![HAMPTON COURT.
The Mercers’ Hall in Cheapside; the Grocers’, a portion of which was
long used by the Bank of England; the Haberdashers’, where the rich
ceiling was its great ornament; the Tallow Chandlers’, with its interior
colonnade and its fountain; the Apothecaries’, one of the largest in
the City; the Stationers’; and, last but not least, the Alderman’s
Court adjoining Guildhall, rebuilt almost immediately after the fire; a
very handsome room, rich in carving, and finely proportioned.
S. Edmund the King, in Lombard Street, was finished this year. The
necessities of the site caused Wren to build it north and south, the
altar being at the north end. The front to Lombard Street, the only
part of the outside visible, is of stone and very picturesque with its
belfry and little domed spire. The interior has been lately re-
arranged with a wise treatment of the old work and carving. The
‘marble font possesses, like that of S. Mary Abchurch, a very
beautiful canopied cover; it is in two stages, the lower being domed,
and above are four seated figures of the Cardinal Virtues; it is railed
in and is on the west side of the church.’[206]
S. Margaret’s, Lothbury, belongs to the same date, and was rebuilt
of stone. Some years later Wren bestowed much rich wood carving
on the interior. He chose the Corinthian style for this building and
handled it with considerable skill.
Queen Mary, who had the Stuart love for
genius, was invariably gracious and even
friendly to Wren, with whom she held many a
conversation on matters of art and science. He considered her to be
very well versed in all these subjects and enjoyed discussing them
freely with her. Queen Mary was much charmed with the situation of
Cardinal Wolsey’s old palace of Hampton Court, and engaged Wren
to make alterations there. The old buildings were accordingly in part
pulled down and two sets of royal apartments built; Queen Mary,
though she amused herself with planning the gardens and making
suggestions, had yet the wisdom to defer to Wren’s better taste and
knowledge. Her husband, with characteristic obstinacy, insisted on
his own ideas, thereby dwarfing the cloisters and marring much of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-34-320.jpg)
![GREENWICH AS A
HOSPITAL.
the architecture. It is, however, fair to say that King William always
owned that the defects[207] were his, the merits, Wren’s; and these
merits are very great, as anyone who knows the fine old palace with
its rich red brick, its arcades, and the quaint formal gardens will
readily allow. He built, at about the same time, the Pavilion and
Ranger’s House in Bushey Park.
Kensington Palace was also under Wren’s hands. It had been the
property of Lord Chancellor Finch, and was sold by his son to William
III. Wren added another story to the old house, which forms the
north front of the palace, and also built the south front. The defect
of the building as seen at the end of the long avenue of Kensington
Gardens is its want of height, but on a nearer approach this fault is
much diminished. King William was in the midst of his Irish
campaign while the work went on, but found time to send back
repeated inquiries as to its progress, and complaints when that did
not answer his expectations. There, five years later, Queen Mary
died, to the regret of all her subjects, and even of her cold-hearted
husband.
Nor were these the only palaces which Wren
contrived for Queen Mary. That of Greenwich
had been begun by Inigo Jones for Henrietta
Maria, and a wing had been built for Charles
II., but it had been left unfinished. Wren, who knew Greenwich well
from his visits to the Observatory, and who took a great interest in
sailors, observing the entire lack of any refuge for them in illness,
proposed to Queen Mary the magnificent plan of making the palace
into a seaman’s hospital. The Queen willingly entered into the idea,
and proposed to add to the Queen’s House, as it was called, so as to
make it a dwelling for herself, at the same time. Evelyn, Sir Stephen
Fox and others, came readily into the scheme and contributed
liberally. Wren’s contribution, though not in money, was a liberal one
also; for he gave his time, labour, skill and superintendence, despite
his innumerable other works.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-35-320.jpg)
![‘I have given another way to the rail and baluster, which will
admit of a vase that will stand properly upon the pilaster.[208]
‘Sir, I wish you success and health and long life, with all the
affection that is due from,
‘Your obliged, faithful friend, and humble servant,
‘Christopher Wren.
‘P.S. A little deal box, with a drawing in it, is sent by Thomas
Moore, Oxford carrier.’
In the same year the Church of S. Andrew by the Wardrobe[209] was
finished; recent alterations in the city have benefited this building; it
now stands well above a flight of steps, with its square tower, and
the red brick which contrives to be red and not black, and stone
dressings.
Two years later Wren rebuilt All Hallows, Lombard Street, on an
ancient foundation: outside it is one of his plainest and most solid
churches, inside he spent upon it much rich work and curious
carving both in stone and wood.
S. Michael Royal, College Hill, belongs to this same date, and was
built under Wren’s directions by Edward Strong, his master-mason. It
is a well-lit, handsome church with a tower at one corner, and
contains an altar-piece of singular beauty, carved by Grinling
Gibbons in ‘right wainscot oak.’ The old church was founded and
made a collegiate church of S. Spiritus and S. Mary by no less a
person than Sir Richard Whittington, three times Lord Mayor of
London (1397, 1406, 1419), whose fame, with that of his cat,
survives in the well-known story. He founded also another college,
known as the Whittington College, and endowed it with a divinity
lecture ‘for ever.’ Edward VI., however, suppressed both the colleges
and the lecture, though the Whittington College was allowed
partially to survive as almshouses for poor men. Whittington[210]
was buried in this church, but his monument perished in the Fire.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-38-320.jpg)
![CLIPT WINGS.
A GRAND DESIGN.
In the following year Wren added a well-proportioned, peculiar
steeple, the gift of the parishioners, to the little stone Church of S.
Vedast[211] in Foster Lane, a church to which a painful interest now
attaches from the recent persecution and imprisonment of its rector,
the Rev. T. P. Dale.
The church was decorated, as was Wren’s custom, with fret-work,
carving, and stucco, but is not otherwise remarkable.
S. Mary’s, Somerset, or Somers’hithe, was likewise finished in this
year: a stone church with two aisles surmounted by a handsome
cornice and balustrade; its great feature was the beautiful pinnacled
tower, which, though the church is gone, still stands a perpetual
memorial of that reckless disregard of God’s honour, which has
counted any common want, any farthing of money, of more
importance than the claims of His service, or than gifts solemnly
offered to Him.[212]
The Cathedral meanwhile grew slowly, though
many a hindrance annoyed its architect. The
Parliament took part of the fabric money and
applied it to the expenses of King William’s
wars, so that, as Sir Christopher complained,
his wings were clipt and the Church was deprived of its ornaments.
[213] The organ was another annoyance. Sir Christopher’s wish and
intention was to place the organ where it now is, on either side of
the choir, in order to leave the vista clear from the west door to the
altar, which in his design stood grandly raised under a handsome
canopy. This was overruled, and the organ was to be placed in a
gallery cutting right across the entrance of the choir. With his
wonted philosophy, Wren bent his mind to reducing as much as
possible the injury to the architectural effect, by keeping the pipes
as low as he could. But in the builder of the organ, Bernard Smith,
or ‘Father’ Smith, as he is called, Wren had a difficult person to deal
with. Far from lowering the pipes, Smith made them higher than in
his estimate, so that the case and ornaments had to be enlarged,
and Sir Christopher complained bitterly that the Cathedral ‘was spoilt](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-39-320.jpg)
![by that box of whistles.’ The rival organ builder, Renatus Harris, if
indeed he was the author of an anonymous paper, called ‘Queries
about the S. Paul’s Organ,[214] was not sparing in his criticisms. One
query asks
‘Whether Sir C. Wren wou’d not have been well pleas’d to have
receiv’d such a proposal from the organ builder of S. Paul’s, as
shou’d have erected an organ, so as to have separated twenty
foot in the middle, as low as the gallery, and thereby a full and
airy prospect of the whole length of the church, and six fronts
with towers as high as requisite?’
This question is easy enough to answer, and fortunately Wren’s
wishes have been at last fulfilled by that division of the organ, which
now leaves the desired clear view from the great western doors to
the altar. Harris, in 1712, proposed to erect a great organ over the
west doors of the Cathedral,
‘study’d to be in all respects made the most artful, costly and
magnificent piece of organ-work that ever has hitherto been
invented. The use of it will be for the reception of the Queen,
on all publick occasions of thanksgivings for the good effect of
peace or war, upon all state days, S. Cecilia’s Day, the
entertainment of foreigners of quality, and artists, and on all
times of greatest concourse etc., and by the advice and
assistance of Sir C. Wren, the external figure and ornaments
may be contrived so proportionable to the order of the building,
as to be a decoration to that part of the edifice and no
obstruction to any of the rest.... Sir Christopher Wren approves
it.’
Alas! at that time Wren’s approval was enough to determine the
majority of the commission to reject any plan thus sanctioned, and
Renatus Harris’s grand design survives on paper alone.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-40-320.jpg)
![appears to have been very remarkable in its way: Sir Christopher
had placed it on wheels, perhaps with a design of using it
afterwards, for services under the dome, not unlike those we are
now familiar with.
A pulpit on wheels was a novelty, which gave rise, we can well
believe, to many squibs, one of which has been preserved.
A faithful copy of the Verses, lately fastened upon the pulpit of S.
Paul’s Choir.
TO THE ARCHITECT UPON HIS HAPPY INVENTION OF A PULPIT ON
WHEELS FOR THE USE OF S. PAUL’S CHOIR.
This little Structure (Excellent Sir Kit)
Holds forth to us that You bestowed more Wit
In Building it than on all Paul’s beside;
This shows the Principles, that but the Pride
Of its Inhabitants; True Sons of Saul,
For he (Good Man) became All things to All,
That by all Sorts of Means he might gain some.
They too for Gain would follow him to Rome,
This Passively Obedient thing will go as
They’d have it, or to Mecca, Rome, or Troas;
All one to it, if forward Hawl’d or back,
’Twill run a Holy Stage for Will or Jack;
And truckle to and fro’ ’twixt Cause and Cause,
Just as Strongest Pull of Interest draws.
But if the Pulpit be a Vital Part
O’ th’ Church, or as the Doctors say her Heart,
Why don’t you fix that also on a Rock
And let the Steeple Roost the Weather-Cock?
Where if a Puff of Strong Temptations blow,
It might remind the Staggering Saints and Crow.
Improve the Thought, Dear Sir, and let St. Paul’s
Wise Fane be this new Going Cart for Souls.[215]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-42-320.jpg)
![A FOREIGN TOUR.
‘I WILL NOT
DISCONTENT YOU.’
It hardly needs the hint that these lines were affixed to ‘the Dean’s
side of the pulpit,’ to read in them a bitter satire on Dean Sherlock,
whose sudden change of front relative to the non-jurors, and
acceptance of the Deanery of S. Paul’s, laid him open to the grave
suspicion of having acted from interested motives, and stirred up
much vehement animosity. A spirited, if not an impartial, account of
this controversy, is given by Lord Macaulay.[216]
Sir Christopher’s remarkable invention appears to have survived the
laughter against it, and to have remained in the Cathedral until
1803.
The vaults of S. Paul’s were opened shortly after this thanksgiving to
receive the body of Dr. White, the non-juring Bishop of
Peterborough, whose funeral was attended by Bishop Turner, Bishop
Lloyd and forty nonjuring clergymen.
At the beginning of the following year, as soon
as travelling was possible, Wren sent his son
Christopher to Paris; not indeed with the
intention of his making that grand tour which a few years later was
supposed to finish a young gentleman’s education, but that he might
acquire a little experience and knowledge of the world. The young
man, evidently, had other ideas, spent a good deal of his money,
and then wrote home to his family a letter complaining in true
English fashion, of the climate and the cookery of France, and asking
leave to continue his journey to Italy. Sir Christopher’s reply has
been preserved; and in its folio sheet and brown ink exists in the
‘Parentalia.’ It is, I think, so charming as to double one’s regret that
so very few of his letters have been preserved.
[217]
‘Whi
teha
ll, March 7.
‘My dear Son,—I hope by this time you are pretty well satisfied
of the condition of the climate you are in; if not, I believe you](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-43-320.jpg)
![will ere Lent be over; and will learne to dine upon sallad; and
morue with egges will scarce be allowed: if you thinke you can
dine better cheape in Italy you can trie, but I think the passing
of the Alpes and other dangers of disbanded armies and
abominable Lodgings will ballance that advantage; but the
seeing of fine buildings I perceive temptes you, and your
companion, Mr. Strong, whose inclination and interest leades
him, by neither of which can I find you are mov’d; but how doth
it concerne you? You would have it to say hereafter that you
have seen Rome, Naples and a hundred other fine places; a
hundred others can say as much and more; calculate whither
this be worth the expence and hazard as to any advantage at
youre returne. I sent you to France at a time of businesse and
when you might make your observations and find acquaintance
who might hereafter be usefull to you in the future concernes of
your life: if this be your ayme I willingly let you proceed,
provided you will soon returne, for these reasons, the little I
have to leave you is unfortunately involved in trouble, and your
presence would be a comfort to me, to assist me, not only for
my sake, but your own that you might understand your affaires,
before it shall please God to take me from you, which if
suddenly will leave you in perplexity and losse. I doe not say all
this out of parsimony, for what you spend will be out of what
will in short time, be your owne, but I would have you be a man
of businesse as early as you can bring your thoughts to it. I
hope, by your next you will give me account of the reception of
our ambassador;[218] of the intrigues at this time between the
two nations, of the establishment of the commerce, and of
anything that may be innocently talked of without danger, and
reflection, that I may perceive whither you look about you or
noe and penetrate into what occurres, or whither the world
passes like a pleasant dream, or the amusement of fine scenes
in a play without considering the plot. If you have in ten weeks
spent half your bill of exchange besides your gold, I confesse
your money will not hold out, either abroad for yourself or for](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-44-320.jpg)
![S. DUNSTAN’S
SPIRE.
stone was a handsome one, and lately has been much enlarged.
Vanbrugh’s first start in life was his being engaged by Wren to act as
clerk of the works to the buildings at Greenwich. Gibbs and
Hawksmoor were also pupils of Wren’s, and worked under him at
some of the innumerable works on which he was engaged. The
building of Greenwich was vigorously continued, and in 1705,[219]
‘they began to take in wounded and worn-out seamen, who are
exceedingly well provided for.’
At the beginning of 1698, Peter the Great made his extraordinary
voyage to England and took possession of Evelyn’s house, Sayes
Court, at Deptford, in order to be near the dockyard and inspect the
ship-building. He was anything but a desirable tenant. ‘There is a
house full of people and right nasty,’ wrote Evelyn’s servant.
‘The Czar lies next your library, and dines in the parlour next
your study. He dines at ten o’clock and six at night, is very
seldom at home a whole day, very often in the King’s yard, or by
water, dressed in several dresses. The King is expected here this
day, the best parlour is pretty clean for him to be entertained.
The King pays for all he has.’[220]
The Czar’s three months’ occupancy of Sayes Court left it a wreck,
and Evelyn got Sir Christopher, and the Royal gardener, Mr. Loudon,
to go down and estimate the repairs which would be necessary.
They allowed 150l. in their report to the Treasury, but could not by
any money replace the beautiful holly hedge through which Peter
the Great had been trundled in a wheel-barrow, or repair the garden
he had laid waste.
In 1699, Wren finished the last of those City
churches which the Fire had injured or
destroyed. S. Dunstan’s in the East had
suffered severely by the Fire: the walls of the
church had not fallen, but the interior had been much damaged and
the monument to the famous sailor and discoverer, Sir John
Hawkins, who was buried there, perished. The old church had a lofty](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-47-320.jpg)
![wooden spire cased with lead, which of course fell and was
consumed. When Sir Christopher had repaired the body of the
building the parishioners were anxious to have back the spire also,
and Dame Dionis Williamson, a Norfolk lady, who had been a great
benefactress to S. Mary’s, Bow, gave 400l. towards this object. It is
one of the most curious of all Wren’s spires, as it rests on four
arches springing from the angles of the tower. Three more such
spires exist, two in Scotland and one at Newcastle. Tradition says
that the steeple of S. Dunstan’s was the design or the suggestion of
Wren’s daughter Jane. Perhaps, like the leaning tower of Pisa, it is
more wonderful than satisfactory to the eye, but Sir Christopher was
certainly proud of it and confident in its stability. Great crowds
assembled to see the supports taken away, and Wren watched with
a telescope, says the story, on London Bridge for the rocket which
announced that all was safely done, but it is hardly probable that he
was anxious about the result.
Four years later, when the tempest known as the ‘great storm’ raged
in England, destroying twelve ships in the Royal navy, many
merchant vessels, and a great number of buildings, some one came
with a long face to tell Sir Christopher, that ‘all the steeples in
London had suffered;’ he replied at once, ‘Not S. Dunstan’s, I am
sure.’ He was perfectly right, and the account given of the others
was an exaggeration.
On February 1, 1699, the Morning Prayer Chapel of S. Paul’s was
opened for service. Later in the same month, a fire broke out at the
west end of the choir, where ‘Father Smith’ was still at work. It
caused considerable alarm, and was got under with some damage,
especially to two of the pillars, and to a decorated arch. The gilding
also lost some of its brightness. A nameless poem[221] fixes the date
of this fire, which has been much disputed. It may have been in
consequence of this alarm that Sir Christopher covered all the
woodwork of the upper parts of the Cathedral with ‘a fibrous
concrete’ said to resist fire so well that faggots might be kindled
below it with impunity.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-48-320.jpg)
![‘MODERN
MIXTURES.’
Churches of London given some few Examples (where I was
obliged to deviate from a better style), which appear not
ungraceful, but ornamental to the East part of the city; and it is
to be hoped, by the publick care, the West part also, in good
time will be as well adorned: and surely by nothing more
properly than a lofty Spire and Western Towers to Westminster
Abbey.’
With this, still unfulfilled hope, Wren’s interesting paper closes. Nine
years afterwards he did, however, finish the north front, commonly
known as Solomon’s Porch.
Wren is so commonly spoken of as having built
—and spoilt—the western towers, that it is well
here to mention that his share in them is very
small; he only restored with a careful hand the
lower portion of the towers then standing.[222] They were continued
by Hawksmoor after Wren’s death, and by two other architects in
succession after the death of Hawksmoor in 1736. No one of these
had, as Wren had, the high-minded desire to do justice to ‘the
original architect without any modern mixtures of my own.’](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-52-320.jpg)
![CHAPTER XIII.
1700–1708.
MEMBER FOR WEYMOUTH—RISING OF THE SAP IN TREES—
PRINCE GEORGE’S STATUE—JANE WREN’S DEATH—
THANKSGIVING AT S. PAUL’S—LETTER TO HIS SON—SON
MARRIES MARY MUSARD—DEATH OF MR. EVELYN—QUEEN
ANNE’S ACT FOR BUILDING FIFTY CHURCHES—LETTER ON
CHURCH BUILDING.
‘The old knight turning about his head twice or thrice to take a
survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how thick the
City was set with churches, and that there was scarce a single
steeple on this side Temple Bar. “A most heathenish sight!” says
Sir Roger; “there is no religion at this end of the town. The fifty
new churches will very much mend the prospect, but church
work is slow, church work is slow.”’—The Spectator, No. 383.
In 1700 Wren was returned by the boroughs of Weymouth and
Melcombe Regis to a somewhat stormy Parliament.
He was finishing several of the City churches by the addition of
towers to some, where, as at S. Magnus, London Bridge, and S.
Andrew’s, Holborn, the main parts had been previously built.
He gave a design for All Saints’ Church, Isleworth; it was, however,
reckoned too costly, and nothing was done until, in 1705, Sir
Orlando Gee left a legacy of 500l. towards the rebuilding of the
church, when Wren’s design was partially adopted, and the work
done by his faithful master-mason, Edward Strong.[223]
With all this work, Wren yet found time to write a treatise on ‘The
rising of the sap in trees.’ It is a short treatise, evidently copied by a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-53-320.jpg)
![LONDON AS IT
WAS.
Another paper of the same date was written ‘On the surface of the
terrestrial Globe,’ but this does not appear to have been preserved.
Many of Sir Christopher’s writing’s and many also of his inventions
were lost by Mr. Oldenburg, the Royal Society’s secretary, of whom
Wren frequently complained that he not only neglected to enter
them on the Society’s Register, but conveyed them to France and
Germany, where they appeared, attributed as inventions to those
who had stolen them.
One cannot but admire the versatility of mind which enabled Wren,
in the midst of great architectural works, and endless business
details, to write papers such as these, and to digest and decide upon
Flamsteed’s long letters on the Earth’s motion, his quarrels with Mr.
Halley, and his measurement of the height of the Welsh hills.
The progress of Greenwich and Chelsea
Hospitals, the growth of his beautiful S. Paul’s,
the repairs of the Abbey, were now the
absorbing interests of Wren’s life. From the
house in Whitehall which he occupied with his daughter he could
easily reach the two former by water, or the latter on foot. Two most
interesting pictures by Canaletto,[224] giving a general view of the
city and of Westminster, enable us to realise what the whole effect
must have been in an atmosphere far clearer than at present, before
the river was cut by iron bridges, or the city robbed of steeple or
tower. The death of King William and the accession of Queen Anne
in the spring of 1702 made little difference to Wren, except to his
advantage. He appears to have been on very good terms with her,
and with her Danish husband. He is said to have built S. Anne’s,
Soho,[225] and to have made it externally to resemble a Danish
church as much as he could, out of compliment to Prince George. He
also gave to the Town Hall of Windsor, a statue of Prince George, to
correspond with that of Queen Anne. The Prince is dressed in a
Roman costume, and the pedestal has the following inscription:
SERENISSIMO PRINCIPI
GEORGII PRINCIPI DANIAE](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-55-320.jpg)
![THANKSGIVING AT
S. PAUL’S.
HEROI OMNI SAECULO VENERANDO
CHRISTOPHORUS WREN, ARM:
POSUIT MDCCXIII.
One marvels how ‘Est-il possible’ came to merit such an inscription
as this!
In 1702 Sir Christopher suffered a grievous loss
by the death of his only daughter, Jane, on the
29th of December. She was laid in the vault of
S. Paul’s close to the graves of Dr. and Mrs.
Holder,[226] and her father wrote the short Latin inscription which
records her virtues, her skill in music, and implies how loving and
how congenial a companion he had lost in her. She was but twenty-
six when she died. The sculptor, Bird,[227] of whose power Wren had
a good opinion, carved a monument in low relief, representing Jane
Wren playing on an organ; a harp and a spinnet are beside her, and
a group of angels in the clouds above, one of whom holds the music.
It is but an ordinary piece of monumental sculpture, now much
obscured by dust. Jane Wren’s death must have left a great blank in
the life of the father whose interests and pursuits she had shared,
and one wishes she could have lived long enough to see the top
stone laid on the dome of S. Paul’s. The Duke of Marlborough’s
brilliant victory at Blenheim, on Aug. 13, 1704, brought Queen Anne
and all her court in their utmost splendour to a thanksgiving at S.
Paul’s on the 7th of September.
‘The streets were scaffolded from Temple Bar, where the Lord
Mayor presented her Majesty with the Sword, which she
returned. Every Company was ranged under its banners, the
Citty Militia without the rails, which were all hung with cloth
suitable to the colour of the banner. The Lord Mayor, Sheriffs
and Aldermen were in their scarlet robes, with caparisoned
horses; the Knight Marshall on horseback, the Foot Guards; the
Queen in a rich coach with eight horses, none with her but the
Duchess of Marlborough in a very plain garment, the Queene
full of jewells. Music and trumpets at every Citty Company. The](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-56-320.jpg)
![BARCELONA.
great Officers of the Crown, Nobility and Bishops, all in coaches
with six horses, besides innumerable servants, went to S. Paul’s
where the Deane preached. After this the Queen went back in
the same order to S. James’s. The Citty Companies feasted all
the nobility and Bishops, and illuminated at night. Music for the
Church and anthems by the best masters. The day before wet
and stormy, but this was one of the most serene and calm days
that had been all the year.’[228]
No doubt it was a splendid pageant, the grandest that had been
seen since those which celebrated the Restoration, and S. Paul’s,
despite the scaffolding still round the dome, must have looked
magnificent. In 1705, Sir Christopher’s eldest son went abroad
again, travelling this time to Holland, where in the excitement of
Marlborough’s brilliant campaign he very nearly joined the army as a
volunteer.
A letter[229] to him from Sir Christopher is
extant; the handwriting is not quite so steady
as in the former letter, but still clear.
‘Whitehall, Oct. 11, 1705.
‘Dear Son,—I received at once three of yr
letrs
: one from Harlem,
Sep. 26, another from Amsterdam of Sep. 28, O.S., a third of
Oct. 13, N.S., by all which I rejoyced in your good Health & your
recovery from your cold. I am very well satisfied you have layd
aside your designe for the Army; which I think had not been
safe or pertinent, at least not soe much as Bookes &
Conversation with ye learned. Your Traffic for good Bookes I
cannot disapprove. You tell me Gronovius[230] is 25 volumes, I
am told they are 26, and that the last is the best & comonly sold
by its selfe, you will have a care [a word seems to be omitted]
being imposed upon. Mr. Bateman in his (?) will give you advice
how you may get them into the Secretary’s packets. You
remember how much trouble Mr. Strong was put to at Dover by
the impertinence of the Customer there. I hope this may bee](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-57-320.jpg)
![prevented. Wee have not yet rejoyced for Barcelona[231] though
you have; though wee doe not doubt it and wagers are layd 6
to one: last night the seales were given to Mr. Cowper &
changes are made of Lord Lieutenants. Give my Service to Mr.
Roman & thanks for his Civilities to you. I am importuned to
take a little journy to my cosin Munson’s to christen her 8th
son.
Wee are told here that my Ld
D. of Marlborough goeth certainly
to Vienna, & you resolve well to wait on him before he goes, &
then I thinke you have little else to doe but to take the best
opportunity to returne, which I am told may happen if you come
with my Ld
Woodstock[232] who will have convoy. Wee are all in
good health at both Houses and wish you happinesse wch
wee
also contrive for you.
‘I am, dear Son, your affectionate Father,
‘Chr. Wren.’
I suppose the mention of ‘both houses,’ and the hint of happiness
being contrived, refer to young Christopher’s marriage, which took
place in the following year. He married Mary,[233] daughter of Mr.
Philip Musard, jeweller to Queen Anne, by whom he had a son, a
fourth Christopher Wren.
Wren lost a faithful and valued friend in Mr. Evelyn, who died in the
February of 1706, at the age of eighty-five. If Evelyn’s diary, of
which such frequent use has been made in these pages, is not the
same entire revelation of the man himself as is the diary of his friend
Pepys, it yet possesses a singular charm in its refinement of thought,
and, when the veil is raised, shows us a gentleman and a Christian
to be respected as well as loved. He had kept up a steady friendship
with Sir Christopher since the day when they first met at Oxford, and
had the highest opinion of his powers: ‘an excellent genius had this
incomparable person,’ is his remark after a conversation with Wren.
Evelyn was on the S. Paul’s Commission from the first, and Wren
was destined, a few years later, sorely to miss the support of this
constant friend.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-58-320.jpg)
![CHAPTER XIV.
1709–1723.
PRIVATE HOUSES BUILT—QUEEN ANNE’S GIFTS—LAST STONE OF
S. PAUL’S—WREN DEPRIVED OF HIS SALARY—HIS PETITION
—‘FRAUDS AND ABUSES’—INTERIOR WORK OF S. PAUL’S—WREN
SUPERSEDED—PURCHASE OF WROXHALL ABBEY—WREN’S
THOUGHTS ON THE LONGITUDE—HIS DEATH—BURIAL IN S.
PAUL’S—THE END.
Heroick souls a nobler lustre find,
E’en from those griefs which break a vulgar mind.
That frost which cracks the brittle, common glass,
Makes Crystal into stronger brightness pass.
Bp. Thos. Sprat, quoted in Parentalia.
The year 1709 passed in steady work, and has little but finishing
touches to the churches to be recorded, unless some of the various
private houses built by Wren belong to this period. A house for Lord
Oxford, and one for the Duchess of Buckingham, both in S. James’s
Court; two built near the Thames for Lord Sunderland and Lord
Allaston; one for Lord Newcastle in Queen’s Square, Bloomsbury;
and a house, so large and magnificent that it has been divided in
late years into four, in Great Russell Street. This house was
afterwards occupied by Wren’s eldest son, and in turn by his second
son Stephen.
Sir Christopher himself, while keeping the house in Whitehall from
which his letters are dated, had received from Queen Anne the fifty
years’ lease of a house at Hampton Green at a nominal rent of 10l. a
year;[234] he must have found great refreshment in going there
occasionally by the then undefiled Thames, to country rest and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16581-250225105944-59fd4e21/85/Test-Bank-for-Physics-for-Scientists-and-Engineers-4th-by-Knight-66-320.jpg)
Test Bank for Physics for Scientists and Engineers 4th by Knight
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- 5. 2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. B) In equal times its velocity changes by equal amounts. C) In equal times it moves equal distances. D) A graph of its position as a function of time has a constant slope. E) A graph of its velocity as a function of time is a horizontal line. Answer: B Var: 1
- 6. 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 6) Suppose that a car traveling to the west (the -x direction) begins to slow down as it approaches a traffic light. Which statement concerning its acceleration in the x direction is correct? A) Both its acceleration and its velocity are positive. B) Both its acceleration and its velocity are negative. C) Its acceleration is positive but its velocity is negative. D) Its acceleration is negative but its velocity is positive. Answer: C Var: 1 7) The motion of a particle is described in the velocity versus time graph shown in the figure. We can say that its speed A) increases. B) decreases. C) increases and then decreases. D) decreases and then increases. Answer: D Var: 1
- 7. 4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 8) The motions of a car and a truck along a straight road are represented by the velocity-time graphs in the figure. The two vehicles are initially alongside each other at time t = 0. At time T, what is true about these two vehicles since time t = 0? A) The truck will have traveled further than the car. B) The car will have traveled further than the truck. C) The truck and the car will have traveled the same distance. D) The car will be traveling faster than the truck. Answer: A Var: 1 9) The graph in the figure shows the position of an object as a function of time. The letters H-L represent particular moments of time. At which moments shown (H, I, etc.) is the speed of the object (a) the greatest? (b) the smallest? Answer: (a) J (b) I Var: 1
- 8. 5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 10) The figure shows the position of an object (moving along a straight line) as a function of time. Assume two significant figures in each number. Which of the following statements about this object is true over the interval shown? A) The object is accelerating to the left. B) The object is accelerating to the right. C) The acceleration of the object is in the same direction as its velocity. D) The average speed of the object is 1.0 m/s. Answer: A Var: 1
- 9. 6 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 11) The figure shows the graph of the position x as a function of time for an object moving in the straight line (the x-axis). Which of the following graphs best describes the velocity along the x- axis as a function of time for this object? A) B) C)
- 10. 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. D) E) Answer: D Var: 1 12) An object is moving with constant non-zero acceleration along the +x-axis. A graph of the velocity in the x direction as a function of time for this object is A) a horizontal straight line. B) a vertical straight line. C) a straight line making an angle with the time axis. D) a parabolic curve. Answer: D Var: 1
- 11. 8 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 13) An object is moving in a straight line along the x-axis. A plot of its velocity in the x direction as a function of time is shown in the figure. Which graph represents its acceleration in the x direction as a function of time? A)
- 12. 9 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. B) C)
- 13. 10 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. D) E) Answer: C Var: 1
- 14. 11 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 14) An object starts its motion with a constant velocity of 2.0 m/s toward the east. After 3.0 s, the object stops for 1.0 s. The object then moves toward the west a distance of 2.0 m in 3.0 s. The object continues traveling in the same direction, but increases its speed by 1.0 m/s for the next 2.0 s. Which graph below could represent the motion of this object? A) B)
- 15. 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. C) D) Answer: D Var: 1
- 16. 13 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) The figure shows the velocity of a particle as it travels along the x-axis. What is the direction of the acceleration at t = 0.5 s? A) in the +x direction B) in the -x direction C) The acceleration is zero. Answer: B Var: 1 16) The figure represents the velocity of a particle as it travels along the x-axis. At what value (or values) of t is the instantaneous acceleration equal to zero? A) t = 0 B) t = 0.5 s and t = 2 s C) t = 1 s Answer: C Var: 1
- 17. 14 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 17) A ball is thrown directly upward and experiences no air resistance. Which one of the following statements about its motion is correct? A) The acceleration of the ball is upward while it is traveling up and downward while it is traveling down. B) The acceleration of the ball is downward while it is traveling up and upward while it is traveling down. C) The acceleration is downward during the entire time the ball is in the air. D) The acceleration of the ball is downward while it is traveling up and downward while it is traveling down but is zero at the highest point when the ball stops. Answer: C Var: 1 18) Two objects are thrown from the top of a tall building and experience no appreciable air resistance. One is thrown up, and the other is thrown down, both with the same initial speed. What are their speeds when they hit the street? A) The one thrown up is traveling faster. B) The one thrown down is traveling faster. C) They are traveling at the same speed. Answer: C Var: 1 19) Two objects are dropped from a bridge, an interval of 1.0 s apart, and experience no appreciable air resistance. As time progresses, the DIFFERENCE in their speeds A) increases. B) remains constant. C) decreases. D) increases at first, but then stays constant. E) decreases at first, but then stays constant. Answer: B Var: 1
- 18. 15 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) Which one of the following graphs could possibly represent the vertical position as a function of time for an object in free fall? A) B)
- 19. 16 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. C) D)
- 20. 17 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. E) Answer: D Var: 1 2.2 Problems 1) A cat runs along a straight line (the x-axis) from point A to point B to point C, as shown in the figure. The distance between points A and C is 5.00 m, the distance between points B and C is 10.0 m, and the positive direction of the x-axis points to the right. The time to run from A to B is 20.0 s, and the time from B to C is 8.00 s. As the cat runs along the x-axis between points A and C (a) what is the magnitude of its average velocity? (b) what is its average speed? Answer: (a) 0.179 m/s (b) 0.893 m/s Var: 1
- 21. 18 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 2) The figure shows the position of an object as a function of time. During the time interval from time and time (a) what is the length of the path the object followed? (b) what is the displacement of the object? Answer: (a) 5.0 m (b) 1.0 m Var: 1 3) As part of an exercise program, a woman walks south at a speed of 2.00 m/s for 60.0 minutes. She then turns around and walks north a distance 3000 m in 25.0 minutes (a) What is the woman's average velocity during her entire motion? A) 0.824 m/s south B) 1.93 m/s south C) 2.00 m/s south D) 1.79 m/s south E) 800 m/s south (b) What is the woman's average speed during her entire motion? A) 0.824 m/s B) 1.93 m/s C) 2.00 m/s D) 1.79 m/s E) 800 m/s Answer: (a) A (b) C Var: 1
- 22. 19 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) The figure shows the position of an object as a function of time, with all numbers accurate to two significant figures. Between time and time (a) what is the average speed of the object? (b) what is the average velocity of the object? Answer: (a) 0.56 m/s (b) 0.11 m/s Var: 1 5) If the fastest you can safely drive is what is the longest time you can stop for dinner if you must travel in total? A) 1.0 h B) 1.3 h C) 1.4 h D) You can't stop at all. Answer: B Var: 50+ 6) Arthur and Betty start walking toward each other when they are 100 m apart. Arthur has a speed of and Betty has a speed of Their dog, Spot, starts by Arthur's side at the same time and runs back and forth between them at 5.0 m/s. By the time Arthur and Betty meet, what distance has Spot run? Answer: 100 m Var: 1
- 23. 20 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 7) A racing car accelerates uniformly from rest along a straight track. This track has markers spaced at equal distances along it from the start, as shown in the figure. The car reaches a speed of 140 km/h as it passes marker 2. Where on the track was the car when it was traveling at 70 km/h? A) Before marker 1 B) At marker 1 C) Between marker 1 and marker 2 Answer: A Var: 1 8) The figure represents the position of a particle as it travels along the x-axis. Between t = 2 s and t = 4 s, what is (a) the average speed of the particle and (b) the average velocity of the particle? Answer: (a) 1.0 m/s (b) 0.00 m/s Var: 1
- 24. 21 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 9) The figure shows a graph of the velocity as a function of time for a basketball player traveling up and down the court in a straight-line path. For the 10 s shown on the graph, find (a) the net displacement of the player. (b) the total distance run by the player. Answer: (a) 18 m (b) 20 m Var: 1 10) The position of an object as a function of time is given by x = - ct, where b = 2.0 m/ and and x and t are in SI units. What is the instantaneous velocity of the object when A) 1.7 m/s B) 2.1 m/s C) 2.3 m/s D) 2.7 m/s Answer: B Var: 22 11) The position of an object is given by where and x and t are in SI units. What is the instantaneous acceleration of the object when A) -13 m/s2 B) 2.9 m/s2 C) 4.6 m/s2 D) 13 m/s2 Answer: D Var: 36
- 25. 22 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 12) The velocity of an object as a function of time is given by v(t) = 2.00 m/s + (3.00 m/s) t - (1.0 m/s2) t2. Determine the instantaneous acceleration of the object at time t = 4.00 s. A) -2.00 m/s2 B) -5.00 m/s2 C) 1.00 m/s2 D) 0.00 m/s2 E) -1.00 m/s2 Answer: B Var: 5 13) The position of an object as a function of time is given by where and (a) Find the instantaneous acceleration at t =2.4 s. (b) Find the average acceleration over the first 2.4 seconds. Answer: (a) 44 m/ (b) 18 m/ Var: 1 14) The velocity of an object is given by the expression v(t) = 3.00 m/s + (4.00 m/s3)t2, where t is in seconds. Determine the position of the object as a function of time if it is located at x = 1.00 m at time . A) (4.00 m/s)t + 1.00 m B) (3.00 m/s)t + (1.33 m/s3)t3 C) (4.00 m/s)t D) 1.33 m E) 1.00 m + (3.00 m/s)t + (1.33 m/s3)t3 Answer: E Var: 5 15) The acceleration of an object as a function of time is given by a(t) = (3.00 m/s3)t, where t is in seconds. If the object is at rest at time t = 0.00 s, what is the velocity of the object at time t = 6.00 s? A) 18.0 m/s B) 54.0 m/s C) 0.00 m/s D) 15.0 m/s E) 108 m/s Answer: B Var: 5
- 26. 23 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 16) The acceleration of an object as a function of time is given by a(t) = (3.00 m/s3)t, where t is in seconds. If the object has a velocity 1.00 m/s at time what is the displacement of the object between time t = 2.00 s and time t = 4.00 s? A) 33.0 m B) 30.0 m C) 36.0 m D) 27.0 m Answer: D Var: 1 17) A car accelerates from travel while accelerating? to at a rate of How far does the car A) 80.0 m B) 133 m C) 226 m D) 399 m Answer: B Var: 50+ 18) A dragster starts from rest and travels 1/4 mi in 6.70 s with constant acceleration. What is its velocity when it crosses the finish line? A) 296 mi/h B) 269 mi/h C) 188 mi/h D) 135 mi/h Answer: B Var: 40 19) An airplane that is flying level needs to accelerate from a speed of 2.00 × 102 m/s to a speed of while it flies a distance of 1.20 km. What must be the acceleration of the plane? A) 4.44 m/s2 B) 2.45 m/s2 C) 7.33 m/s2 D) 5.78 m/s2 E) 1.34 m/s2 Answer: C Var: 1
- 27. 24 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) A runner maintains constant acceleration after starting from rest as she runs a distance of 60.0 m. The runner's speed at the end of the 60.0 m is 9.00 m/s. How much time did it take the runner to complete the 60.0 m distance? A) 6.67 s B) 15.0 s C) 9.80 s D) 10.2 s E) 13.3 s Answer: A Var: 1 21) An object starts from rest at time t = 0.00 s and moves in the +x direction with constant acceleration. The object travels 12.0 m from time t = 1.00 s to time t = 2.00 s. What is the acceleration of the object? A) -12.0 m/s2 B) 24.0 m/s2 C) -4.00 m/s2 D) 4.00 m/s2 E) 8.00 m/s2 Answer: E Var: 5 22) A car starts from rest and accelerates with a constant acceleration of 1.00 m/s2 for 3.00 s. The car continues for 5.00 s at constant velocity. How far has the car traveled from its starting point? A) 24.0 m B) 9.00 m C) 19.5 m D) 4.50 m E) 15.0 m Answer: C Var: 1 23) A ball rolls across a floor with an acceleration of 0.100 m/s2 in a direction opposite to its velocity. The ball has a velocity of 4.00 m/s after rolling a distance 6.00 m across the floor. What was the initial speed of the ball? A) 4.15 m/s B) 5.85 m/s C) 4.60 m/s D) 5.21 m/s E) 3.85 m/s Answer: A Var: 1
- 28. 25 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 24) A car is 200 m from a stop sign and traveling toward the sign at 40.0 m/s. At this time, the driver suddenly realizes that she must stop the car. If it takes 0.200 s for the driver to apply the brakes, what must be the magnitude of the constant acceleration of the car after the brakes are applied so that the car will come to rest at the stop sign? A) 2.89 m/s2 B) 3.89 m/s2 C) 4.17 m/s2 D) 3.42 m/s2 E) 2.08 m/s2 Answer: C Var: 1 25) A speeding car is traveling at a constant 30.0 m/s when it passes a stationary police car. If the police car delays for 1.00 s before starting, what must be the magnitude of the constant acceleration of the police car to catch the speeding car after the police car travels a distance of 300 m? A) 6.00 m/s2 B) 3.00 m/s2 C) 7.41 m/s2 D) 1.45 m/s2 E) 3.70 m/s2 Answer: C Var: 1 26) A soccer ball is released from rest at the top of a grassy incline. After 8.6 seconds, the ball travels 87 meters and 1.0 s after this, the ball reaches the bottom of the incline. (a) What was the magnitude of the ball's acceleration, assume it to be constant? (b) How long was the incline? Answer: a) 2.4 m/ b) 110 m Var: 50+ 27) A package is dropped from a helicopter moving upward at If it takes before the package strikes the ground, how high above the ground was the package when it was released if air resistance is negligible? A) 810 m B) 1000 m C) 1200 m D) 1500 m Answer: B Var: 25
- 29. 26 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 28) A ball is projected upward at time t = 0.0 s, from a point on a roof 90 m above the ground. The ball rises, then falls and strikes the ground. The initial velocity of the ball is if air resistance is negligible. The time when the ball strikes the ground is closest to A) 9.4 s B) 9.0 s C) 8.7 s D) 9.7 s E) 10 s Answer: A Var: 50+ 29) At the same moment from the top of a building 3.0 × 102 m tall, one rock is dropped and one is thrown downward with an initial velocity of . Both of them experience negligible air resistance. How much EARLIER does the thrown rock strike the ground? A) 0.95 s B) 0.86 s C) 0.67 s D) They land at exactly the same time. Answer: A Var: 21 30) Two identical objects A and B fall from rest from different heights to the ground and feel no appreciable air resistance. If object B takes TWICE as long as object A to reach the ground, what is the ratio of the heights from which A and B fell? A) hA/hB = 1/ B) hA/hB = 1/2 C) hA/hB = 1/4 D) hA/hB = 1/8 Answer: C Var: 1 31) A foul ball is hit straight up into the air with a speed of 30.0 m/s. (a) Calculate the time required for the ball to rise to its maximum height. (b) Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. (c) Determine the time at which the ball pass a point 25.0 m above the point of contact between the bat and ball. (d) Explain why there are two answers to part (c). Answer: (a) 3.06 s (b) 45.9 m (c) 0.995 s and 5.13 (d) One value is for the ball traveling upward; one value is for the ball traveling downward. Var: 1
- 30. 27 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 32) A rock is dropped from the top of a vertical cliff and takes 3.00 s to reach the ground below the cliff. A second rock is thrown vertically from the cliff, and it takes this rock 2.00 s to reach the ground below the cliff from the time it is released. With what velocity was the second rock thrown, assuming no air resistance? A) 4.76 m/s upward B) 5.51 m/s downward C) 12.3 m/s upward D) 4.76 m/s downward E) 12.3 m/s downward Answer: E Var: 1 33) To determine the height of a flagpole, Abby throws a ball straight up and times it. She sees that the ball goes by the top of the pole after 0.50 s and then reaches the top of the pole again after a total elapsed time of 4.1 s. How high is the pole above the point where the ball was launched? (You can ignore air resistance.) A) 10 m B) 13 m C) 16 m D) 18 m E) 26 m Answer: A Var: 1 34) A test rocket is fired straight up from rest with a net acceleration of 20.0 m/s2. After 4.00 seconds the motor turns off, but the rocket continues to coast upward with no appreciable air resistance. What maximum elevation does the rocket reach? A) 487 m B) 327 m C) 320 m D) 408 m E) 160 m Answer: A Var: 1 35) A toy rocket is launched vertically from ground level (y = 0.00 m), at time t = 0.00 s. The rocket engine provides constant upward acceleration during the burn phase. At the instant of engine burnout, the rocket has risen to 72 m and acquired a velocity of The rocket continues to rise in unpowered flight, reaches maximum height, and falls back to the ground with negligible air resistance. The speed of the rocket upon impact on the ground is closest to A) 48 m/s B) 44 m/s C) 39 m/s D) 54 m/s E) 59 m/s Answer: A Var: 50+
- 31. 28 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 36) A ball is projected upward at time t = 0.00 s, from a point on a roof 70 m above the ground and experiences negligible air resistance. The ball rises, then falls and strikes the ground. The initial velocity of the ball is Consider all quantities as positive in the upward direction. The velocity of the ball when it is above the ground is closest to A) -38 m/s. B) -30 m/s. C) -23 m/s. D) -15 m/s. E) -45 m/s. Answer: A Var: 50+ 37) On the earth, when an astronaut throws a 0.250-kg stone vertically upward, it returns to his hand a time T later. On planet X he finds that, under the same circumstances, the stone returns to his hand in 2T. In both cases, he throws the stone with the same initial velocity and it feels negligible air resistance. The acceleration due to gravity on planet X (in terms of g) is A) g/4. B) g/2. C) g/ . D) g . E) 2g. Answer: B Var: 1 38) Two identical stones are dropped from rest and feel no air resistance as they fall. Stone A is dropped from height h, and stone B is dropped from height 2h. If stone A takes time t to reach the ground, stone B will take time A) 4t. B) 2t. C) t . D) t/ . E) t/2. Answer: C Var: 1 39) A rock is thrown directly upward from the edge of the roof of a building that is 66.2 meters tall. The rock misses the building on its way down, and is observed to strike the ground 4.00 seconds after being thrown. Neglect any effects of air resistance. With what speed was the rock thrown? Answer: 3.05 m/s Var: 50+
- 32. 29 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 40) A rocket takes off vertically from the launchpad with no initial velocity but a constant upward acceleration of 2.25 m/s2. At 15.4 s after blastoff, the engines fail completely so the only force on the rocket from then on is the pull of gravity. (a) What is the maximum height the rocket will reach above the launchpad? (b) How fast is the rocket moving at the instant before it crashes onto the launchpad? (c) How long after engine failure does it take for the rocket to crash onto the launchpad? Answer: (a) 328 m (b) 80.2 m/s (c) 11.7 s Var: 1
- 33. Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
- 34. HAMPTON COURT. The Mercers’ Hall in Cheapside; the Grocers’, a portion of which was long used by the Bank of England; the Haberdashers’, where the rich ceiling was its great ornament; the Tallow Chandlers’, with its interior colonnade and its fountain; the Apothecaries’, one of the largest in the City; the Stationers’; and, last but not least, the Alderman’s Court adjoining Guildhall, rebuilt almost immediately after the fire; a very handsome room, rich in carving, and finely proportioned. S. Edmund the King, in Lombard Street, was finished this year. The necessities of the site caused Wren to build it north and south, the altar being at the north end. The front to Lombard Street, the only part of the outside visible, is of stone and very picturesque with its belfry and little domed spire. The interior has been lately re- arranged with a wise treatment of the old work and carving. The ‘marble font possesses, like that of S. Mary Abchurch, a very beautiful canopied cover; it is in two stages, the lower being domed, and above are four seated figures of the Cardinal Virtues; it is railed in and is on the west side of the church.’[206] S. Margaret’s, Lothbury, belongs to the same date, and was rebuilt of stone. Some years later Wren bestowed much rich wood carving on the interior. He chose the Corinthian style for this building and handled it with considerable skill. Queen Mary, who had the Stuart love for genius, was invariably gracious and even friendly to Wren, with whom she held many a conversation on matters of art and science. He considered her to be very well versed in all these subjects and enjoyed discussing them freely with her. Queen Mary was much charmed with the situation of Cardinal Wolsey’s old palace of Hampton Court, and engaged Wren to make alterations there. The old buildings were accordingly in part pulled down and two sets of royal apartments built; Queen Mary, though she amused herself with planning the gardens and making suggestions, had yet the wisdom to defer to Wren’s better taste and knowledge. Her husband, with characteristic obstinacy, insisted on his own ideas, thereby dwarfing the cloisters and marring much of
- 35. GREENWICH AS A HOSPITAL. the architecture. It is, however, fair to say that King William always owned that the defects[207] were his, the merits, Wren’s; and these merits are very great, as anyone who knows the fine old palace with its rich red brick, its arcades, and the quaint formal gardens will readily allow. He built, at about the same time, the Pavilion and Ranger’s House in Bushey Park. Kensington Palace was also under Wren’s hands. It had been the property of Lord Chancellor Finch, and was sold by his son to William III. Wren added another story to the old house, which forms the north front of the palace, and also built the south front. The defect of the building as seen at the end of the long avenue of Kensington Gardens is its want of height, but on a nearer approach this fault is much diminished. King William was in the midst of his Irish campaign while the work went on, but found time to send back repeated inquiries as to its progress, and complaints when that did not answer his expectations. There, five years later, Queen Mary died, to the regret of all her subjects, and even of her cold-hearted husband. Nor were these the only palaces which Wren contrived for Queen Mary. That of Greenwich had been begun by Inigo Jones for Henrietta Maria, and a wing had been built for Charles II., but it had been left unfinished. Wren, who knew Greenwich well from his visits to the Observatory, and who took a great interest in sailors, observing the entire lack of any refuge for them in illness, proposed to Queen Mary the magnificent plan of making the palace into a seaman’s hospital. The Queen willingly entered into the idea, and proposed to add to the Queen’s House, as it was called, so as to make it a dwelling for herself, at the same time. Evelyn, Sir Stephen Fox and others, came readily into the scheme and contributed liberally. Wren’s contribution, though not in money, was a liberal one also; for he gave his time, labour, skill and superintendence, despite his innumerable other works.
- 36. The plans were prepared and money collected, but nothing was actually done until some years later. Wren’s eldest son had in the meantime finished his Eton and Cambridge career and had obtained, by his father’s interest, the post, which must surely have been a sinecure! of Assistant Deputy Engrosser. He does not seem to have inherited any of the brilliant genius of his father, though apparently of very fair abilities and with much taste for antiquities. Far more like Sir Christopher was his daughter Jane, who shared his tastes and studies and took a vivid interest in his work. She added to her other accomplishments that of being a very skilful musician. She was never married, but remained all her life her father’s affectionate companion. Wren’s old friend, Dr. Bathurst of Trinity College, Oxford, appealed to him, in the spring of 1692, for help in the buildings which were still going on there.
- 37. HE SENDS HIS THOUGHTS. ‘Worthy Sir,—When I sent Mr. Phips (the surveyor of the buildings) to wait on you with a scheme of our new building, he told me how kindly you was pleased to express your remembrance of me, and that you would send me your thoughts concerning our design; and particularly of the pinnacles, the which as they were superadded to our first draught, so I must confess I would be well content to have omitted with your approbation. The season for our falling to work again will now speedily come on; which makes me the more hasten to entreat from you the trouble of two or three lines in relation to the promises whereby you will farther oblige, ‘Sir, your old friend, and ever faithful servant, ‘R. Bathurst.’ Wren’s answer comes promptly, and shows his generous readiness to help the schemes of others, no matter how pressing his own work was. ‘Sir,—I am extremely glad to hear of your good health, and, what is more, that you are vigorous and active, and employed in building. I considered the design you sent me of your Chapel which in the main is very well, and I believe your work is too far advanced to admit of any advice: however, I have sent my thoughts, which will be of use to the mason to form his mouldings. ‘He will find two sorts of cornice; he may use either. I did not well comprehend how the tower would have good bearing upon that side where the stairs rise. I have ventured a change of the stairs, to leave the wall next the porch of sufficient scantling to bear that part which rises above the roofs adjoining. ‘There is no necessity for pinnacles, and those expressed in the printed design are much too slender.
- 38. ‘I have given another way to the rail and baluster, which will admit of a vase that will stand properly upon the pilaster.[208] ‘Sir, I wish you success and health and long life, with all the affection that is due from, ‘Your obliged, faithful friend, and humble servant, ‘Christopher Wren. ‘P.S. A little deal box, with a drawing in it, is sent by Thomas Moore, Oxford carrier.’ In the same year the Church of S. Andrew by the Wardrobe[209] was finished; recent alterations in the city have benefited this building; it now stands well above a flight of steps, with its square tower, and the red brick which contrives to be red and not black, and stone dressings. Two years later Wren rebuilt All Hallows, Lombard Street, on an ancient foundation: outside it is one of his plainest and most solid churches, inside he spent upon it much rich work and curious carving both in stone and wood. S. Michael Royal, College Hill, belongs to this same date, and was built under Wren’s directions by Edward Strong, his master-mason. It is a well-lit, handsome church with a tower at one corner, and contains an altar-piece of singular beauty, carved by Grinling Gibbons in ‘right wainscot oak.’ The old church was founded and made a collegiate church of S. Spiritus and S. Mary by no less a person than Sir Richard Whittington, three times Lord Mayor of London (1397, 1406, 1419), whose fame, with that of his cat, survives in the well-known story. He founded also another college, known as the Whittington College, and endowed it with a divinity lecture ‘for ever.’ Edward VI., however, suppressed both the colleges and the lecture, though the Whittington College was allowed partially to survive as almshouses for poor men. Whittington[210] was buried in this church, but his monument perished in the Fire.
- 39. CLIPT WINGS. A GRAND DESIGN. In the following year Wren added a well-proportioned, peculiar steeple, the gift of the parishioners, to the little stone Church of S. Vedast[211] in Foster Lane, a church to which a painful interest now attaches from the recent persecution and imprisonment of its rector, the Rev. T. P. Dale. The church was decorated, as was Wren’s custom, with fret-work, carving, and stucco, but is not otherwise remarkable. S. Mary’s, Somerset, or Somers’hithe, was likewise finished in this year: a stone church with two aisles surmounted by a handsome cornice and balustrade; its great feature was the beautiful pinnacled tower, which, though the church is gone, still stands a perpetual memorial of that reckless disregard of God’s honour, which has counted any common want, any farthing of money, of more importance than the claims of His service, or than gifts solemnly offered to Him.[212] The Cathedral meanwhile grew slowly, though many a hindrance annoyed its architect. The Parliament took part of the fabric money and applied it to the expenses of King William’s wars, so that, as Sir Christopher complained, his wings were clipt and the Church was deprived of its ornaments. [213] The organ was another annoyance. Sir Christopher’s wish and intention was to place the organ where it now is, on either side of the choir, in order to leave the vista clear from the west door to the altar, which in his design stood grandly raised under a handsome canopy. This was overruled, and the organ was to be placed in a gallery cutting right across the entrance of the choir. With his wonted philosophy, Wren bent his mind to reducing as much as possible the injury to the architectural effect, by keeping the pipes as low as he could. But in the builder of the organ, Bernard Smith, or ‘Father’ Smith, as he is called, Wren had a difficult person to deal with. Far from lowering the pipes, Smith made them higher than in his estimate, so that the case and ornaments had to be enlarged, and Sir Christopher complained bitterly that the Cathedral ‘was spoilt
- 40. by that box of whistles.’ The rival organ builder, Renatus Harris, if indeed he was the author of an anonymous paper, called ‘Queries about the S. Paul’s Organ,[214] was not sparing in his criticisms. One query asks ‘Whether Sir C. Wren wou’d not have been well pleas’d to have receiv’d such a proposal from the organ builder of S. Paul’s, as shou’d have erected an organ, so as to have separated twenty foot in the middle, as low as the gallery, and thereby a full and airy prospect of the whole length of the church, and six fronts with towers as high as requisite?’ This question is easy enough to answer, and fortunately Wren’s wishes have been at last fulfilled by that division of the organ, which now leaves the desired clear view from the great western doors to the altar. Harris, in 1712, proposed to erect a great organ over the west doors of the Cathedral, ‘study’d to be in all respects made the most artful, costly and magnificent piece of organ-work that ever has hitherto been invented. The use of it will be for the reception of the Queen, on all publick occasions of thanksgivings for the good effect of peace or war, upon all state days, S. Cecilia’s Day, the entertainment of foreigners of quality, and artists, and on all times of greatest concourse etc., and by the advice and assistance of Sir C. Wren, the external figure and ornaments may be contrived so proportionable to the order of the building, as to be a decoration to that part of the edifice and no obstruction to any of the rest.... Sir Christopher Wren approves it.’ Alas! at that time Wren’s approval was enough to determine the majority of the commission to reject any plan thus sanctioned, and Renatus Harris’s grand design survives on paper alone.
- 41. CHAPTER XII. 1697–1699. OPENING OF S. PAUL’S CHOIR—A MOVEABLE PULPIT—LETTER TO HIS SON AT PARIS—ORDER AGAINST SWEARING—PETER THE GREAT—S. DUNSTAN’S SPIRE—MORNING PRAYER CHAPEL OPENED—WESTMINSTER ABBEY. Home-keeping youth have ever homely wit. Two Gentlemen of Verona. One serious trouble and hindrance in all public works was the state of the coinage. The money had been so clipped and defaced, that no coin was worth its professed value, and for some time the expedients used by the Government failed to lighten the pressure. In paying such an army of workmen as those employed about S. Paul’s, the inconvenience must have amounted to positive distress. Scattered here and there through Evelyn’s diary are many references to the ‘great confusion and distraction’ it occasioned. A sudden subsidence of a large part of the ground at Portland, close to the quarries set apart for Wren’s use, caused an inconvenient delay in bringing the stone to London, but yet the work progressed, and on December 2nd, 1697, the choir was opened for service. It was the occasion of the thanksgiving for the peace of Ryswick, which, though it brought little glory to England, was yet heartily welcomed as the close of a long and exhausting war. King William went to Whitehall, and heard Bishop Burnet’s flattering sermon, while Bishop Compton preached for the first time in the new S. Paul’s. No report of his sermon has come down to us. The choir was not yet enriched with the carvings of Gibbons; but the pulpit
- 42. appears to have been very remarkable in its way: Sir Christopher had placed it on wheels, perhaps with a design of using it afterwards, for services under the dome, not unlike those we are now familiar with. A pulpit on wheels was a novelty, which gave rise, we can well believe, to many squibs, one of which has been preserved. A faithful copy of the Verses, lately fastened upon the pulpit of S. Paul’s Choir. TO THE ARCHITECT UPON HIS HAPPY INVENTION OF A PULPIT ON WHEELS FOR THE USE OF S. PAUL’S CHOIR. This little Structure (Excellent Sir Kit) Holds forth to us that You bestowed more Wit In Building it than on all Paul’s beside; This shows the Principles, that but the Pride Of its Inhabitants; True Sons of Saul, For he (Good Man) became All things to All, That by all Sorts of Means he might gain some. They too for Gain would follow him to Rome, This Passively Obedient thing will go as They’d have it, or to Mecca, Rome, or Troas; All one to it, if forward Hawl’d or back, ’Twill run a Holy Stage for Will or Jack; And truckle to and fro’ ’twixt Cause and Cause, Just as Strongest Pull of Interest draws. But if the Pulpit be a Vital Part O’ th’ Church, or as the Doctors say her Heart, Why don’t you fix that also on a Rock And let the Steeple Roost the Weather-Cock? Where if a Puff of Strong Temptations blow, It might remind the Staggering Saints and Crow. Improve the Thought, Dear Sir, and let St. Paul’s Wise Fane be this new Going Cart for Souls.[215]
- 43. A FOREIGN TOUR. ‘I WILL NOT DISCONTENT YOU.’ It hardly needs the hint that these lines were affixed to ‘the Dean’s side of the pulpit,’ to read in them a bitter satire on Dean Sherlock, whose sudden change of front relative to the non-jurors, and acceptance of the Deanery of S. Paul’s, laid him open to the grave suspicion of having acted from interested motives, and stirred up much vehement animosity. A spirited, if not an impartial, account of this controversy, is given by Lord Macaulay.[216] Sir Christopher’s remarkable invention appears to have survived the laughter against it, and to have remained in the Cathedral until 1803. The vaults of S. Paul’s were opened shortly after this thanksgiving to receive the body of Dr. White, the non-juring Bishop of Peterborough, whose funeral was attended by Bishop Turner, Bishop Lloyd and forty nonjuring clergymen. At the beginning of the following year, as soon as travelling was possible, Wren sent his son Christopher to Paris; not indeed with the intention of his making that grand tour which a few years later was supposed to finish a young gentleman’s education, but that he might acquire a little experience and knowledge of the world. The young man, evidently, had other ideas, spent a good deal of his money, and then wrote home to his family a letter complaining in true English fashion, of the climate and the cookery of France, and asking leave to continue his journey to Italy. Sir Christopher’s reply has been preserved; and in its folio sheet and brown ink exists in the ‘Parentalia.’ It is, I think, so charming as to double one’s regret that so very few of his letters have been preserved. [217] ‘Whi teha ll, March 7. ‘My dear Son,—I hope by this time you are pretty well satisfied of the condition of the climate you are in; if not, I believe you
- 44. will ere Lent be over; and will learne to dine upon sallad; and morue with egges will scarce be allowed: if you thinke you can dine better cheape in Italy you can trie, but I think the passing of the Alpes and other dangers of disbanded armies and abominable Lodgings will ballance that advantage; but the seeing of fine buildings I perceive temptes you, and your companion, Mr. Strong, whose inclination and interest leades him, by neither of which can I find you are mov’d; but how doth it concerne you? You would have it to say hereafter that you have seen Rome, Naples and a hundred other fine places; a hundred others can say as much and more; calculate whither this be worth the expence and hazard as to any advantage at youre returne. I sent you to France at a time of businesse and when you might make your observations and find acquaintance who might hereafter be usefull to you in the future concernes of your life: if this be your ayme I willingly let you proceed, provided you will soon returne, for these reasons, the little I have to leave you is unfortunately involved in trouble, and your presence would be a comfort to me, to assist me, not only for my sake, but your own that you might understand your affaires, before it shall please God to take me from you, which if suddenly will leave you in perplexity and losse. I doe not say all this out of parsimony, for what you spend will be out of what will in short time, be your owne, but I would have you be a man of businesse as early as you can bring your thoughts to it. I hope, by your next you will give me account of the reception of our ambassador;[218] of the intrigues at this time between the two nations, of the establishment of the commerce, and of anything that may be innocently talked of without danger, and reflection, that I may perceive whither you look about you or noe and penetrate into what occurres, or whither the world passes like a pleasant dream, or the amusement of fine scenes in a play without considering the plot. If you have in ten weeks spent half your bill of exchange besides your gold, I confesse your money will not hold out, either abroad for yourself or for
- 45. us at home to supply you, especially if you goe for Italy, which voyage forward and backward will take up more than twenty weekes: thinke well of it, and let me hear more from you, for though I would advise you, I will not discontent you. Mr. Strong hath profered credit by the same merchant he uses for his son, and I will thinke of it, but before I change, you must make up your account with your merchant, and send it to me. My hearty service to young Mr. Strong and tell him I am obliged to him for your sake. I blesse God for your health, and pray for the continuance of it through all adventures till it pleases him to restore you to your Sister and friends who wish the same as doth ‘Your most affectionate Father, ‘Chr. Wren. ‘P.S. Poor Billy continues in his indisposition, and I fear is lost to me and the world, to my great discomfort and your future sorrow.’ What answer the younger Christopher sent does not appear; but his father did not ‘discontent’ him; the young man did make the journey to Italy, then such a formidable undertaking, and was ever after reckoned a very accomplished and travelled gentleman. ‘Young Mr. Strong’ must have been the son of Sir Christopher’s faithful master- mason, Edward Strong, one of a great family of builders and stone- cutters; I suppose the ‘poor Billy’ of the postscript to have been the writer’s youngest son, then nearly nineteen, who however recovered and outlived his father by about fifteen years. The Royal Society had sustained a severe loss by Charles II.’s death, and if King James took little interest in their discussions, William III. was utterly indifferent. Still it had won a certain position of its own, and was able to keep its steady course. Wren remained one of the members who attended most regularly and contributed to discussions on a variety of subjects, though not perhaps on the ‘jessamine-scented gloves,’ which figure so often in Pepys’ diary, the
- 46. ORDER AGAINST SWEARING. secret of whose perfumery Wren once undertook to find out. He was again chosen Grand Master of the Freemasons, and continued in that office until 1702. His friend and fellow-member in the Royal Society, Robert Boyle, had written a book called ‘A Free Discourse against Swearing,’ which was published after his death. Wren followed this up by an order which he had affixed in many parts of S. Paul’s, while the building went on:— ‘Whereas, among labourers, &c. that ungodly custom of swearing is too frequently heard, to the dishonour of God and contempt of authority; and to the end, therefore, that such impiety may be utterly banished from these works, intended for the service of God and the honour of religion—it is ordered that customary swearing shall be a sufficient crime to dismiss any labourer that comes to the call, and the clerk of the works, upon sufficient proof, shall dismiss them accordingly, and if any master, working by task, shall not, upon admonition, reform this profanation among his apprentices, servants and labourers, it shall be construed his fault; and he shall be liable to be censured by the Commissioners.’ Such was Sir Christopher’s care for his grand work: it was intended for the service of God, and therefore was to have no blemish which Wren’s diligence could avoid. He was constantly there and shrank neither from fatigue nor from risk. The famous Duchess of Marlborough, in her quarrels with Vanbrugh over the building of Blenheim, complained bitterly that he asked 300l. a year for himself and a salary for his clerk, ‘when it is well-known that Sir Christopher Wren was content to be dragged up in a basket three or four times a week to the top of S. Paul’s, and at great hazard, for 200l. a year.’ Probably it was because her Grace considered his charges so moderate that, after her last quarrel with Vanbrugh, she engaged Sir Christopher to build Marlborough House, at the corner of Pall Mall. The site presented great difficulties, but the building in red brick and
- 47. S. DUNSTAN’S SPIRE. stone was a handsome one, and lately has been much enlarged. Vanbrugh’s first start in life was his being engaged by Wren to act as clerk of the works to the buildings at Greenwich. Gibbs and Hawksmoor were also pupils of Wren’s, and worked under him at some of the innumerable works on which he was engaged. The building of Greenwich was vigorously continued, and in 1705,[219] ‘they began to take in wounded and worn-out seamen, who are exceedingly well provided for.’ At the beginning of 1698, Peter the Great made his extraordinary voyage to England and took possession of Evelyn’s house, Sayes Court, at Deptford, in order to be near the dockyard and inspect the ship-building. He was anything but a desirable tenant. ‘There is a house full of people and right nasty,’ wrote Evelyn’s servant. ‘The Czar lies next your library, and dines in the parlour next your study. He dines at ten o’clock and six at night, is very seldom at home a whole day, very often in the King’s yard, or by water, dressed in several dresses. The King is expected here this day, the best parlour is pretty clean for him to be entertained. The King pays for all he has.’[220] The Czar’s three months’ occupancy of Sayes Court left it a wreck, and Evelyn got Sir Christopher, and the Royal gardener, Mr. Loudon, to go down and estimate the repairs which would be necessary. They allowed 150l. in their report to the Treasury, but could not by any money replace the beautiful holly hedge through which Peter the Great had been trundled in a wheel-barrow, or repair the garden he had laid waste. In 1699, Wren finished the last of those City churches which the Fire had injured or destroyed. S. Dunstan’s in the East had suffered severely by the Fire: the walls of the church had not fallen, but the interior had been much damaged and the monument to the famous sailor and discoverer, Sir John Hawkins, who was buried there, perished. The old church had a lofty
- 48. wooden spire cased with lead, which of course fell and was consumed. When Sir Christopher had repaired the body of the building the parishioners were anxious to have back the spire also, and Dame Dionis Williamson, a Norfolk lady, who had been a great benefactress to S. Mary’s, Bow, gave 400l. towards this object. It is one of the most curious of all Wren’s spires, as it rests on four arches springing from the angles of the tower. Three more such spires exist, two in Scotland and one at Newcastle. Tradition says that the steeple of S. Dunstan’s was the design or the suggestion of Wren’s daughter Jane. Perhaps, like the leaning tower of Pisa, it is more wonderful than satisfactory to the eye, but Sir Christopher was certainly proud of it and confident in its stability. Great crowds assembled to see the supports taken away, and Wren watched with a telescope, says the story, on London Bridge for the rocket which announced that all was safely done, but it is hardly probable that he was anxious about the result. Four years later, when the tempest known as the ‘great storm’ raged in England, destroying twelve ships in the Royal navy, many merchant vessels, and a great number of buildings, some one came with a long face to tell Sir Christopher, that ‘all the steeples in London had suffered;’ he replied at once, ‘Not S. Dunstan’s, I am sure.’ He was perfectly right, and the account given of the others was an exaggeration. On February 1, 1699, the Morning Prayer Chapel of S. Paul’s was opened for service. Later in the same month, a fire broke out at the west end of the choir, where ‘Father Smith’ was still at work. It caused considerable alarm, and was got under with some damage, especially to two of the pillars, and to a decorated arch. The gilding also lost some of its brightness. A nameless poem[221] fixes the date of this fire, which has been much disputed. It may have been in consequence of this alarm that Sir Christopher covered all the woodwork of the upper parts of the Cathedral with ‘a fibrous concrete’ said to resist fire so well that faggots might be kindled below it with impunity.
- 49. WESTMINSTER ABBEY. While S. Paul’s was thus advancing towards its full beauty, the care of Westminster Abbey was assigned to Wren. Little or no attention seems to have been spent on it between the time of Charles I.’s reign and that in which it was handed over to Wren. With the energy which his sixty-seven years had not checked, he examined the grand building where he had worshipped as a schoolboy, and instantly ordered some of the most needful repairs. In 1713 he sent in a statement to Dr. Atterbury, who was both Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, having in that year succeeded to Wren’s old friend, Bishop Sprat: from this paper, though it is anticipating the date, some extracts are here given. ‘When I had the Honour to attend your Lordship, to congratulate your Episcopal Dignity, and pay that Respect which particularly concerned myself as employed in the chief Direction of the Works and Repairs of the Collegiate-Church of S. Peter in Westminster, you was pleased to give me this seasonable admonition, that I should consider my advanced Age; and as I had already made fair steps in the Reparation of that ancient and ruinous Structure, you thought it very requisite for the publick Service, I should leave a Memorial of what I had done, and what my Thoughts were for carrying on the Works for the future.’ Then follows the history of the building of the abbey up to the reign of Henry III., who rebuilt it ‘according to the Mode which came into Fashion after the Holy War. ‘This we now call the Gothick manner of Architecture (so the Italians called what was not after the Roman style), tho’ the Goths were rather Destroyers than Builders; I think it should with more Reason be called the Saracen Style; for those People wanted neither Arts nor Learning, and after we in the West had lost both, we borrowed again from them, out of their Arabick Books, what they with great Diligence had translated from the Greeks.... They built their Mosques round, disliking the Christian form of a Cross: the old quarries whence the Ancients took their
- 50. THE ORIGINAL INTENTION. large blocks of marble for whole Columns and Architraves were neglected, for they thought both impertinent. Their carriage was by camels, therefore their Buildings were fitted for small stones, and Columns of their own fancy consisting of many pieces, and their Arches were pointed without key-stones which they thought too heavy. The Reasons were the same in our Northern Climates abounding in free stone, but wanting marble.... The Saracen mode of building seen in the East, soon spread over Europe and particularly in France, the Fashions of which nation we affected to imitate in all ages, even when we were at enmity with it.’... Wren laments over the mixture of oak with the less-enduring chestnut wood in the roof of the Abbey, and the use of Rygate stone which absorbed water, and in a frost scaled off. He says he cut all the ragged ashlar work of Rygate stone out of the east window, replacing it with durable Burford stone, and secured all the buttresses on the south side. The north side of the Abbey is so choked up by buildings, and so shaken in parts by vaults rashly dug close to its buttresses, that he can do little. ‘I have yet said nothing of King Henry VIIth’s Chapel, a nice embroidered Work and performed with tender Caen stone, and though lately built in comparison, is so eaten up by our Weather, that it begs for some compassion, which I hope the Sovereign Power will take as it is the Regal Sepulture.’ The most necessary outward repairs of stone- work, he says, are one-third part done; the north front, and the great Rose Window there are very ruinous; he has prepared a proper design for them. Having summed up the repairs still essential for the security of the building, he proceeds to state what are, in his judgment, the parts of the original design for the Abbey still unfinished. ‘The original intention was plainly to have had a Steeple, the Beginnings of which appear on the corners of the Cross, but left
- 51. off before it rose so high as the Ridge of the Roof, and the Vault of the Quire under it, is only Lath and Plaister, now rotten and must be taken care of. I have made a Design, which will not be very expensive but light, but still in the Gothick Form, and of a Style with the rest of the structure, which I would strictly adhere to, throughout the whole intention: to deviate from the old Form would be to run into a disagreeable mixture which no Person of a good Taste could relish. I have varied a little from the usual Form, in giving twelve sides to the Spire instead of eight, for Reasons, to be discerned upon the Model. ‘The Angles of Pyramids in the Gothick Architecture were usually enriched with the Flower the Botanists call the Calceolus, which is a proper form to help workmen to ascend on the outside to amend any defects, without raising large scaffolds upon every slight occasion; I have done the same, being of so good Use, as well as agreeable Ornament.... It is evident, as observed before, the two West Towers were left imperfect, and have continued so since the Dissolution of the Monastery, one much higher than the other, though still too low for Bells, which are stifled by the Height of the Roof above them; they ought certainly to be carried to an equal Height, one story above the ridge of the Roof, still continuing the Gothick manner, in the stone-work, and tracery.... It will be most necessary to rebuild the great North Window with Portland stone, to answer the South Rose Window which was well rebuilt about forty years since; the stair-cases at the corners and Pyramids set upon them conformable to the old style to make the whole of a piece.... For all these new Additions I have prepared perfect Draughts and Models, such as I conceive may agree with the original scheme of the old architect, without any modern mixtures to show my own Inventions: in like manner as I have among the Parochial
- 52. ‘MODERN MIXTURES.’ Churches of London given some few Examples (where I was obliged to deviate from a better style), which appear not ungraceful, but ornamental to the East part of the city; and it is to be hoped, by the publick care, the West part also, in good time will be as well adorned: and surely by nothing more properly than a lofty Spire and Western Towers to Westminster Abbey.’ With this, still unfulfilled hope, Wren’s interesting paper closes. Nine years afterwards he did, however, finish the north front, commonly known as Solomon’s Porch. Wren is so commonly spoken of as having built —and spoilt—the western towers, that it is well here to mention that his share in them is very small; he only restored with a careful hand the lower portion of the towers then standing.[222] They were continued by Hawksmoor after Wren’s death, and by two other architects in succession after the death of Hawksmoor in 1736. No one of these had, as Wren had, the high-minded desire to do justice to ‘the original architect without any modern mixtures of my own.’
- 53. CHAPTER XIII. 1700–1708. MEMBER FOR WEYMOUTH—RISING OF THE SAP IN TREES— PRINCE GEORGE’S STATUE—JANE WREN’S DEATH— THANKSGIVING AT S. PAUL’S—LETTER TO HIS SON—SON MARRIES MARY MUSARD—DEATH OF MR. EVELYN—QUEEN ANNE’S ACT FOR BUILDING FIFTY CHURCHES—LETTER ON CHURCH BUILDING. ‘The old knight turning about his head twice or thrice to take a survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how thick the City was set with churches, and that there was scarce a single steeple on this side Temple Bar. “A most heathenish sight!” says Sir Roger; “there is no religion at this end of the town. The fifty new churches will very much mend the prospect, but church work is slow, church work is slow.”’—The Spectator, No. 383. In 1700 Wren was returned by the boroughs of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis to a somewhat stormy Parliament. He was finishing several of the City churches by the addition of towers to some, where, as at S. Magnus, London Bridge, and S. Andrew’s, Holborn, the main parts had been previously built. He gave a design for All Saints’ Church, Isleworth; it was, however, reckoned too costly, and nothing was done until, in 1705, Sir Orlando Gee left a legacy of 500l. towards the rebuilding of the church, when Wren’s design was partially adopted, and the work done by his faithful master-mason, Edward Strong.[223] With all this work, Wren yet found time to write a treatise on ‘The rising of the sap in trees.’ It is a short treatise, evidently copied by a
- 54. copyist, though a little indian-ink drawing at the side is probably Wren’s own. The question in dispute seems to have been whether this natural rising of the sap contradicted the newly discovered law of gravity. ‘It is wonderful,’ he says, ‘to see the rising of the sap in Trees. All will bleed more or less when they are tapped by boring a hole through the Bark, some very considerably, as Birch, which will afford as much liquor every day almost as the milke of a cow; in a Vine when a bough is cut off it will if not stopped bleed to death. Now by what mechanisme is water raised to such a height, as in Palmitos to 120 foot high? A skillfull Engineer cannot effect this without great force and a complicated engine, which Nature doth without sensible motion; it steals up as freely as the water descends: the reason of this is obscure as yett to naturalists.’ After some discussion of various theories, he proceeds to show by the help of the little drawing, ‘that the onely Vicissitudes of heat and cold in ye aire is sufficient to raise the sap to the height of the loftiest trees.’ Then follows the proof of this by mechanics refuting the notion of ‘a secret motion in nature contrary to that of the gravity, by which plants aspire upwards. ‘But though I have shown how the sap may be mechanically raised from the Root to the top of the loftiest trees, yett how it comes to be varyed according to the particular nature of the Tree by a Fermentation in the Root; how the Raine water entering the Root acquires a spirit that keeps it from freezing, but also gives it such distinguishing tastes and qualities is beyond mechanical Philosophy to describe and may require a great collection of Phenomena with a large history of plants to shew how they expand the leaves and produce the Seed and Fruit from the same Raine water so wonderfully diversified and continued since the first Creation.’
- 55. LONDON AS IT WAS. Another paper of the same date was written ‘On the surface of the terrestrial Globe,’ but this does not appear to have been preserved. Many of Sir Christopher’s writing’s and many also of his inventions were lost by Mr. Oldenburg, the Royal Society’s secretary, of whom Wren frequently complained that he not only neglected to enter them on the Society’s Register, but conveyed them to France and Germany, where they appeared, attributed as inventions to those who had stolen them. One cannot but admire the versatility of mind which enabled Wren, in the midst of great architectural works, and endless business details, to write papers such as these, and to digest and decide upon Flamsteed’s long letters on the Earth’s motion, his quarrels with Mr. Halley, and his measurement of the height of the Welsh hills. The progress of Greenwich and Chelsea Hospitals, the growth of his beautiful S. Paul’s, the repairs of the Abbey, were now the absorbing interests of Wren’s life. From the house in Whitehall which he occupied with his daughter he could easily reach the two former by water, or the latter on foot. Two most interesting pictures by Canaletto,[224] giving a general view of the city and of Westminster, enable us to realise what the whole effect must have been in an atmosphere far clearer than at present, before the river was cut by iron bridges, or the city robbed of steeple or tower. The death of King William and the accession of Queen Anne in the spring of 1702 made little difference to Wren, except to his advantage. He appears to have been on very good terms with her, and with her Danish husband. He is said to have built S. Anne’s, Soho,[225] and to have made it externally to resemble a Danish church as much as he could, out of compliment to Prince George. He also gave to the Town Hall of Windsor, a statue of Prince George, to correspond with that of Queen Anne. The Prince is dressed in a Roman costume, and the pedestal has the following inscription: SERENISSIMO PRINCIPI GEORGII PRINCIPI DANIAE
- 56. THANKSGIVING AT S. PAUL’S. HEROI OMNI SAECULO VENERANDO CHRISTOPHORUS WREN, ARM: POSUIT MDCCXIII. One marvels how ‘Est-il possible’ came to merit such an inscription as this! In 1702 Sir Christopher suffered a grievous loss by the death of his only daughter, Jane, on the 29th of December. She was laid in the vault of S. Paul’s close to the graves of Dr. and Mrs. Holder,[226] and her father wrote the short Latin inscription which records her virtues, her skill in music, and implies how loving and how congenial a companion he had lost in her. She was but twenty- six when she died. The sculptor, Bird,[227] of whose power Wren had a good opinion, carved a monument in low relief, representing Jane Wren playing on an organ; a harp and a spinnet are beside her, and a group of angels in the clouds above, one of whom holds the music. It is but an ordinary piece of monumental sculpture, now much obscured by dust. Jane Wren’s death must have left a great blank in the life of the father whose interests and pursuits she had shared, and one wishes she could have lived long enough to see the top stone laid on the dome of S. Paul’s. The Duke of Marlborough’s brilliant victory at Blenheim, on Aug. 13, 1704, brought Queen Anne and all her court in their utmost splendour to a thanksgiving at S. Paul’s on the 7th of September. ‘The streets were scaffolded from Temple Bar, where the Lord Mayor presented her Majesty with the Sword, which she returned. Every Company was ranged under its banners, the Citty Militia without the rails, which were all hung with cloth suitable to the colour of the banner. The Lord Mayor, Sheriffs and Aldermen were in their scarlet robes, with caparisoned horses; the Knight Marshall on horseback, the Foot Guards; the Queen in a rich coach with eight horses, none with her but the Duchess of Marlborough in a very plain garment, the Queene full of jewells. Music and trumpets at every Citty Company. The
- 57. BARCELONA. great Officers of the Crown, Nobility and Bishops, all in coaches with six horses, besides innumerable servants, went to S. Paul’s where the Deane preached. After this the Queen went back in the same order to S. James’s. The Citty Companies feasted all the nobility and Bishops, and illuminated at night. Music for the Church and anthems by the best masters. The day before wet and stormy, but this was one of the most serene and calm days that had been all the year.’[228] No doubt it was a splendid pageant, the grandest that had been seen since those which celebrated the Restoration, and S. Paul’s, despite the scaffolding still round the dome, must have looked magnificent. In 1705, Sir Christopher’s eldest son went abroad again, travelling this time to Holland, where in the excitement of Marlborough’s brilliant campaign he very nearly joined the army as a volunteer. A letter[229] to him from Sir Christopher is extant; the handwriting is not quite so steady as in the former letter, but still clear. ‘Whitehall, Oct. 11, 1705. ‘Dear Son,—I received at once three of yr letrs : one from Harlem, Sep. 26, another from Amsterdam of Sep. 28, O.S., a third of Oct. 13, N.S., by all which I rejoyced in your good Health & your recovery from your cold. I am very well satisfied you have layd aside your designe for the Army; which I think had not been safe or pertinent, at least not soe much as Bookes & Conversation with ye learned. Your Traffic for good Bookes I cannot disapprove. You tell me Gronovius[230] is 25 volumes, I am told they are 26, and that the last is the best & comonly sold by its selfe, you will have a care [a word seems to be omitted] being imposed upon. Mr. Bateman in his (?) will give you advice how you may get them into the Secretary’s packets. You remember how much trouble Mr. Strong was put to at Dover by the impertinence of the Customer there. I hope this may bee
- 58. prevented. Wee have not yet rejoyced for Barcelona[231] though you have; though wee doe not doubt it and wagers are layd 6 to one: last night the seales were given to Mr. Cowper & changes are made of Lord Lieutenants. Give my Service to Mr. Roman & thanks for his Civilities to you. I am importuned to take a little journy to my cosin Munson’s to christen her 8th son. Wee are told here that my Ld D. of Marlborough goeth certainly to Vienna, & you resolve well to wait on him before he goes, & then I thinke you have little else to doe but to take the best opportunity to returne, which I am told may happen if you come with my Ld Woodstock[232] who will have convoy. Wee are all in good health at both Houses and wish you happinesse wch wee also contrive for you. ‘I am, dear Son, your affectionate Father, ‘Chr. Wren.’ I suppose the mention of ‘both houses,’ and the hint of happiness being contrived, refer to young Christopher’s marriage, which took place in the following year. He married Mary,[233] daughter of Mr. Philip Musard, jeweller to Queen Anne, by whom he had a son, a fourth Christopher Wren. Wren lost a faithful and valued friend in Mr. Evelyn, who died in the February of 1706, at the age of eighty-five. If Evelyn’s diary, of which such frequent use has been made in these pages, is not the same entire revelation of the man himself as is the diary of his friend Pepys, it yet possesses a singular charm in its refinement of thought, and, when the veil is raised, shows us a gentleman and a Christian to be respected as well as loved. He had kept up a steady friendship with Sir Christopher since the day when they first met at Oxford, and had the highest opinion of his powers: ‘an excellent genius had this incomparable person,’ is his remark after a conversation with Wren. Evelyn was on the S. Paul’s Commission from the first, and Wren was destined, a few years later, sorely to miss the support of this constant friend.
- 59. FIFTY NEW CHURCHES. The needful sum for covering in the dome of S. Paul’s was voted by Parliament in 1708. The question of using copper or lead was greatly discussed; lead was finally chosen; it does not clearly appear which way Sir Christopher’s judgment inclined. Probably to the lead, as he considered it susceptible of much ornament, and the lead covering of S. Paul’s dome is peculiarly beautiful. Bird in this year finished the statue of Queen Anne, which is in the fore court of the Cathedral, and is not without merit. He also carved the relief of the Conversion of S. Paul above the western portico: the height is too great for it to be possible to judge of the goodness of the sculpture. The Act known as ‘Queen Anne’s Act for building Fifty New Churches’ was passed in this year, and Wren was of course one of the commissioners. At the age of seventy-six he could not undertake the designing of these new churches. They were principally built by Gibbs, Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh and others. S. George’s, Hanover Square, S. Anne’s, Limehouse, S. George’s, Bloomsbury, S. Leonard’s, Shoreditch, are some of those built under this Act. Perhaps the best specimen is the beautiful S. Mary-le- Strand, built by Gibbs, on an old site stolen from the Church by the Duke of Somerset in the reign of Henry VIII. Recent careful painting and gilding and the removal of pews have made S. Mary’s a charming example of the amount of decoration which can be advantageously bestowed on a Paladian church. Wren wrote on this occasion a letter to a friend on the Church- building Commission in which he gives the result of his great experience in building town churches. The letter is given with a few omissions. I fear that few of the Queen Anne churches were built strictly on the principles he here lays down; certainly the hint as to pews was disregarded, and grievous indeed have been the results of such disregard. It has been a common fallacy that all Wren’s churches were built for pews, and that anything but high pews would ruin the architectural effect. What was Wren’s own opinion is manifest from the letter; the actual effect can be seen, for instance, in a print of S. Stephen’s, Walbrook, where this gem of all his
- 60. CEMETERIES. churches is represented, just after its completion, with the area clear; or in S. Mary’s, Bow, where the pews have lately been diminished into just such ‘benches’ as the great architect desired. ‘Since Providence,’ he writes, ‘in great mercy has protracted my age, to the finishing the Cathedral Church of S. Paul, and the parochial churches of London, in lieu of those demolished by the fire, (all which were executed during the fatigues of my employment in the service of the Crown from that time to the present happy reign); and being now constituted one of the Commissioners for building, pursuant to the late Act, fifty more Churches in London and Westminster; I shall presume to communicate briefly my sentiments, after long experience, and without further ceremony exhibit to better judgement, what at present occurs to me, in a transient view of this whole affair; not doubting but that the debates of the worthy Commissioners may hereafter give me occasion to change, or add to these speculations. ‘1. I conceive the Churches should be built, not where vacant ground may be cheapest purchased in the extremities of the suburbs, but among the thicker inhabitants, for the convenience of the better sort, although the site of them should cost more; the better inhabitants contributing most to the future repairs, and the ministers and officers of the church, and charges of the parish. ‘2. I could wish that all burials in churches might be disallowed, which is not only unwholesome, but the pavements can never be kept even, nor pews upright; and if the churchyard be close about the church, this also is inconvenient, because the ground being continually raised by the graves, occasions, in time, a descent by steps in the church, which renders it damp, and the walls green, as appears evidently in all old churches. ‘3. It will be enquired, where then shall be the burials? I answer, in cemeteries seated in the outskirts of the town....
- 61. CHURCHWARDEN’ S CARE DEFECTIVE. ‘A piece of ground of two acres in the fields will be purchased for much less than two roods among the buildings; this being enclosed with a strong brick wall, and having a walk round, and two cross walks decently planted with yew trees, the four quarters may serve four parishes, where the dead need not be disturbed at the pleasure of the sexton or piled four or five upon one another, or bones thrown out to gain room.... It may be considered further, that if the cemeteries be thus thrown into the fields, they will bound the excessive growth of the city with a graceful border, which is now encircled with scavengers’ dung- stalls. ‘4. As to the situation of the churches, I should propose they be brought as forward as possible into the larger and more open streets; not in obscure lanes, nor where coaches will be much obstructed in the passage: nor are we, I think, too nicely to observe east or west in the position, unless it falls out properly; such fronts as shall happen to lie most open to view should be adorned with porticoes, both for beauty and convenience; which together with handsome spires or lanterns, rising in good proportion above the neighbouring houses (of which I have given several examples in the City of different forms), may be of sufficient ornament to the town, without a great expense for enriching the outward walls of the Churches, in which plainness and duration ought principally, if not wholly, to be studied.... ‘5. I shall mention something of the materials for public fabrics. It is true, the mighty demand for the hasty works of thousands of houses at once after the Fire of London, and the frauds of those who built by the great,(?) have so debased the value of materials, that good bricks are not to be now had without greater prices than formerly, and indeed, if rightly made, will deserve them; but brickmakers spoil the earth in the mixing and hasty burning, till the bricks will hardly bear weight; though the earth about London, rightly managed, will yield as good bricks as were the Roman bricks (which I have
- 62. often found in the old ruins of the City), and will endure, in our air, beyond any stone our island affords; which, unless the quarries lie near the sea, are too dear for general use. The best is Portland or Roch-Abbey stone; but these are not without their faults. The next material is the lime: chalk-lime is the constant practice, which, well mixed with good sand, is not amiss, though much worse than hard stone-lime. The vaulting of S. Paul’s is a rendering as hard as stone: it is composed of cockle-shell lime well beaten with sand: the more labour in the beating, the better and stronger the mortar. I shall say nothing of marble (though England, Scotland, and Ireland afford good, and of beautiful colours); but this will prove too costly for our purpose, unless for Altar-pieces. In windows and doors Portland stone may be used, with good bricks and stone quoins. As to roofs, good oak is certainly the best, because it will bear some negligence. The churchwardens’ care may be defective in speedy mending drips; they usually whitewash the church, and set up their names, but neglect to preserve the roof over their heads. It must be allowed, that the roof being more out of sight, is still more unminded. Next to oak, is good yellow deal, which is a timber of length, and light, and makes excellent work at first; but, if neglected, will speedily perish; especially if gutters (which is a general fault in builders) be made to run upon the principal rafters, the ruin may be sudden. Our sea- service for oak, and the wars in the North Sea, make timber at present of excessive price. I suppose, ere long, we must have recourse to the West Indies, where most excellent timber may be had for cutting and fetching. Our tiles are ill made, and our slates not good: lead is certainly the best and lightest covering, and being of our own growth and manufacture, and lasting, if properly laid, for many hundred years, is, without question, the most preferable; though I will not deny but an excellent tile may be made to be very durable: our artisans are not yet instructed in it, and it is not soon done to inform them.... Now, if the churches could hold each 2,000, it would yet be very short of the necessary supply. The churches, therefore, must be large;
- 63. but still, in our reformed religion it should seem vain to make a parish church larger than that all who are present can both hear and see. The Romanists, indeed, may build larger churches; it is enough if they hear the murmur of the Mass, and see the elevation of the Host; but ours are to be fitted for auditories. I can hardly think it practicable to make a single room so capacious, with pews and galleries, as to hold above 2,000 persons, and all to hear the service, and both to hear distinctly, and see the preacher. I endeavoured to effect this in building the parish Church of S. James, Westminster, which, I presume, is the most capacious, with these qualifications, that hath yet been built; and yet, at a solemn time, when the church was much crowded, I could not discern from a gallery that 2,000 were present. In this church I mention, though very broad, and the middle nave arched up, yet as there are no walls of a second order, nor lanterns, nor buttresses, but the whole roof rests upon the pillars, as do also the galleries, I think it may be found beautiful and convenient, and, as such, the cheapest of any form I could invent. ‘7. Concerning the placing of the pulpit, I shall observe a moderate voice may be heard fifty feet distant before the preacher, thirty feet on each side, and twenty behind the pulpit; and not this unless the pronunciation be distinct and equal, without losing the voice at the last word of the sentence, which is commonly emphatical, and, if obscured, spoils the whole sense. A Frenchman is heard further than an English preacher, because he raises his voice, and sinks not his last words: I mention this as an insufferable fault in the pronunciation of some of our otherwise excellent preachers, which schoolmasters might correct in the young as a vicious pronunciation, and not as the Roman orators spoke: for the principal verb is, in Latin, usually the last word; and if that be lost, what becomes of the sentence? ‘8. By what I have said, it may be thought reasonable, that the new church should be at least sixty feet broad, and ninety feet
- 64. ‘NO PEWS, BUT BENCHES.’ CLEAR BUILDING GROUND. long, besides a chancel at one end, and the belfry and portico at the other. ‘These proportions may be varied; but to build more than that every person may conveniently hear and see is to create noise and confusion. A church should not be so filled with pews, but that the poor may have room enough to stand and sit in the alleys; for to them equally is the Gospel preached. It were to be wished there were to be no pews, but benches; but there is no stemming the tide of profit, and the advantage of pew-keepers; especially since by pews, in the chapel of ease, the minister is chiefly supported. It is evident these fifty churches are enough for the present inhabitants, and the town will continually grow: but it is to be hoped, that hereafter more may be added, as the wisdom of the Government shall think fit; and, therefore, the parishes should be so divided as to leave room for subdivisions, or at least for chapels of ease. ‘I cannot pass over mentioning the difficulties that may be found in obtaining the ground proper for the sites of the churches among the buildings, and the cemeteries in the borders without the town; and, therefore, I shall recite the method that was taken for purchasing in ground at the north side of S. Paul’s Cathedral, where, in some places, houses were but eleven feet distant from the fabric, exposing it to the continual dangers of fires. The houses were seventeen, and contiguous, all in leasehold of the Bishop, or Dean alone, or the Dean and Chapter, or the petty-Canons, with divers under- tenants. The first we recompensed in kind, with rents of like value for them and their successors; but the tenants in possession for a valuable consideration; which to find what it amounted to, we learned by diligent inquiry, what the inheritance of houses in that quarter were usually held at; this we found was fifteen years’ purchase at the most, and,
- 65. proportionably to this, the value of each lease was easily determined in a scheme, referring to a map. These rates, which we resolved not to stir from, were offered to each; and, to cut off much debate, which it may be imagined everyone would abound in, they were assured that we went by one uniform method, which could not be receded. We found two or three reasonable men, who agreed to these terms; immediately we paid them, and took down their houses; others, who stood out at first, finding themselves in dust and rubbish, and that ready money was better, as the case stood, than to continue paying rent, repairs, and parish duties, easily came in. The whole ground at last was cleared, and all concerned were satisfied, and their writings given in.... This was happily finished without a judicatory or jury; although, in our present case, we may find it perhaps, sometimes necessary to have recourse to Parliament.’
- 66. CHAPTER XIV. 1709–1723. PRIVATE HOUSES BUILT—QUEEN ANNE’S GIFTS—LAST STONE OF S. PAUL’S—WREN DEPRIVED OF HIS SALARY—HIS PETITION —‘FRAUDS AND ABUSES’—INTERIOR WORK OF S. PAUL’S—WREN SUPERSEDED—PURCHASE OF WROXHALL ABBEY—WREN’S THOUGHTS ON THE LONGITUDE—HIS DEATH—BURIAL IN S. PAUL’S—THE END. Heroick souls a nobler lustre find, E’en from those griefs which break a vulgar mind. That frost which cracks the brittle, common glass, Makes Crystal into stronger brightness pass. Bp. Thos. Sprat, quoted in Parentalia. The year 1709 passed in steady work, and has little but finishing touches to the churches to be recorded, unless some of the various private houses built by Wren belong to this period. A house for Lord Oxford, and one for the Duchess of Buckingham, both in S. James’s Court; two built near the Thames for Lord Sunderland and Lord Allaston; one for Lord Newcastle in Queen’s Square, Bloomsbury; and a house, so large and magnificent that it has been divided in late years into four, in Great Russell Street. This house was afterwards occupied by Wren’s eldest son, and in turn by his second son Stephen. Sir Christopher himself, while keeping the house in Whitehall from which his letters are dated, had received from Queen Anne the fifty years’ lease of a house at Hampton Green at a nominal rent of 10l. a year;[234] he must have found great refreshment in going there occasionally by the then undefiled Thames, to country rest and