MH370 & The Bayes theory [autosaved]
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The document discusses the application of Bayes' theorem in the context of the missing MH370 flight, highlighting its foundation in probability theory and its use in analyzing uncertainties. It provides statistical details about the flight and compares past applications of Bayes' theorem, such as in the Air France incident, emphasizing its potential for improving search efforts. The document concludes by noting the need for accurate historical data to apply Bayes' theorem effectively in locating the missing plane.
![MH370 & The Bayes theory [autosaved]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thebayestheoryautosaved-140315203339-phpapp02/85/MH370-The-Bayes-theory-autosaved-3-320.jpg)
![Why Not?
• Advocates of this theory said it
was also used in the search for the
black box of the ill-fated Air France
flight 447, which crashed in the
vast Atlantic Ocean in June 2009
• What took two years for other
experts in the search for the black
box, took only five days for
consultants who applied the Bayes’
Theorem, to finally find the device
12,000 feet under water.
• In the current search for flight
MH370, it is “highly unlikely” that
Bayes’ Theorem is being applied.
Air France Accident summary
Date 1 June 2009
Summary Entered high altitude stall,
impacted ocean
Site Atlantic Ocean
near waypoint TASIL
[1]
3°03′57″N 30°33′42″WCoordinat
es: 3°03′57″N 30°33′42″W
Passengers 216
Crew 12
Fatalities 228 (all)
Survivors 0
Aircraft type Airbus A330-203
Operator Air France
Registration F-GZCP
Flight origin Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Airport
Destination Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/thebayestheoryautosaved-140315203339-phpapp02/85/MH370-The-Bayes-theory-autosaved-22-320.jpg)
MH370 & The Bayes theory [autosaved]
- 1. the flight mh370 & bayes theory Masilamani Ramasamy - a scientific management expert (misilamani@yahoo.com) Masilamani Ramasamy Consultant Trainer
- 4. Bayes' Theorem • also called, Bayes' law or Bayes' rule • based on probability theory, mathematics and Statistics • named after Thomas Bayes (/ˈbeɪz/ 1701–1761) • Bayes suggested the theorem to update beliefs • Significantly edited and updated by Richard Price • Bayes' theorem “is to the theory of probability what Pythagoras's theorem is to geometry” -Harold Jeffreys
- 5. probability theory rooted in, • the science of Statistics • the science of Mathematics • the probability of an event occurring • the analysis of random phenomena
- 6. statistical theory gives, –ways of comparing statistical procedures –a best possible procedure for statistical problems –guidance on the choice between alternative procedures Passenger Identities Number China/Taiwan 154 Malaysia 38 India 5 Indonesia 7 Australia 6 France 4 USA 3 New Zealand 2 Canada 2 Russia 1 Italy 1 Netherlands 1 Austria 1
- 7. statistical theory covers – Statistical decision methods and problems – Statistical inferences or conclusions – actions and deductions To satisfy the basic principles stated for these different approaches. STATISTICS(FACTS) Aircraft: Malaysian Air Lines Aircraft Age: 11years 10 months Aircraft Type: Boeing 777 ER Flight No: MH370(shared with China Southern Airlines) Passengers travelled: 227 Crew Travelled: 12 Nationalities: 14 Take Off Time: 12.41 am From: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia To: Beijing, China
- 8. Statistics • is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of information or data • all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments are used
- 9. mathematical roots • Two mathematical results of Bayes Theorem are, –THE LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS, and –THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
- 10. law of large numbers (LLN) • Is a theorem • describes the result of performing the same experiment a large number of times • thus the average of results obtained should be close to the expected value, and • The result will tend to become closer to reality
- 11. central limit theorem (CLT) • the arithmetic mean of a sufficiently large number of iterates of independent random variables, each with a well-defined expected value and well-defined variance, will be approximately normally distributed • This will probably lead to a conclusion of the reality
- 12. normal distribution • suppose – sample contains a large number of observations, – each observation being randomly generated, – in a way that does not depend on the values of the other observations – that the arithmetic average of the observed values is computed, – and if this procedure is performed many times, – then central limit theorem says the computed values of the average will be a “normal distribution“ – The normal distribution is commonly known as a "bell curve"
- 13. Bayes' theorem is, • a result that is of importance in the mathematical manipulation of conditional probabilities • It is a result that derives from the more basic axioms of probability • It is a result that can lead to realistic conclusions
- 14. Bayesian (or epistemological) interpretation • probability measures a degree of belief • Bayes' theorem then links the degree of belief • in a proposition before and after accounting for evidence. • example, take a proposal that a biased coin is twice as likely to land heads than tails. – Degree of belief in this might initially be 50%. – The coin is then flipped a number of times to collect evidence. – Belief may rise to 70% if the evidence supports the proposition
- 15. axioms of probability probability is, • a game of chance • measures the real, physical tendency of something to occur • Measures how strongly one believes it will occur • draws on both these elements? • interprets the probability values of probability theory to answer the above questions
- 16. real life probability Event Or Occurrence Non-Random event Random Event Weather Seasonal Change, Local Climate Precipitation, Temperature on Specific Days Car Accidents Safe or Unsafe Driving Practices Specific Cars or Conditions Met on the Road Customers at Mall Hours Open, Time of the Day Specific Pattern of Customer Arrival State Lottery Decision About Games Available, Prices and Awards Numbers Drawn or Winning Patterns on Tickets Plane Crash Ability of Flight Captains, Security Measures Plane Engine Failure, Terrorists Intrusion Student Grades Amount of Time of study, Revision and Class Preparation Appearance of Specific questions on Tests
- 17. the search
- 18. why MH370 flight missing? • Its loss is a mystery • Many theories, probabilities and interpretations still remain • Inconclusive, inadequate and intriguing • Probably Bayes Theoretical approach would help • Scientists tend to believe in this theory as a probable lead to discovery of the missing plane
- 19. the theory that would not die • “It’s a very short, simple equation that says you can start out with hypothesis about something - and it doesn’t matter how good the hypothesis is,” • - Sharon Bertsch McGrayne
- 20. how because of, • this character of the formula • forcing researchers to change their hypothesis with each new information • that the probability becomes more accurate
- 21. the proof • Bayes’ Theorem “allows the organisation of available data with associated uncertainties and computation of the PDF • Scientists applied Bayes’ Theorem in the Air France incident of 2009 • French scientist Pierre Simon Laplace, helped locate German U-boats during World War II and spot Soviet submarines during the Cold War • More recently, it is used in Google's "driverless cars" project and in stock market predictions • PDF or the probability distribution function, identified the target location given these data"
- 22. Why Not? • Advocates of this theory said it was also used in the search for the black box of the ill-fated Air France flight 447, which crashed in the vast Atlantic Ocean in June 2009 • What took two years for other experts in the search for the black box, took only five days for consultants who applied the Bayes’ Theorem, to finally find the device 12,000 feet under water. • In the current search for flight MH370, it is “highly unlikely” that Bayes’ Theorem is being applied. Air France Accident summary Date 1 June 2009 Summary Entered high altitude stall, impacted ocean Site Atlantic Ocean near waypoint TASIL [1] 3°03′57″N 30°33′42″WCoordinat es: 3°03′57″N 30°33′42″W Passengers 216 Crew 12 Fatalities 228 (all) Survivors 0 Aircraft type Airbus A330-203 Operator Air France Registration F-GZCP Flight origin Rio de Janeiro–Galeão Airport Destination Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport
- 23. Inconclusive Theories about MH 370 • Sudden shut down of all flight systems • Sabotage by suspects • Hijackers on board • ‘Undesirable clients’ in the cockpit • Deep dive into ocean bed • Disgruntled or insane flight officer • Ill equipped management and security systems • Etc., etc., etc…..
- 24. learn from experience • Bayes' Theorem, –is all about learning from experience –one would need "reasonably accurate past experiences" for the theorem to work –in other words, to calculate accurately to locate the plane
- 25. find the plane • ‘go find the plane, with science in your bag, enough of spiritual and emotional beliefs and traditional methods’-masi
- 26. thanks • Malaysian government reports/statements • Wikipedia.com • Malaysiakini Radio/TV and the Media • Photo Gallery • Gayesian experts like Sharon Bertsch McGrayne