The Basics Of Respiratory Protection

THE BASICS OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Presenters: James Harrald – National Safety, Inc.

Objectives 1. To enhance your understanding of the advantages and limitations of respiratory protective products. 2. To provide you with other information on current OSHA regulatory requirements.

OSHA REGULATORY REVIEW 1910.134 - Engineering and or administrative controls of environmental hazards should be the employers’ primary safety goal. - If engineering/administrative controls are not readily attainable, the employer shall develop an effective respiratory protection program that is site specific. - The employer shall have a trained program administrator. - The employer shall establish an effective and dynamic written work site specific program. - The employer shall provide appropriate respirators, training and medical evaluations at no cost to the employee. - Employer shall evaluate present and probable work site hazards by either measured or estimated means. - Employer shall select proper respiratory protection based on work site specific hazards. - Employer shall provide medical evaluations for every respiratory user, including those worn for comfort reasons in non-hazardous atmospheres. - Conduct pre-use and annual fit testing of all tight fitting respirators, including air supplied types. - All fit testing must be conducted in the negative pressure mode using Qualitative (QL) or Quantitative (QN) protocols.

- End users wishing to use only 1 fit test method for both must use QN - OSHA requires annual fit testing and thereafter whenever the employer observes conditions or changes in the physical condition of the wearer or, the wearer requests another test or, there is a change in the workplace conditions. - Employers training programs shall include procedures and schedules for cleaning and disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing, disposal and maintaining respirators. - Program shall include procedures for proper respirator use in routine and foreseeable emergency operations. - Ensure adequate quantity, flow and quality of breathing air including oxygen content, CO alarm and non-interchangeability of air house couplings for supplied air respirators. - Program shall include * Pre-use and annual training in the proper use of respirators * Demonstrate knowledge regarding the respirators need, care and maintenance * Effective limits

The Purpose and Use of Respirators A respirator is a device to protect the wearer from the inhalation of harmful atmospheres. Before implementing a respiratory program, all efforts should first be made to engineer out the hazards. Respirators must be approved for the type and severity of conditions in which they are used.

User Training Employers shall have an effective training program which results in the employees being able to demonstrate a working knowledge of the following: - Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, or maintenance can compromise its operation. - What are the respirators working capabilities and limitations. - How to inspect, put on, remove, use and perform user seal checks. - How to use the respirator in emergency situations, including those involving malfunction. - Proper procedures for respiratory maintenance and storage. - How to recognize the medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent respirator use. - A general understanding of the employer’s respiratory protection program.

Respirator Selection 1910.134 (d) requires the employer to evaluate respiratory hazards in the workplace, identify relevant workplace and user factors, and base respirator selection on these factors. Respirator selection requires the employer to identify workplace hazards by: - Estimating the employee’s exposure to respiratory hazards - Determining if the workplace environment is Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Identifying contaminants, and answering the following questions: ▫ What are the concentrations of the contaminants? ▫ Are the contaminants a gas, or a particulate? ▫ Are contaminants IDLH? If the employer cannot identify, or reasonably estimate the employees’ exposure, the workplace atmosphere must be considered IDLH.

Respirator Selection for IDLH Environments If the work site atmosphere is found to be IDLH, the employer must provide the following respirators to the employee: ∙ A Full Facepiece NIOSH Certified SCBA with minimum service life of 30 minutes or ∙ A Full Facepiece NIOSH Certified pressure demand airline respirator with auxiliary self contained air supply.

Oxygen deficient atmospheres shall be considered IDLH, except when the employer can demonstrate that under all foreseeable conditions the oxygen concentration can be maintained within the following specified ranges: Altitude (feet) Oxygen deficient atmospheres for which the employer may rely on any atmosphere supplying respirators. Less than 3,001 16.0 - 19.5 3,001 – 4000 16.4 - 19.5 4,001 5000 17.1 - 19.5 5,001 – 6000 17.8 - 19.5 6,001 – 7000 18.5 - 19.5 7,001 – 8000 19.3 - 19.5 Above 8000 Exception does not apply.

Respirator Selection for non IDLH Environments If the work site atmosphere is found to be Non IDLH, the employer must provide employees with respirators appropriate for the contaminants concentration level, and physical characteristics (Particulates, or Gaseous). Respirators for protection against Particulates must be selected from - Appropriate NIOSH certified air supplied respirator, or - Air purifying respirator equipped with NIOSH certified 30 CFR 11HEPA (P-100) grade filter, or - Air purifying respirator equipped with NIOSH Certified filters under 42 CFR 84.

Voluntary Respirator Use In non-hazardous work site atmospheres, the employer may provide respirators at the request of employee’s or permit employee’s to use their own respirators, as long as such use in itself does not create a hazard. If voluntary respiratory use is permissible, the employer shall implement those elements of a written program concerning: - The employee’s medical status - Correct respirator selection - Instruction on respirator cleaning, maintenance and storage - Respirator protection capabilities and limitations NOTE: Filtering face pieces (dust masks) are exempt from the OSHA regulation when voluntarily used in documented non-hazardous work site atmospheres.

Q: Do I need to have a written respiratory protection program if only voluntary users wear respirators at my facility? A: It depends! NO , if the only respirators being worn voluntarily are filtering face pieces (dust masks) YES , if APR’s or PAPR’s are being used voluntarily. But when this is the case, your written program needs to include only the elements that pertain to voluntary users: - Medical Evaluations - Inspection - Care - Maintenance - Limitations

Types of Respirators • Air Purifying (APR) • Powered Air Purifying (PAPR) • Combination APR/Supplied Air • Supplied Air • Self Contained (SCBA)

Respiratory Hazards When we think of respiratory protection, what part of our body are we trying to protect? While most people will automatically answer “the lungs!” you are actually trying to protect not only the lungs but also the liver and through the liver all kinds of other internal organs. The hazard may, in fact, have no effect on the lungs at all but, if it gets into the bloodstream, it may have short-term or long-term adverse effects on any number of internal organs.

Types of Hazards There are two types of hazards that you are protecting against: 1. Dust and particulates which is measured in mg per M 3 . These enter the body and ultimately the blood stream through the lungs. 2. Vapors which are measured in parts per million (PPM). These enter directly into the blood stream by one of three methods, inhalation, ingestion or absorption. Vapors are more of an immediate hazard. Particulates are and can be dangerous but are usually chronic and not acute (see below). Chemical exposures are divided into two categories: 1. Acute - High concentrations which produce immediate affects. 2. Chronic - Low dose exposure which cause problems in later years.

Types of Hazards (cont.) The toxic affects for either may possibly be permanent or reversible. It is extremely important to know what affects hazards will have on the body. Medical issues - The affect for each person will differ. It will be influenced by smoking habits, alcohol consumption, medication and/or age. Both dusts and vapors are cataloged by their individual distinct dangers: • Anesthetics: Loss of feeling • Sensitizes: Cause physiological affects • Systemic poisons : Can produce cancer • Asphyxiants: Inert substances dilute 02 • Chemical asphyxiants: Low concentrations interfere with supply of oxygen in the body

Physical Symptoms of Oxygen Deficiency Level Symptoms 20.9% Minimum oxygen in normal air 19.5% Increased Pulse and respiration, impaired judgment, coordination loss 12.0% Very hard to breath, fatigue, faulty judgment poor circulation, symptoms in seconds 10% Nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness 6-0% Convulsions, gasping respiration, cessation of breathing, cardiac arrest, death.

Understanding the Respiratory Factor A respirator protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection a respirator design provides to the wearer... The protection factor is the THEORETICAL ratio of an ambient airborne substance to the concentration of the substance inside the respirator that we would expect to see as a consequence of the respirator design no matter who is wearing the respirator.

Protection Factors Data Respirator Protection Factor 1/2 Mask w/Organic Vapor or Hepa 10 Full Face W/Organic Cartridge or Hepa 50 PARP Loose Fitting 25 PAPR w/HEPA (full face) 1000 PAPR w/Vapor Cartridge Full Face 25 Airline 1/2 mask, continuous flow, demand type 10 Airline Full Face Continuous Flow, demand type 100 Self Contained, demand type half face 10 Self Contained, demand type full face 100 Airline Full Face Pressure Demand w/Escape 10,000 SCBA Pressure Demand 10,000

Defining the Terms Maximum concentration in which a respirator may be used is found by multiplying the TWA or PEL by the Protection Factor of the Respirator. Example - Exposure to toluene - PEL is 100 ppm For a 1/2 mask APR with an organic vapor cartridge the protection factor is 10. Therefore the maximum allowable concentration is = 100 x 10. You may work in 1000 ppm excluding other limitations. Limits of Exposure are based on an 8 hours day and a 40 hour week. The Time Weighted Average is the exposure limits averaged out over the number of hours worked. Example – 100 ppm total exposure divided by 8 hours is 12.5 ppm The Ceiling Limit is the maximum concentration to which an unprotected person may be exposed. The Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) - Some gases and vapors have an allowable max short term exposure limit which is higher than the eight hour TWA - STEL is calculated at 15 min. STEL exposures must not be repeated more than 4 times per day. Successive STEL exposures must be separated by least 1 hour.

Fit Testing Quantitative vs. qualitative testing • At or below 10 times the permissible exposure limit (PEL) then you must do a QUALITATIVE fit test. • Above ten times the PEL then you must do a QUANTITATIVE fit test. Respirators Should Be Selected According to : • The characteristics of the hazard • The capabilities and limitations of the respirator • The ability of each respirator wearer to obtain a satisfactory fit with the respirator

Air-Purifying Respirators Air purifying means simply that during inhalation, air is passed through a filter, cartridge, or canister which removes particles, vapors, gases, or combination of these contaminants. It is considered a negative pressure respirator. Particulate Respirators (Filtering Face Pieces, “Dust Masks”) without exhalation valve with exhalation valve

Air-Purifying Respirators (cont.) The most inexpensive, easy to use type of respiratory protection, the filtering face piece (more commonly referred to as the “dust masks”) can be used for most of the general cleanup work. They protect against most airborne particles. They are available with or without an exhalation valve. If they are going to be worn for an extended period of time or if they are going to be worn in a hot and/or humid environment, it is best to select one with an exhalation valve. Filtering Facepieces are also available with nuisance level odor filters from blocking most nuisance-level odors such as those encounter in moldy and musty areas. Half Mask APR Full Face APR

Air-Purifying Respirators (cont.) When more substantial protection is required, a half mask or full-face respirator is needed. Where chemical leaks or “Black Mold” are present an air-purifying respirator with the appropriate cartridge provides a higher degree of protection to keep contaminants out of the lungs. If the hazard is respiratory in nature only, a half-mask can be used. Some contaminants, however, can enter the blood stream through the eyes as well as the lungs. For optimal protection, workers should either wear goggles with a half-mask or switch to a full-face.

APR Limitations • APRs do not supply oxygen. • APRs may not be used in an IDLH environment. • APRs must be fit tested. • APRs are not approved for use in atmospheres with less than 19.5% oxygen.

Selecting the right cartridge Respirators and cartridges must be approved for the type and severity of conditions in which they are used. Cartridges protect only for the specific contaminants for which they are approved. Make sure it’s the right one for the job! Applications and approvals will be listed on the cartridges, charts and owners’ manual. Employers must now develop a cartridge change schedule for exposure to vapors. Employees must discard the cartridge prior to the end of the cartridge life for vaporous compounds. Under 1910.134(d) if there is no ESLI (Estimated Service Life Indicator) appropriate for conditions in the employers’ workplace, the employer must implement a change out schedule for canisters and cartridges that is based on objective information or data that will ensure cartridges are changed BEFORE the end of their service life.

Selecting the right cartridge (cont.) The type of date you should record for a cartridge service life schedule is: Hazard area identification Employees Name Nature of work performed Contaminant(s) Estimated or actual concentration level Temperature Humidity Breakthrough (smell, taste and or irritation) The employer can take the Lowest recorded breakthrough time, multiply it by a safety factory (OSHA 80% - EPA 60% and use this number as the change time).

Points to Remember about the ESLI & the protection factor Points to remember in using the ESLI and protection factor • Use the ESLI with caution for atmospheres containing mixtures. • Actual cartridge life may be less than the ESLI would estimate for a gas or vapor present alone. • The program does not calculate service times for mixtures directly. • Follow the OSHA recommended procedures for mixtures. • Do not use an ESLI with inaccurate or unreliable site specific data. • Organic Vapor contaminants having a boiling point of 65 0 c (149 0 F), cartridges must be changed at the end of each shift even if the ESLI would permit longer use. • Recalculate service time estimates if there are changes in concentration, humidity, temperature, work rate or work pattern. • If user experiences odor, taste or irritation from the contaminant before end of estimated time, immediately leave the area and change cartridges. • Follow an accelerated change schedule. If cartridge changes must be made too frequently, airline (supplied air) should be used. • OSHA no longer allows taste, smell or irritation to determine cartridge breakthrough (If you can taste or smell it or if it creates irritation, than you are already being exposed to the harmful vapors). • For protection against contaminants with poor warning properties a supplied air respirator should be used.

Understanding the Cartridge Color Code Cartridges are color coded for easy identification. The color code is shown here:

Particulate Filters A particulate is a fine solid or liquid that is in the air (dusts, fogs, fumes, smoke and spray). A contaminant may be a particulate, a vapor or a combination of both. Health affects • Particles larger than 15 microns are trapped in the nose • If they are between 5 and 10 they end up in the upper respiratory tract • If they are 0.5 and smaller they end up in the lungs • If they are smaller than 1/10 of a micron they will enter the blood stream through the lungs. New Efficiency Ratings • Minimum efficiency is 95% • The new N R & P99 minimum efficiency is 99% • The new N R & P100 minimum efficiency is 99.97%

Filter Ratings Filter Ratings N Series = Approved for non-oil particulate contaminants Examples: dusts, fumes, mists not containing oil R Series = Approved for all particulate contaminants Examples: dusts, fumes, mists (including those containing oil. Time restriction of 8 hours when oils are present P Series = Approved for all particulate contaminants. Examples: dusts, fumes, mists (including those containing oil) Manufacturers time use restrictions apply Oil vs. Non-Oil Note: Lead, Arsenic, Asbestos, Metheylene, Dianiline, Cotton Dust and Cadmium require a 100 class filter. Likely Oil Compounds Non-Oil Substances Mineral Oil Water Based Pesticides Vegetable Oils Cadmium Glycerin Chromic Acid PCB’s Cotton Dust Asphalt Fumes Silica Oil/Solvent based pesticides Asbestos, Wood Dust, Paint Spray

Limitations of Particulate Filters They do not supply oxygen They may not be used in an IDLH environment They do not protect against vapors and gases

Wearing an APR • Check the respirator for worn, cracked, corroded or brittle parts. • Do a positive and negative pressure check

Part 2 – Air Supplying Respirators Air supplying respirators deliver to the wearer, air independent of ambient atmospheric conditions. They are available in 3 formats: • Continuous Flow • Pressure Demand Positive pressure • Combination All three are Positive Pressure Because breathing atmosphere is independent of ambient atmospheric conditions, air supplying respirators provide protection against oxygen deficiency and toxic atmospheres. Air supplying respirators supply air independently of ambient atmospheric conditions. The air that the user breathes comes from an ambient air pump, a compressor or cylinders. All Continuous flow and pressure demand airline respirators must be supplied from an air source which provides grade “D” or better breathable air at all times. WARNING: Never use Compressed Oxygen in place of breathable air. Use of air supplying respirators in IDLH atmospheres is limited to specific devices under specific conditions. It is possible to “out breathe” the air supply.

Air-Supplied, Non-IDLH • Continuous Flow Airline Respirators (CFAR) and Pressure Demand Airline Respirators (PDAR) must not be used in IDLH atmospheres, or poorly ventilated areas for firefighting or non approved abrasive blasting. • CFAR & PDAR must not be used in contaminant levels higher than applicable OHSA, EPA or NIOSH regulations • CFAR & PDAR must not be used in atmospheres containing less than 19.5% oxygen. • CFAR & PDAR must use repairable air piping, hose, fitting and couplings that are incompatible with non-breathing air equipment • CFAR & PDAR must only use hose couplings at the air source and respirator connection points. • Full face piece lenses must be treated with anti-fog agent if the mask is used in temperatures of 32F or below. • CFAR & PDAR with supplemental air-purifying elements must remove elements before cleaning/sanitizing. Always replace elements after water spray decontamination.

Air-Supplied, Non-IDLH (cont.) Breathing air compressors must be constructed and situated so that contaminated air cannot be drawn in through the intake. Breathing air compressors must be equipped with a suitable in line air purifying absorbent bed and filter. All airline respirators must use the manufacturers NIOSH approved breathing hose. Airline respirators may be used with up to 300 feet of the manufacturers breathing hose from the point of attachment. Dedicated “Quick Connect couplers must be used on all breathing air hose, and only at the respirator and air source connection points. All other hose connection points between these two points must be threaded. If the compressor is oil lubricated, it must be equipped with a high temperature alarm or carbon monoxide alarm or both. Breathing air couplings must be incompatible with those for plant air.

Air Supplied Respirators IDLH grade Air supplied respirators IDLH grade IDLH atmosphere is one in which a worker may be subject to acute health hazards or death without uninterrupted supply of safe breathing air. For a respirator to be considered IDLH grade, it must be: • Positive Pressure (Pressure Demand) • Supply the user Control of their Breathing air for Safe Egress Three Types 1. Pressure Demand Airline with PDAR/EEBA 2. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (EEBA) 3. Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus

Demand Only • Delivers air through a demand valve to a tight fitting mask. • Demand valve only permits flow when pressure inside the mask is less than ambient outside pressure. • The demand valve shuts off when pressure inside the mask is greater than that outside. Positive pressure/pressure demand respirators are equipped with a regulator that maintains a constant positive pressure of 6CFM inside the mask. Because pressure is greater, leakage is outward, never inward.

Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus (EEBA) An EEBA is comprised of 4 major components: 1. Tight fitting (neck) Hood 2. Air Regulator/Delivery System 3. Carry Bag & Strap 4. Air Cylinder (5-10 min. duration) Unlike the pressure demand function of an SCBA, the EEBA’s regulator supplies a positive metered flow of air (42-72 lpm) which guarantees their designed 5-10 minute flow duration. EEBA’s are only for use in personal escape. Never use for entry into an IDLH atmosphere or rescue in place of a 30-60 minute SCBA. The EEBA must be inspected weekly and after each use.

Combination Self Contained Breathing Apparatus with Escape Bottle PDAR/EEBA is comprised of 7 major components: 1. Full Facepiece 2. Air Regulator/Delivery System 3. Belt or Harness 4. 5-10 Min. EEBA System 5. Supply Hose 6. Hose Couplers 7. Breathing Air Source Based on its’ lower profile design, lighter system weight and ability to source a larger volume of external breathing air, PDAR/EEBA’s offer the advantage of easier confined space entry/egress and extended work time. WARNING! - EEBA MUST NEVER BE USED FOR ENTRY INTO IDLH ATMOSPHERES

NFPA and NIOSH regulations on SCBA’s require: 1. Must have a minimum service life of 30 minutes 2. Must have NIOSH/MSHA approval 3. Must be pressure demand/positive pressure WARNING! - OLDER DEMAND TYPE MUST BE MODIFIED IMMEDIATELY TO CONFORM WITH CURRENT REGULATIONS

Respirator Use in Confined Spaces A confined space is an enclosure having limited means of entry/egress, lacking naturally occurring ventilation and not intended for continuous occupancy. All confined spaces are to be considered IDLH until pre-entry procedures prove otherwise. Air Quality in Confined Spaces • Before entering a confined space, determine the concentration of known or expected oxygen, flammable and toxic concentrations. • The safest procedure is to continually ventilate and monitor atmosphere. Air Purifying, Air line, and Demand respirators may only be worn in confined spaces if: 1. Testing shows an oxygen deficiency does not exist 2. Testing shows no IDLH atmosphere 3. While wearing an APR, the air must be continuously monitored. If testing determines the atmosphere to be IDLH: 1. Positive pressure SCBA must be worn 2. Positive pressure airline respirator with auxiliary self contained air supply for egress must be worn.

Fit Testing Every employee must pass a medical evaluation first, before he or she can be fit-tested. The fit test must be performed by a qualified person who has been properly trained. Medical Evaluations can be obtained from a licensed health care professional and must state that the worker has passed the evaluation. If the worker does not have the medical evaluation he should not be fit tested. QUALITATIVE PROCEDURE It is the employer’s responsibility to ensure that the persons administering qualitative fit tests are able to prepare test solutions, calibrate equipment, conduct tests properly, recognize invalid tests and assure that test equipment is in proper working order. All necessary equipment for conducting the irritant smoke test is included in the kit. Stannic Chloride (Irritant Smoke Test) Use N7500-82 or -83 cartridges. Describe test procedure and exercises the subject will be performing Tester: Wear Eye Protection, Break the tips off both ends of fresh tube, or remove protective caps from tube ends. Cut the tip off one of the protective caps provided and slip over one end of the type to prevent injury from sharp glass Insert other end of tube into aspirator bulb. Advise subject to keep eyes closed due to possible irritation. Have subject put on respirator, wear for 5 minutes prior to test Must have a mirror present to allow worker to properly position mask on their face. No eating, drinking, or smoking 30 minutes prior to the test. Prior to test, have test subject conduct user seal checks.

Bitrex aerosol fit tests for filtering face pieces (dust masks) Bitrex aerosol fit tests for filtering face pieces (dust masks) Connect the snaps at the top of the hood so that the connections help support the hood. Unscrew the solution well and squeeze bulb of the nebulizer marked #1 sensitivity test solution from the top portion and pour one teaspoon of the sensitivity test solution into the solution well. Unscrew the solution well and squeeze bulb of the nebulizer marked #2 fit test solution from the top portion and pour one teaspoonful of the fit test solution into the solution well. This test is done to assure that the person being fit tested can detect the taste of the test solution at very low levels. The Sensitivity is a very dilute version of the Fit Test Solution. The subject should not consume anything orally for at least 15 minutes before the test.

REFERENCE TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS ANSI = American National Standards Institute APF = Assigned Protection Factors APR = Air Purifying Respirator CEL = Ceiling Exposure Limit CFAR = Continuous Flow Airline Respirator CFR = Code of Federal Regulations EEBA = Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus ESLI = End of Service Life Indicator IDLH = Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health MSDS = Material Safety Data Sheet MSHA = Mine Safety and Health Administration NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration PAPR = Powered Air Purifying Respirator PDAR = Pressure Demand Airline Respirator PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit SCBA = Self Contained Breathing Apparatus STE L = Short Term Exposure Limit TLV - Threshold Limit Value TWA = Time Weighted Average

The Basics Of Respiratory Protection

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