rather
they had convinced themselves that the law required of them by
the sovereign would involve an act of treason both on the side of
the framers of the act and on that of the council. The king insisted;
the Duke of Northumberland, who was present, flew into a passion;
the lords of the council, to whom the judges expounded their
scruples, had been won over by the intrigues of the duke. Cranmer,
who had at first been opposed to the proceedings, yielded to the
solicitations of the young monarch; the measure was resolved
upon, and the act, prepared by the lawyers, was sanctioned by the
great seal as well as by the signatures of all the members of the
council. Northumberland had made an attempt to take possession
of the person of Mary; but she had been warned in time, and far
from responding to the summons in the name of the king, her
brother, she retired precipitately to her castle of Kenninghall, in
Norfolk. It was there that she soon learnt the news of the death of
Edward VI., who expired at Greenwich on the 6th of July, 1553, at
the age of fifteen years and a half. The time had come for a trial of
the new basis upon which Cranmer had sought to found the
religion of the kingdom. The question whether England was to be
Catholic or Protestant was about to be decided.

Chapter XIX.
Persecution.
Bloody Mary (1553-1558)
The Duke of Northumberland was more ambitious than able, and
more bold than skillful. In seeking to disturb the natural order of
succession he had undertaken a task beyond his strength; nor had
he appreciated the relative power of the two religions now existing
side by side; he thought the Catholics more weakened than they
were, and the Protestants more disposed to sacrifice all for the
accession of a Protestant sovereign than they showed themselves
to be; the project of taking possession of the two princesses, Mary
and Elizabeth, was thwarted from the first. The death of the young
king was kept secret, and an express was despatched to the sisters
to bring them to him. It was the second time that Mary had been
summoned, and notwithstanding her repugnance, she had set out,
when a note from the Earl of Arundel warned her of the state of
affairs; she immediately retraced her steps, and shut herself up in
her castle of Norfolk. Elizabeth had also been warned in time.
Northumberland henceforth had to struggle against a rival, at
liberty and fully aware of his sinister designs.
Edward VI. had been dead three days, and precautions had been
taken in London when Lady Jane Grey, who had retired to Chelsea
during the last weeks of the life of the king, was recalled to Sion
House, the palace of her family. She was there alone on the 10th
of July, 1553, occupied, it is said, in reading Plato in Greek—for
Lady Jane was as learned as she was gentle and modest—when the
arrival of the Duke of Northumberland, her father-in-law,
accompanied by several lords of the council, was announced.

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