The Art of VoIP Hacking - Defcon 23 Workshop
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The document outlines security concerns and compliance measures related to Voice over IP (VoIP) systems, detailing aspects such as network infrastructure, VoIP server security, and various attack techniques. It highlights the need for secure designs and protocols to guard against unauthorized access and persistent attacks on VoIP networks. Additionally, it discusses tools and methodologies, including the VIPROY toolkit for penetration testing and vulnerabilities within VoIP systems.
![www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 51 – 8 August 2015
Major Vulnerabilities: Shellshock
CVE-2014-7187
(for x in {1..200} ; do echo "for x$x in ; do :"; done; for x in {1..200} ; do
echo done ; done) | bash || echo "CVE-2014-7187 vulnerable,
word_lineno“
CVE-2014-6278
env X='() { _; } >_[$($())] { echo CVE-2014-6278 vulnerable; id; }' bash -c :
CVE-2014-6277
env X='() { x() { _; }; x() { _; } <<a; }' bash -c :](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/theartofvoipworkshopv1-150813033932-lva1-app6891/85/The-Art-of-VoIP-Hacking-Defcon-23-Workshop-51-320.jpg)
![www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 130 – 8 August 2015
Cloud VoIP environment
• Vendors are Cisco and VOSS Solutions
• Web based management services
• IP Phone services (CUCDM [VOSS] IP Phone Services)
• Tenant client services(CUCDM [VOSS] Selfcare)
• Tenant* services (CUCDM [VOSS] Domain Manager)
• VoIP services
• Skinny (SCCP) services for Cisco phones
• SIP services for other tenant phones
• RTP services for media streaming
• PBX/ISDN gateways, network equipment
* Tenant => Customer of hosted VoIP service](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/theartofvoipworkshopv1-150813033932-lva1-app6891/85/The-Art-of-VoIP-Hacking-Defcon-23-Workshop-130-320.jpg)
The Art of VoIP Hacking - Defcon 23 Workshop
- 1. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 1 – 8 August 2015 Compliance, Protection & Business Confidence Sense of Security Pty Ltd Sydney Level 8, 66 King Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Melbourne Level 10, 401 Docklands Drv Docklands VIC 3008 Australia T: 1300 922 923 T: +61 (0) 2 9290 4444 F: +61 (0) 2 9290 4455 info@senseofsecurity.com.au www.senseofsecurity.com.au ABN: 14 098 237 908 Sense of Security VoIP Security Testing Training Fatih Ozavci Christos Archimandritis 8 August 2015
- 2. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 2 – 8 August 2015 Agenda • Network Infrastructure • VoIP Server Security • Signalling Security • Media Transport Security • Cloud VoIP Solutions Security • VoIP Client Security
- 3. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 3 – 8 August 2015 Introduction
- 4. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 4 – 8 August 2015 Trainers’ Background • Fatih Ozavci, Principal Security Consultant • Interests • VoIP & *Phreaking • Mobile Applications • Network Infrastructure • Embedded Devices • Hardware and IoT Hacking • Author of Viproy VoIP Penetration Testing Kit • Public Speaker and Trainer • Blackhat, Defcon, HITB, AusCert, Troopers, Ruxcon
- 5. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 5 – 8 August 2015 Trainers’ Background • Chris Archimandritis – Senior Security Consultant • Interests • VoIP and IMS Infrastructure • Mobile Applications • SAP Environment and Applications Security • Hardware Hacking • Network Infrastructure
- 6. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 6 – 8 August 2015 The Art of VoIP Hacking Test Lab
- 7. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 7 – 8 August 2015 The Art of VoIP Hacking Test Lab
- 8. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 8 – 8 August 2015 Current Threats and Attacker Skills General assumptions: • The VoIP Networks are isolated • Hacking VoIP requires detailed knowledge • Attacks target only privacy and toll fraud • Pretending VoIP services are configured well Real life: • Broken physical security, weak network auth • After Viproy, no knowledge required anymore • How about client attacks, intelligence and APT • Default passwords, obsolete systems…
- 9. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 9 – 8 August 2015 Pen-Test for UC, IMS and NGN • VoIP Infrastructure, design and protocol analysis • Authorisation and authentication analysis • Signalling security analysis for SIP and H.248 • Advanced analysis of business functionality • Transport encryption analysis • Media streaming and MITM analysis • Analysis of essential and supportive services • Management services and protocol analysis • Hosted/cloud services analysis • Call centre analysis
- 10. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 10 – 8 August 2015 Viproy VoIP Pen-Testing Toolkit • Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit • Testing modules for Metasploit Framework • SIP & Skinny libraries for the module development • SIP custom header and authentication support • Trust analyser, SIP proxy bounce, MITM proxy, Skinny • Modules • SIP Options, Register, Invite, Message • SIP Brute Forcer, Enumerator • SIP trust analyser, SIP proxy, Fake service • Cisco Skinny analysers • Cisco CUCM/CUCDM exploits • MSRP Support, Fuzzing for SIP and SDP
- 11. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 11 – 8 August 2015 How Viproy Helps Fuzzing Tests • Skeleton for Feature Fuzzing, NOT Only SIP Protocol • Multiple SIP Service Initiation • Call fuzzing in many states, response fuzzing • Integration With Other Metasploit Features • Fuzzers, encoding support, auxiliaires, etc. • Custom Header Support • Future compliance, vendor specific extensions, VAS • Raw Data Send Support (Useful with External Static Tools) • Authentication Support • Authentication fuzzing, custom fuzzing with authentication • Less Code, Custom Fuzzing, State Checks • Some Extra Features (Fuzz Library, SDP, MSRP)
- 12. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 12 – 8 August 2015 Network Infrastructure
- 13. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 13 – 8 August 2015 Corporate VoIP Infrastructure
- 14. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 14 – 8 August 2015 Unified Communications Services
- 15. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 15 – 8 August 2015 Hosted/Cloud VoIP Services
- 16. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 16 – 8 August 2015 Plan & Goals Plan • Identifying the network design issues • Unauthorised access to the Voice LAN/WAN • Attacking network services • Persistent access Goals • Persistent unauthorised network access • Mass compromise of clients and services • Eavesdropping
- 17. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 17 – 8 August 2015 A Recipe for Network Attacks • Discover VoIP network configuration, design and requirements • Find Voice VLAN and gain access • Gain access using PC port on IP Phone • Understanding the switching security for • Main vendor for VoIP infrastructure • Network authentication requirements • VLAN ID and requirements • IP Phone management services • Persistent access
- 18. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 18 – 8 August 2015 Understanding the VoIP Service • Client Types • Soft phones (IP Communicator, Android/iOS Apps) • IP phones and handsets (Cisco 7945, Yealink) • Video conference equipment (Cisco Presence) • External meeting services (Webex, GoMeeting) • Service Purpose • International/National landline/Cell endpoints • Call centre (commercial vs Open Source) • Commercial VoIP services (mobile, hosted) • Internal usage (VLAN, conference rooms) • VoIP protocols (Skinny, SIP, RTP, IAX, H.323)
- 19. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 19 – 8 August 2015 LAN and WAN Design for VoIP • Local Area Network • Voice VLAN usage (protected, authenticated) • Network segmentation (computers vs VoIP) • Supportive services (CDP, DHCP, TFTP, HTTP, SNMP) • Wide Area Network • Connection types (routers, VPNs, landline) • Bottlenecks vs QoS requirements • Service trusts and trunk usage • Primary Concerns for Commercial Services • Service contingency requirements • Denial of Service targets
- 20. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 20 – 8 August 2015 Getting Physical Access to the LAN • Local distribution rooms and infrastructure • Network termination and endpoint facilities
- 21. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 21 – 8 August 2015 Getting Physical Access to the LAN • Meeting room and lobby phones, conference devices, emergency phones • PC ports, Power Over Ethernet • Raspberry Pi • Permanent access with 4G
- 22. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 22 – 8 August 2015 LAN Discovery for Voice VLAN • Attack Types • PC Ports of the IP phone and handsets • CDP sniffing/spoofing for Voice VLAN • DTP and VLAN Trunking Protocol attacks • ARP spoofing for MITM attacks • HSRP spoofing for MITM attacks • DHCP spoofing & snooping • Persistent access • Tapberry Pi (a.k.a berry-tap) • Tampered phone + PoE • 3G/4G for connectivity
- 23. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 23 – 8 August 2015 Getting Access Using PC Port • IP Phones have a PC Port for desktop usage • CDP spoofing is not required • VLAN setting is not required • DTP spoofing is not required • Authentication of IP Phones • 802.1x - using Hub to bypass • EAP-MD5 dictionary attack
- 24. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 24 – 8 August 2015 How to make your own Tapberry Pi RJ45 Connection Pins
- 25. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 25 – 8 August 2015 How to make your own Tapberry Pi Speaker Power Patch the Cat5 cable
- 26. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 26 – 8 August 2015 CDP Sniffing and Spoofing • Discovering Cisco devices • Learning Voice VLAN • Tools • Wireshark • VoIP Hopper • CDP-tools • Viproy CDP module • Sniffing to learn the network infrastructure • Sending a spoofed CDP packet as an IP Phone to get access to the Voice VLAN • Connect to the Voice VLAN (802.1x, EAP-MD5)
- 27. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 27 – 8 August 2015 Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
- 28. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 28 – 8 August 2015 Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) • Ports can be a trunk or not (dynamically) • Default state is DTP allowed for all ports • Port negotiation and encapsulation • 802.1Q/ISL • Enable trunking, double encapsulation • DTP master shares VLAN information with all downstream switches • Find the Voice VLAN and get access • Tools • Yersinia • Metasploit DTP Module
- 29. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 29 – 8 August 2015 Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)
- 30. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 30 – 8 August 2015 Getting Access to the Voice VLAN • Adding the Voice VLAN • max 4094 VLANs for Cisco, can be brute-forced • Linux • vconfig add eth0 VLANID • dhclient eth0.VLANID • Mac OS X • Settings -> Network -> Manage Virtual Interfaces
- 31. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 31 – 8 August 2015 ARP Scanning and Spoofing • ARP Scan • ARP Spoofing • MITM Attack • Hijacking • SSL • SSH keys • Rogue service • Tools • Cain & Abel • Ettercap • Dsniff
- 32. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 32 – 8 August 2015 ARP Scanning and Spoofing • ARP Scanning • Find MAC and IPs to guess names of configuration files stored on TFTP/HTTP servers • SIP/Skinny authentication with MAC address • ARP Spoofing and being the … • TFTP server (configuration, updates, SSH keys) • DNS server • Web server (management, IP phone services) • SIP/Skinny server/Proxy • RTP proxy • MAC based filtering and authentication
- 33. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 33 – 8 August 2015 DHCP Spoofing • DHCP Sniffing • Finding IP range • Finding TFTP/HTTP • Finding DNS • DHCP Spoofing • Suspend the DHCP server • DHCP consumption (request all IP addresses) • Become a Rogue DHCP Server • Send spoofed DHCP responses to the IP phones • Custom TFTP and DNS server
- 34. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 34 – 8 August 2015 Attacking the TFTP Server • VoIP networks generally use TFTP servers for configuration, update, certificate, SSH keys management. (Web servers may be in use) • Obtaining configuration files for MAC addresses • SEPDefault.cnf, SEPXXXXXXXXXXXX.cnf.xml • SIPDefault.cnf, SIPXXXXXXXXXXXX.cnf.xml • Identifying SIP, Skinny, RTP and web settings • Finding IP phones software versions and updates • Configuration files may have username/passwords • Digital signature/encryption usage for files • Tools: TFTPTheft, Metasploit
- 35. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 35 – 8 August 2015 Sample Configuration for Cisco <deviceProtocol>SCCP</deviceProtocol> <sshUserId>USER</sshUserId> <sshPassword>PASSWORD</sshPassword> <webAccess>1</webAccess> <settingsAccess>1</settingsAccess> <sideToneLevel>0</sideToneLevel> <spanToPCPort>1</spanToPCPort> <sshAccess>1</sshAccess> <phonePassword>1234</phonePassword>
- 36. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 36 – 8 August 2015 Sample Configuration for Polycom reg.1.address="3047" reg.1.label="3047“ reg.1.auth.userId="7d5b905ecc1b1efa7077868 70276a940" reg.1.auth.password="d9429ad54c3ee623f6e2 0ae39de758ee“ divert.fwd.1.enabled="0"
- 37. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 37 – 8 August 2015 Become the TFTP Server • Send fake IP addresses for … • HTTP server • IP phones management server • SIP server and proxy • Skinny server • RTP server and proxy • Deploy SSH public keys for SSH on IP Phones • Update custom settings of IP Phones • Null ring, custom alerts • Deploy custom OS update and code execution
- 38. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 38 – 8 August 2015 SNMP Weaknesses • SNMP protocol • UDP protocol, IP spoofing, no encryption • Authentication • Community name (public, private, cisco) • SNMPv3 username/password attacks • SNMP Software • SNMP management software vulnerabilities • Buffer overflows, memory corruptions • Practical Attacks • Device configuration download and upload • Information gathering, code execution
- 39. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 39 – 8 August 2015 Exercises • CDP Spoofing to get VLAN access • Cisco IP Phone configuration file enumeration through TFTP • Polycom IP Phone configuration file enumeration through HTTP • SNMP scanning and enumeration
- 40. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 40 – 8 August 2015 Solutions • Secure network design • Secure network infrastructure • DHCP snooping protection • ARP Spoofing protection • 802.1x for Voice VLANs • Using secure network protocols • TFTP -> FTP+SSL or HTTPS • Telnet -> SSH • SNMP v1 v2c -> SNMP v3 with authentication • Using digital signature and encryption for software updates and configuration
- 41. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 41 – 8 August 2015 VoIP Server Security
- 42. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 42 – 8 August 2015 VoIP Servers and Devices • Signalling servers and devices • Media gateways • SIP and RTP Proxies • IP phones
- 43. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 43 – 8 August 2015 Plan & Goals Plan • Discover the VoIP servers and devices • Identify insecure software and management • Exploit the identified vulnerabilities Goals • Persistent unauthorised server access • Mass compromise of clients and services • Persistent call and toll fraud attacks • Voice recordings, CDR, VAS services
- 44. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 44 – 8 August 2015 Discovering VoIP Servers • Looking for • Signalling servers (e.g. SIP, Skinny, H.323, H.248) • Proxy servers (e.g. RTP, SIP, SDP) • Contact Centre services • Voicemail and email integration • Call recordings, call data records, log servers • Discovering • Operating systems, versions and patch level • Management services (e.g. SNMP, RDP, Telnet, HTTP, SSH) • Weak or default credentials
- 45. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 45 – 8 August 2015 Discovering VoIP Servers • NMAP • Port scanning, service identification • # nmap –sS –sV –A –p1-65535 192.168.1.1/24 • Metasploit Framework • Viproy modules to discover VoIP services • UDP, ARP, SNMP, SSH, telnet discovery modules • Brute-force and enumeration modules • Commercial & Open Source Vulnerability Scanners • Nessus, Qualys, Nexpose, OpenVAS
- 46. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 46 – 8 August 2015 Discovering VoIP Servers Nmap scanning for service identification
- 47. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 47 – 8 August 2015 Identifying Vulnerabilities • Operating system vulnerabilities • Obsolete software • Missing security patches • Vulnerable 3rd party libraries • Embedded system and hardware attacks • Unauthorised physical access • Insecure configuration and management • Insecure management services and software • Default credentials and settings • Insecure network services (TFTP, FTP, HTTP) • Insecure web applications (Log, Reporting)
- 48. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 48 – 8 August 2015 Possible Targets • VoIP Service Suites • Cisco Product Family (e.g. CUCM, VOSS) • Alcatel-Lucent Product Family (e.g.Opentouch X ) • Avaya Product Family (e.g. Contact Centers) • SIP Servers • SIPXecs, Asterisk, FreeSwitch, Kamalio, FreePBX • Gateways • Proxy appliance, Media gateway • Database Servers • Management Software • HP & Dell management, Tivoli, Solarwinds
- 49. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 49 – 8 August 2015 Major Vulnerabilities: Shellshock • Bourne Again Shell (BASH) allows users to execute unauthorised commands through the concatenated commands. • It can be remotely exploited through the network services such as HTTP, DNS and SIP • Major vendors and projects are affected • Asterisk, FreePBX, Cisco, Avaya, Embedded devices CVE-2014-6271, CVE-2014-6277, CVE-2014-6278, CVE-2014-7169, CVE-2014-7186, CVE-2014-7187
- 50. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 50 – 8 August 2015 Major Vulnerabilities: Shellshock CVE-2014-6271 env X='() { :; }; echo "CVE-2014-6271 vulnerable"' bash -c id CVE-2014-7169 env X='() { (a)=>' bash -c "echo date"; cat echo CVE-2014-7186 bash -c 'true <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF' || echo "CVE-2014-7186 vulnerable, redir_stack“
- 51. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 51 – 8 August 2015 Major Vulnerabilities: Shellshock CVE-2014-7187 (for x in {1..200} ; do echo "for x$x in ; do :"; done; for x in {1..200} ; do echo done ; done) | bash || echo "CVE-2014-7187 vulnerable, word_lineno“ CVE-2014-6278 env X='() { _; } >_[$($())] { echo CVE-2014-6278 vulnerable; id; }' bash -c : CVE-2014-6277 env X='() { x() { _; }; x() { _; } <<a; }' bash -c :
- 52. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 52 – 8 August 2015 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed • OpenSSL allows users to extract arbitrary information remotely from the server memory. • It can be remotely exploited through the heartbeat enabled HTTPS connections if the web server is compiled with OpenSSL. • Major vendors and projects are affected • Asterisk, FreePBX, Cisco, Avaya, Embedded devices CVE-2014-0160
- 53. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 53 – 8 August 2015 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed
- 54. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 54 – 8 August 2015 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed
- 55. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 55 – 8 August 2015 Major Vulnerabilities: Heartbleed
- 56. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 56 – 8 August 2015 Demonstration of Shellshock exploit
- 57. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 57 – 8 August 2015 Exercises • OpenSSL Heartbleed exploitation • Unauthorised Asterisk login • FreePBX remote command execution • FreePBX file upload command execution • Shellshock exploitation for Cisco CUCM
- 58. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 58 – 8 August 2015 Solutions • Implement a security update procedure • Subscribe to the vendor announcements • Implement all security fixes ASAP • Servers, appliances, IP phones • User secure management protocols • Strong authentication and password policy • Strong encryption (disable SSL and weak algorithms) • Secure management protocols (e.g. HTTPS, SSH) • Use a monitoring and integrity checking system to avoid backdoors
- 59. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 59 – 8 August 2015 Signalling Security
- 60. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 60 – 8 August 2015 Signalling Essentials VoIP = Signalling + Media • Signalling services are responsible to initiate, track, transfer, record (CDR) and terminate VoIP calls. • Multimedia transfer is a feature NOT provided by signalling services. (except H.323 and IAX2) • Major signalling protocols • SIP + Vendor Extensions e.g. Cisco, Microsoft • Cisco Skinny Call Control Protocol (SCCP / Skinny)
- 61. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 61 – 8 August 2015 Plan & Goals Plan • Discovering signalling services • Authentication and authorisation analysis • Bypass tests for call restrictions and billing • Server load analysis Goals • Call and toll fraud • Compromising the billing system • Blackmail using TDoS and DoS
- 62. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 62 – 8 August 2015 SIP Signalling
- 63. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 63 – 8 August 2015 Session Initiation Protocol • It was developed in 1996, standardised in 2002 • Signalling methods • Register • Invite • Subscribe • Message • Encryption is required to protect RTP, message contents and credentials • Authentication • Digest, Digital Certificate, NTLM, Kerberos • Unified Communications
- 64. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 64 – 8 August 2015 Basic SIP Flow SIP Server 1- REGISTER 1- 200 OK 2- INVITE 3- INVITE3- 183 Trying 3- 200 OK 4- ACK RTP Proxy RTP Phone A Phone B RTP 4- 200 OK
- 65. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 65 – 8 August 2015 Less Complicated SIP Flow
- 66. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 66 – 8 August 2015 Unified Communications • Forget TDM and PSTN • SIP, Skinny, H.248, RTP, MSAN/MGW • Smart customer modems & phones • Cisco UCM , Asterisk, Avaya, FreeSwitch • Linux operating system • Web based management services • VoIP services (Skinny, SIP, RTP) • Essential network services (TFTP, DHCP) • Call centre, voicemail, value added services
- 67. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 67 – 8 August 2015 Corporate VoIP Infrastructure
- 68. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 68 – 8 August 2015 Unified Communications Services
- 69. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 69 – 8 August 2015 Attacking SIP services • Essential analysis • Registration and invitation analysis • User enumeration, brute force for credentials • Discovery for SIP trunks, gateways and trusts • Caller ID spoofing (w/wo register or trunk) • Advanced analysis • Finding value added services and voicemail • SIP trust hacking • SIP proxy bounce attack
- 70. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 70 – 8 August 2015 Basic Attacks We are looking for... • Finding and identifying SIP services and purposes • Discovering available methods and features • Discovering SIP software and vulnerabilities • Identifying valid target numbers, users, realms • Unauthenticated registration (trunk, VAS, gateway) • Brute-forcing valid accounts and passwords • Invite without registration • Direct invite from special trunk (IP based) • Invite spoofing (with/without register, via trunk)
- 71. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 71 – 8 August 2015 Discovery • Finding and Identifying SIP Services • Different ports, different purposes • Internal Communication Service or PSTN Gateway • Discovering Available Methods • Register, Direct Invite, Options • Soft switch, Call Manager, mobile client software, IP phone • Discovering SIP Software • Well-known software vulnerabilities • Software compliance and architecture • Network endpoints and 3rd party detection
- 72. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 72 – 8 August 2015 Options Method OPTIONS sip:192.168.1.1 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:0;rport;branch=branchVGdOAdUioz Max-Forwards: 70 From: <sip:100@192.168.1.1>;tag=K75k51bxRK;epid=kMqwphxdeu To: <sip:100@192.168.1.1> Call-ID: call2Gtcfu093DUo7Z6HbGm87WTAI75BrW CSeq: 1234 OPTIONS Contact: <sip:100@192.168.0.11:0> User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER, MESSAGE, OPTIONS Expires: 3600 Accept: application/sdp Content-Length: 0
- 73. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 73 – 8 August 2015 Register Method REGISTER sip:192.168.1.1 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:5066;rport;branch=branch4GMsx5FDmR Max-Forwards: 70 From: <sip:1000@192.168.1.1>;tag=rqdA8Lolik;epid=TxX4MN68k3 To: <sip:1000@192.168.1.1> Call-ID: callFGMapJbNeNTN192Mntvo2Ltu6bWMc7@192.168.0.11 CSeq: 1 REGISTER Contact: <sip:1000@192.168.0.11:5066> User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent Supported: 100rel,replaces Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER, MESSAGE, OPTIONS Expires: 3600 Accept: application/sdp Content-Length: 0
- 74. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 74 – 8 August 2015 Subscribe Method SUBSCRIBE sip:1000@192.168.1.1 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:0;rport;branch=branchG3x7d4V1pc Max-Forwards: 70 From: "1000" <sip:1000@192.168.1.1>;tag=ckPqVBVPAx;epid=PWVkqSHbVO To: <sip:1000@192.168.1.1> Call-ID: call59Xezb4qnBhY8Dvt6PoFimTr6cmrFM@192.168.0.11 CSeq: 1 SUBSCRIBE Contact: <sip:1000@192.168.0.11:0> User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent Supported: 100rel,replaces Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER, MESSAGE, OPTIONS Expires: 3600 Event: message-summary Accept: application/simple-message-summary Content-Length: 0
- 75. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 75 – 8 August 2015 Discovery Tests • Unauthenticated Registration • Special trunks • Special VAS numbers • Gateways • Enumeration • Extensions, Users, Realms, MAC addresses • De-Registration for Valid Users • Brute-Forcing Valid Accounts and Passwords • With well-known user list • Numeric user ranges
- 76. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 76 – 8 August 2015 Cisco SIP Services Enumeration • Extensions (e.g. 1001) • MAC address in Contact field • SIP digest authentication (user + password) • SIP x.509 authentication • All authentication elements must be valid! Good news, we have SIP enumeration inputs! • Warning: 399 bhcucm "Line not configured” • Warning: 399 bhcucm "Unable to find device/user in database" • Warning: 399 bhcucm "Unable to find a device handler for the request received on port 52852 from 192.168.0.101” • Warning: 399 bhcucm "Device type mismatch"
- 77. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 77 – 8 August 2015 Register and Subscribe Register / Subscribe (FROM, TO, Credentials)
- 78. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 78 – 8 August 2015 Invite, CDR and Billing Tests • Free calling, call spoofing • Free VAS services, free international calling • Breaking call barriers • Invite without registration (e.g. Phones, Trunks) • Spoofing with... • Via field, From field • P-Asserted-Identity, P-Called-Party-ID, P-Preferred- Identity • ISDN Calling Party Number, Remote-Party-ID • Bypass with... • P-Charging-Vector (Spoofing, Manipulating) • Re-Invite, Update (Without/With P-Charging-Vector)
- 79. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 79 – 8 August 2015 Invite Method (Headers) INVITE sip:1000@192.168.1.1 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:5065;rport;branch=branchLhpAPuhw0I Max-Forwards: 70 From: "1000" <sip:1000@192.168.1.1>;tag=pxeYwF48t8;epid=XeOPqADs0c To: <sip:1000@192.168.1.1> Call-ID: callJCw77lHgqAfuO4w4f3XZB0mtcfHNmS@192.168.0.11 CSeq: 1 INVITE Contact: <sip:1000@192.168.0.11:5065> User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent Supported: 100rel,replaces Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER, MESSAGE, OPTIONS Expires: 3600 Accept: application/sdp Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: 407
- 80. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 80 – 8 August 2015 Invite Method (SDP Content) v=0 o=Cisco-SIPUA 158056866 158056866 IN IP4 192.168.0.11 s=Source t=0 0 m=audio 16392 RTP/AVP 0 8 18 102 9 116 101 c=IN IP4 192.168.0.11 a=rtpmap:3 GSM/8000a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:18 G729/8000 a=fmtp:18 annexb=no a=rtpmap:102 L16/16000 a=rtpmap:9 G722/8000 a=rtpmap:116 iLBC/8000 a=fmtp:116 mode=20 a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000 a=fmtp:101 0-15 a=sendrecv
- 81. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 81 – 8 August 2015 Invite, CDR and Billing Tests Invite / Ack / Re-Invite / Update (FROM, TO, VIA, Credentials)
- 82. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 82 – 8 August 2015 Toll fraud for CUCM • Cisco UCM accepts MAC address as identity • No authentication (secure deployment?) • Rogue SIP gateway with no authentication • Caller ID spoofing with proxy headers • Via field, From field • P-Asserted-Identity, P-Called-Party-ID • P-Preferred-Identity • ISDN Calling Party Number, Remote-Party-ID* • Billing bypass with proxy headers • P-Charging-Vector (Spoofing, Manipulating) • Re-Invite, Update (With/Without P-Charging-Vector) * https://tools.cisco.com/bugsearch/bug/CSCuo51517
- 83. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 83 – 8 August 2015 Caller ID spoofing on CUCM Remote-Party-ID header Remote-Party-ID: <sip:007@1.2.3.4>;party=called;screen=yes;privacy=off • Caller ID spoofing • Billing bypass • Accessing voicemail • 3rd party operators
- 84. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 84 – 8 August 2015 Caller ID fraud for all operators? • Telecom operators trust source Caller ID • One insecure operator to rule them all
- 85. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 85 – 8 August 2015 Fake Caller ID for messages? • Call me back function on voicemail / calls • Sending many spoofed messages for DoS • Overseas • Roaming • Social engineering (voicemail notification) • Value added services • Add a data package to my line • Subscribe me to a new mobile TV service • Reset my password/PIN/2FA • Group messages, celebrations
- 86. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 86 – 8 August 2015 Exercises • SIP service discovery • User and extension enumeration for SIP services • Brute force attacks against SIP services • Register tests with/without authentication • Invite tests for call analysis • Message tests for SMS analysis • Call Spoofing exercises
- 87. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 87 – 8 August 2015 Advanced SIP Attacks Unified Communications infrastructure and commercial subscriber services may be susceptible to the advanced attacks. • SIP Proxy Bounce Attacks • SIP Trust Relationship Hacking • DoS and DDoS Tests • Fuzzing
- 88. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 88 – 8 August 2015 SIP Proxy Bounce Attack • SIP Proxies Redirect Requests to the Others • We can access and scan them via SIP proxy • We can scan inaccessible servers • URI field is useful for this scan • Business Impact • SIP trust relationship hacking • Attacking inaccessible servers • Attacking the SIP software and protocol • Software, Version, Type, Realm
- 89. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 89 – 8 August 2015 SIP Proxy Bounce Attack (Headers) OPTIONS sip:10.1.1.1:5060 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.0.11:5065;rport;branch=branchkUk5jYbvQk Max-Forwards: 70 From: <sip:100@10.1.1.1:5060>;tag=FCXdqAEChY;epid=Fho7Ha8vX4 To: <sip:100@10.1.1.1:5060> Call-ID: callQOAFEvMfOoMfe1mwJDDJeOvr6nydEb CSeq: 1234 OPTIONS Contact: <sip:100@192.168.0.11:5065> User-Agent: Viproy Penetration Testing Kit - Test Agent Allow: PRACK, INVITE ,ACK, BYE, CANCEL, UPDATE, SUBSCRIBE,NOTIFY, REFER, MESSAGE, OPTIONS Expires: 3600 Accept: application/sdp Content-Length: 0 Client IP Scan Target no SIP proxy address in the request
- 90. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 90 – 8 August 2015 SIP Proxy Bounce Attack 192.168.1.146 Melbourne 192.168.1.202 Brisbane 192.168.1.145 - Sydney Production SIP Service
- 91. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 91 – 8 August 2015 Denial of Service Tests • Locking All Customer Phones and Services for Blackmail • Denial of Service Vulnerabilities of SIP Services • Multiple responses for bogus requests → DDOS • Concurrent registered user/call limits • Voice Message Box, CDR, VAS based DOS attacks • Bye and cancel tests for call drop • Locking all accounts if account locking is active for multiple fails • Multiple Invite (With/Without Register, Via Trunk) • Calling all numbers at same time • Overloading SIP server's call limits • Calling expensive gateways, targets or VAS
- 92. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 92 – 8 August 2015 Distributed Denial of Service Tests • SIP Amplification Attack • SIP Servers Send Errors Many Times (10+) • We Can Send IP Spoofed Packets • SIP Servers Send Responses to Victim • => 1 packet for 10+ Packets, ICMP Errors (Bonus)
- 93. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 93 – 8 August 2015 Distributed Denial of Service Tests SIP based DoS attacks • UDP vulnerabilities and IP spoofing • Too many errors, very very verbose mode • ICMP errors 192.168.1.146 Melbourne 192.168.1.202 Brisbane 192.168.1.145 - Sydney Production SIP Service Alderaan IP spoofed UDP SIP request
- 94. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 94 – 8 August 2015 Hacking SIP Trust Relationships • NGN/UC SIP Services Trust Each Other • Authentication and TCP are slow, they need speed. UDP is the solution. • IP and port based trust is most effective way • What We Need • Target number to call (cell phone if service is public) • Tech magazine, web site information, news Hacme Telecom proudly announces the new cheap call services supported by OverSeas Telecom.
- 95. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 95 – 8 August 2015 Hacking SIP Trust Relationships Steps: • Finding Trusted SIP Networks (Mostly B Class) • Sending IP Spoofed Requests from Each IP:Port • Each Call Should Contain IP:Port in "From" Section • If We Have a Call, We Have The Trusted SIP Gateway IP and Port • Initiate unauthorised calls after obtaining the trusted IP:Port pair
- 96. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 96 – 8 August 2015 Hacking SIP Trust (Headers) INVITE sip:1000@192.168.1.1 SIP/2.0 Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 10.1.1.1:5060;branch=branchkjBzDAQuaX;rport Max-Forwards: 70 From: "10.1.1.1:5060" <sip:10.1.1.1:5060@10.1.1.1>;tag=tagnO4D1aHiEb Contact: <sip:10.1.1.1:5060@10.1.1.1> To: <sip:1000@192.168.1.1> Call-ID: call0oLhjWR0Cc@10.1.1.1 CSeq: 1 INVITE User-Agent: Test Agent Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, REFER, SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, INFO Expires: 3600 Supported: replaces, timer Content-Type: application/sdp Content-Length: 218 SIP Server IP Scanning Target IP and Port
- 97. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 97 – 8 August 2015 Hacking SIP Trust (Content) v=0 o=root 1716603896 1716603896 IN IP4 10.1.1.1 s=Test Source c=IN IP4 10.1.1.1 t=0 0 m=audio 10024 RTP/AVP 0 101 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000 a=fmtp:101 0-16 a=ptime:20 a=sendrec
- 98. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 98 – 8 August 2015 Hacking SIP Trust Relationships Send INVITE/MESSAGE requests with • IP spoofing (source is Brisbane), • from field contains Spoofed IP and Port, the caller ID will be your trusted host. Universal Trust Tatooine 192.168.1.146 Melbourne 192.168.1.202 Brisbane 192.168.1.145 - Sydney Production SIP Service UDP Trust
- 99. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 99 – 8 August 2015 Attacking a client using SIP trust Universal Trust Tatooine It’s a TRAP! Send INVITE/MESSAGE requests with • IP spoofing (source is Brisbane), • from field contains special number, you will have fun or voicemail access. 192.168.1.146 Melbourne 192.168.1.202 Brisbane 192.168.1.145 - Sydney Production SIP Service UDP Trust
- 100. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 100 – 8 August 2015 Hacking SIP Trust – Business Impact • Denial of Service • Calling all numbers at same time • Overloading SIP server's call limits • Overloading VAS service or international limits • Overloading CDR records with spoofed calls • Short Message Service and Billing Attacks • Attacking Server Software • Crashing/exploiting inaccessible features • Call redirection (working on it, not yet :/) • Attacking a Client?
- 101. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 101 – 8 August 2015 Fuzzing • Fuzzing as a SIP Client | SIP Server | Proxy | MITM • SIP Server Software • SIP Clients • Hardware devices, IP phones, Video Conference systems • Desktop application or web based software • Mobile software • Special SIP Devices/Software • SIP firewalls, ACL devices, proxies • Connected SIP trunks, 3rd party gateways • MSAN/MGW • Logging software (indirect) • Special products: Cisco, Alcatel, Avaya, ZTE...
- 102. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 102 – 8 August 2015 Old School Fuzzing vs Smart Fuzzing • Request Fuzzing • SDP features • MIME type fuzzing • Response Fuzzing • Authentication, Bogus Messages, Redirection • Static vs Stateful • How about Smart Fuzzing • Missing state features (ACK,PHRACK,RE-INVITE,UPDATE) • Fuzzing after authentication (double account, self-call) • Response fuzzing (before or after authentication) • Missing SIP features (IP spoofing for SIP trunks, proxy headers) • Numeric fuzzing for services is NOT memory corruption • Dial plan fuzzing, VAS fuzzing
- 103. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 103 – 8 August 2015 Demonstration for the SIP attacks
- 104. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 104 – 8 August 2015 Exercises • SIP Proxy Bounce Attack • SIP Trust Relationship Hacking • Sending malicious SMSes • Sending malicious calls • DoS and DDoS Tests
- 105. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 105 – 8 August 2015 Solutions • Use SIP over TCP or SCTP • Enable the Transport Layer Security (TLS) • Do not use IP based SIP trunks • OAuth for SIP • Session tokens in the SIP headers • Digital certificate based authentication • Implement input validation for SIP headers • Customise the error messages • Don’t proxy the unauthorised IPs and Domains • Don’t accept proxy headers on client requests
- 106. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 106 – 8 August 2015 Skinny Signalling
- 107. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 107 – 8 August 2015 Attacking Skinny services • Cisco Skinny (SCCP) • Binary, not plain text • Different versions • No authentication • MAC address is identity • Auto registration • Basic attacks • Register as a phone • Disconnect other phones • Call forwarding • Unauthorised calls Source: Cisco
- 108. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 108 – 8 August 2015 Attacking Skinny services
- 109. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 109 – 8 August 2015 Attacking Skinny services • Viproy has a Skinny library for easier development and sample attack modules • Skinny auto registration • Skinny register • Skinny call • Skinny call forwarding
- 110. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 110 – 8 August 2015 Attacking Skinny services Register Unauthorised Call
- 111. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 111 – 8 August 2015 Preparing a proper client for Skinny • Install Cisco IP Communicator • Set “Use this Device Name” for Spoofed MAC • Register the software
- 112. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 112 – 8 August 2015 Demonstration of Skinny attacks
- 113. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 113 – 8 August 2015 Exercises • Cisco Skinny register tests • Cisco Skinny call tests • Cisco Skinny call forwarding
- 114. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 114 – 8 August 2015 Solutions • Implement the secure deployment of Cisco • Digital certificate based authentication • Signature for updates and configuration files • Encrypt the configuration files • Don’t allow concurrent connections • Install the IP phone and software updates
- 115. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 115 – 8 August 2015 Media Transport Security
- 116. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 116 – 8 August 2015 Media Transport Essentials • Media transport is essential for the VoIP communications (audio and video) . • RTP is the major protocol in use for decades. • Real-time Transfer Protocol (RTP) • Highly vulnerable to MITM attacks • Encryption is not enabled on many implementations • It can be recorded and decoded easily • Codecs may change based on the implementation • DTMF tones are coded separately as RTP events • RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) may be in use for monitoring and QoS
- 117. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 117 – 8 August 2015 Plan & Goals Plan • Performing the MITM attacks • Obtaining unauthorised access to the media transport • Decoding the RTP stream to extract the raw audio/video of the conversation Goals • Eavesdropping • Injection audio or video to the conversations
- 118. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 118 – 8 August 2015 Media Transport Flow SIP Server 1- REGISTER 1- 200 OK 2- INVITE 3- INVITE3- 183 Trying 3- 200 OK 4- ACK RTP Proxy RTP Phone A Phone B RTP 4- 200 OK RTP RTP Proxy RTP
- 119. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 119 – 8 August 2015 Audio Streams in RTP Find reverse will find both RTP streams (sender / receiver). Analyse can analyse the spectrum, Save as can save the streams.
- 120. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 120 – 8 August 2015 DTMF Tones in RTP DTMF tones are encoded through the RTP events.
- 121. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 121 – 8 August 2015 Media Transport Security • Secure Real-time Transfer Protocol (SRTP) • Encryption • Message Authentication • Integrity • Replay Protection • Key Management for SRTP • SDES (SIP without TLS) is still vulnerable • ZRTP / ZRTP/S provide Diffie–Hellman handshakes • MIKEY provides Public Key Encryption
- 122. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 122 – 8 August 2015 Advanced or basic SRTP/RTP attacks can be used for eavesdropping • ARP attacks, • DHCP attacks • Proxy attacks • RTP information in the SIP request can be overwritten • Master key can be extracted from the SDP content in SIP requests Network MITM Attacks for RTP
- 123. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 123 – 8 August 2015 Decoding SRTP Hacking VoIP – Decrypting SDES Protected SRTP Phone Calls https://www.acritelli.com/hacking-voip-decrypting-sdes- protected-srtp-phone-calls • Obtain a complete call, including SIP exchange and RTP data, between two endpoints • Grab the key and filter out a single SRTP stream in Wireshark • Use srtp-decrypt (https://github.com/gteissier/srtp- decrypt) to decrypt the SRTP • Replay the decrypted RTP data in Wireshark
- 124. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 124 – 8 August 2015 Eavesdropping Wireshark can decode and play RTP streams • Different codecs and two Streams
- 125. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 125 – 8 August 2015 Eavesdropping • Cain & Abel • UCSniff • Call recording using Ucsniff
- 126. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 126 – 8 August 2015 Demonstration of SDES decryption
- 127. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 127 – 8 August 2015 Solutions • RTP proxies should be in use to • Isolate the clients • Cover the various client types (PSTN, SIP, 3G/4G) • Avoid the client to client direct communication • SRTP should be implemented • Enforce the strong encryption • Don’t use key management through insecure channels such as SIP without TLS • ZRTP or MIKEY (depending on the implementation)
- 128. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 128 – 8 August 2015 Cloud VoIP Solutions Security
- 129. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 129 – 8 August 2015 Cloud VoIP solutions
- 130. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 130 – 8 August 2015 Cloud VoIP environment • Vendors are Cisco and VOSS Solutions • Web based management services • IP Phone services (CUCDM [VOSS] IP Phone Services) • Tenant client services(CUCDM [VOSS] Selfcare) • Tenant* services (CUCDM [VOSS] Domain Manager) • VoIP services • Skinny (SCCP) services for Cisco phones • SIP services for other tenant phones • RTP services for media streaming • PBX/ISDN gateways, network equipment * Tenant => Customer of hosted VoIP service
- 131. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 131 – 8 August 2015 Plan & Goals Plan • Discovering the cloud services as tenant • Attacking to the dedicated tenant services • Attacking to the shared services for tenants • Jailbreaking the cloud tenant isolation Goals • Call and toll fraud • Compromising all tenants in the cloud • Eavesdropping
- 132. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 132 – 8 August 2015 Discovery for hosted VoIP networks • Discover VoIP network configuration, design and requirements • Find Voice VLAN and gain access • Gain access using PC port on IP Phone • Understand the switching security for: • Main vendor for VoIP infrastructure • Network authentication requirements • VLAN ID and requirements • IP Phone management services • Supportive services in use
- 133. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 133 – 8 August 2015 Cisco Hosted Collaboration Suite • Cisco UC Domain Manager • VOSS IP Phone XML services • VOSS Self Care customer portal • VOSS Tenant services management • Cisco UC Manager • Cisco Unified Dialled Number Analyser • Cisco Unified Reporting • Cisco Unified CM CDR Analysis and Reporting Multiple Vulnerabilities in Cisco Unified Communications Domain Manager http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecuri tyAdvisory/cisco-sa-20140702-cucdm
- 134. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 134 – 8 August 2015 Cisco CUCDM Self Care • Tenant user services • Password & PIN management • Voicemail configuration • Presence • Corporate Directory access • Extension mobility Weaknesses • Cross-site scripting vulnerabilities
- 135. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 135 – 8 August 2015 Account details stored XSS
- 136. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 136 – 8 August 2015 Cisco CUCDM Service Management • Tenant administration services • User management • Location and dial plan management • CLI and number translation configuration Weaknesses • User enumeration • Privilege escalation vulnerabilities • Cross-site scripting vulnerabilities • SQL injections and SOAP manipulations
- 137. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 137 – 8 August 2015 Errors, Information Leakage • /emapp/EMAppServlet?device=USER • /bvsm/iptusermgt/disassociateuser.cgi
- 138. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 138 – 8 August 2015 Insecure File Upload • /bvsm/iptbulkadmin • /bvsm/iptbulkloadmgt/bulkloaduploadform.cgi
- 139. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 139 – 8 August 2015 Privilege Escalation /bvsm/iptusermgt/moduser.cgi (stored XSS, change users’ role) /bvsm/iptadminusermgt/adduserform.cgi?user_type=adminuser /bvsm/iptnumtransmgt/editnumbertranslationform.cgi?id=1
- 140. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 140 – 8 August 2015 IP Phone management • VOSS IP Phone XML services • Shared service for all tenants • Call forwarding (Skinny has, SIP has not) • Speed dial management • Voicemail PIN management http://1.2.3.4/bvsmweb/SRV.cgi?device=ID&cfoption=ACT Services • speeddials • changepinform • showcallfwd • callfwdmenu Actions • CallForwardAll • CallForwardBusy
- 141. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 141 – 8 August 2015 IP Phone management • Authentication and Authorisation free! • MAC address is sufficient • Jailbreaking tenant services • Viproy Modules • Call Forwarding • Speed Dial
- 142. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 142 – 8 August 2015 Demonstration of CUCDM exploitation viproy.com 142
- 143. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 143 – 8 August 2015 Solutions • Conduct audit from tenant and owner perspective • Privacy of tenants vs Toll fraud • Isolate the tenants for all services • No shared services if possible • Shared services should be tested for jailbreaking • Security updates the cloud environment • Enforce the strong encryption and authentication for tenant phones and services • Manage the backward compatibility
- 144. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 144 – 8 August 2015 VoIP Client Security
- 145. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 145 – 8 August 2015 VoIP Client Security • Softphones vs Handsets vs Teleconferencing • Information Disclosure • Unnecessary services and ports (SNMP, echo) • Weak management services (telnet, SSH, HTTP) • Stored credentials and sensitive information • Unauthorised Access • Password attacks • Compromising software using TFTP server • Configuration files, upgrade files, firmware • Weak VoIP Services • They may accept direct invite, register or notify
- 146. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 146 – 8 August 2015 Plan & Goals Plan • Analysing the VoIP clients which use the commercial services • Finding the published and unpublished bugs on the clients • Trying to exploit those bugs from remote Goals • Mass compromise of clients • Injecting a persistent backdoor to the clients
- 147. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 147 – 8 August 2015 Attacking a client using SIP service • Caller ID spoofed messages • to install a malicious application or an SSL certificate • to redirect voicemails or calls • Fake caller ID for Scam, Vishing or Spying • Manipulate the content or content-type on messaging • Trigger a crash/BoF on the remote client • Inject cross-site scripting to the conversation • Proxies with TCP/TLS interception and manipulation • Viproy MITM though UDP/TCP modules • Socat • Viproxy (github.com/fozavci/viproxy) • MITMproxy
- 148. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 148 – 8 August 2015 Rogue Services and MITM • We Need a Rogue Service • Adding a feature to a regular SIP client • Collecting credentials • Redirecting calls • Manipulating CDR or billing features • Fuzzing servers and clients for vulnerabilities • Rogue Service Should be Semi-Automated • Communication sequence should be defined • Sending bogus request/result to client/server
- 149. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 149 – 8 August 2015 Rogue Services and MITM • Use ARP/DNS Spoof & VLAN hopping & Manual config • Collect credentials, hashes, information • Change client's request to add a feature (eg. Spoofing) • Change the SDP features to redirect calls • Add a proxy header to bypass billing & CDR • Manipulate request at runtime to find BoF vulnerabilities • Trigger software upgrades for malwared executables Death Star in the Middle
- 150. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 150 – 8 August 2015 Attacking a client using SIP trust • SIP server redirects a few fields to client • FROM, FROM NAME, Contact • Other fields depend on server (e.g. SDP, MIME) • Message content • Clients have buffer overflow in FROM? • Send 2000 chars to test it ! • Crash it or execute your shellcode if available • Clients trust SIP servers and trust is UDP based • Trust hacking module can be used for the trust between server and client too. • Viproy Penetration Testing Kit SIP Modules • Simple fuzz support (FROM=FUZZ 2000) • You can modify it for further attacks
- 151. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 151 – 8 August 2015 Attacking a client using SIP trust 192.168.1.146 Melbourne 192.168.1.202 Brisbane 192.168.1.145 - Sydney Production SIP Service UDP Trust Universal Trust Tatooine Crash! Adore iPhone App Send INVITE/MESSAGE requests with • IP spoofing (source is Brisbane), • from field contains exploit, the client will be your stormtrooper.
- 152. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 152 – 8 August 2015 Exercises • Direct Invite requests • Sending bogus SMSes to trigger a crash • Sending bogus calls to trigger a crash • MITM interception and header adding • Memory corruption through MITM proxy
- 153. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 153 – 8 August 2015 Solutions • Update the client software and handsets • Secure communication must be enforced • Strong authentication • Strong encryption • Prevent the information disclosure • Do not use the client data as trusted • Input validation must be in place • Use the authenticated Identity, not client’s one • Configure clients to reject calls not coming from the server registered
- 154. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 154 – 8 August 2015 References
- 155. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 155 – 8 August 2015 Resources for Viproy • Viproy VoIP Penetration and Exploitation Kit Author : http://viproy.com/fozavci Homepage : http://viproy.com Github: http://www.github.com/fozavci/viproy-voipkit • Attacking SIP Servers Using Viproy VoIP Kit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbXh_L0-Y5A • VoIP Pen-Test Environment – VulnVoIP http://www.rebootuser.com/?cat=371
- 156. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 156 – 8 August 2015 Other Tools • Network Analysis Tools • Yersinia, Cain&Abel, Wireshark, Dsniff, VoIPHopper • Service Analysis Tools • Nmap, Metasploit Framework • SIP Analysis Tools • Viproy, Sipvicious, Bluebox-NG, Metasploit • Proxy Attacks • Viproy MITM, Em-proxy, SIP Rogue, RTP Redirect • Free VoIP Clients • Jitsi, Boghe, Linphone, X-Lite, Micro SIP, Vi-Vo
- 157. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 157 – 8 August 2015 Solutions for Cisco Networks • Install the Cisco security patches • From CVE-2014-3277 to CVE-2014-3283, CVE-2014- 2197, CVE-2014-3300 • CSCum75078, CSCun17309, CSCum77041, CSCuo51517, CSCum76930, CSCun49862 • Secure network design • IP phone services MUST be DEDICATED, not SHARED • Secure deployment with PKI • Authentication with X.509, software signatures • Secure SSL configuration • Secure protocols • Skinny authentication, SIP authentication • HTTP instead of TFTP, SSH instead of Telnet
- 158. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 158 – 8 August 2015 Questions?
- 159. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 159 – 8 August 2015 Fatih Ozavci Principal Security Consultant fatiho@senseofsecurity.com.au Chris Archimandritis Senior Security Consultant chrisa@senseofsecurity.com.au Enquiries
- 160. www.senseofsecurity.com.au © Sense of Security 2015 Page 160 – 8 August 2015 Thank you Recognised as Australia’s fastest growing information security and risk management consulting firm through the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 & BRW Fast 100 programs Head office is level 8, 66 King Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia. Owner of trademark and all copyright is Sense of Security Pty Ltd. Neither text or images can be reproduced without written permission. T: 1300 922 923 T: +61 (0) 2 9290 4444 F: +61 (0) 2 9290 4455 info@senseofsecurity.com.au www.senseofsecurity.com.au