The Bot Stops Here: Removing the BotNet Threat - Public and Higher Ed Security Summit - Eric Vanderburg
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The document presents an in-depth analysis of botnets, discussing their characteristics, protocols, and the threats they pose to networks, particularly emphasizing the vulnerabilities within educational institutions. It outlines botnet operations, including command and control mechanisms, propagation methods, and detection and prevention strategies. The document concludes with guidelines for incident response and tools for mitigating botnet threats.
The Bot Stops Here: Removing the BotNet Threat - Public and Higher Ed Security Summit - Eric Vanderburg
- 1. The Bot Stops Here: Removing the BotNet Threat Eric Vanderburg JurInnov, Ltd. April 25, 2012 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 2. Presentation Overview • The Internet is always attacking you but are you attacking the Internet? • Botnet overview • Defining the threat • Command and Control servers • Propagation • Detection • Prevention • Response 1 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 3. Botnet Overview • Bot – Program that performs automated tasks – Remote controlled – AKA: zombie or drone • Botnet – collection of bots remotely controlled and working together to perform tasks • Bot herder – bot master 2 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 4. Facts • 40% of infected machines have 1 or more bots • Zeus bot is responsible for losses greater than $100 million 2011 Damballa threat report SC Magazine, April 2012 3 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 5. Why are universities particularly susceptible? • Lack of control over machines • Silos for research or classroom projects • A culture of information sharing with minimal boundaries and controls • Heavy recreational use of network resources including P2P, chat, IRC, games, and social networking. • Ideal target for attackers – many hosts – large Internet pipe – Mail and other tempting services 4 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 6. Threat defined – What is done with botnets? • DDoS • Spam • Distribute copyrighted material – Torrents • Data mining • Hacking • Spread itself 5 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 7. 2007 Zeus • Phishing w/ customizable data 2007 collection Cutwail methods • 2008 DDoS Spam, C&C • Web based Mariposa (Butterfly) 2003 RBot 1999 Pretty Park • • Harvests email addresses Rented TDSS • Stealthy and difficultspace for 2008 botnet to detect • Encrypts • Used IRC for C&C & updates itself • Rootkit 2004 PolyBot • Sold andSetsDDoS, and theft is rented “licensed” to hackers •spam, up a proxy that of 1999& email harvesting SubSevenAdmin shell access • • ICQ • data theft Email Delivery: information for personal for anonymous web to other Used IRC GTBot • Builds on AgoBot for C&C 2005 MyTob 2000 • •DoS • Polymorphs through encrypted Delivery: • • Bounce (relay)• IRC traffic Keylogger, • Delivery:access MSN, P2P, USB Keylogger • DDoS, web form Phishing, Social Networking • • • Portshell access encapsulation webcam capture Delivery: Trojan embedded Admin scan collection, • Delivery: email spam using in software • DDoS MyDoom w/ own SMTP server • Delivery: email History 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2002 SDBot 2009 Koobface 2006 Rustock • Keylogger 2002 AgoBot • • 2007 DDoS Installs pay-per-install Spam, Storm • Delivery: WebDav and • Modular design • •Uses rootkit tomalware hide MSSQL vulnerabilities, Spam • Delivery: Social Networking 2003 SpyBot • DDoS • Encrypts spam in TLS DameWare remote mgmt Dynamic • • Builds on SDBot Hides with rootkit tech • •Robust C&C fast flux C&C DNS network (over software, password guessing detection • Malware re-encoded twice/hr • • Customizable to avoid Turns off antivirus on common MS ports & web form Defends itself with DDoS •2500 domains) • • DDoS,host file Modifies Keylogger, • •Delivery: email common backdoors collection, (Kazaa, Grokster, • Delivery: P2P clipboard logging, Sold and “licensed” • Delivery: Email enticement for webcam capture BearShare, Limewire) free music • Delivery: SDBot + P2P 6 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 8. Life Cycle Exploit Rally Preserve Inventory Await instructions Update Execute Report • Exploit – – – – – Malicious code Unpatched vulnerabilities Trojan Password guessing Phish • Rally - Reporting in – Log into designated IRC channel and PM master – Make connection to http server – Post data to FTP or http form 7 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Clean up
- 9. Life Cycle Exploit Rally Preserve Inventory Await instructions Update Execute Report Clean up Agobot host control commands • Preserve – Alter A/V dll’s – Modify Hosts file to prevent A/V updates – Remove default shares (IPC$, ADMIN$, C$) – Rootkit – Encrypt – Polymorph – Retrieve Anti-A/V module – Turn off A/V or firewall services – Kill A/V, firewall or debugging processes 8 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved. <preserve> <pctrl.kill “Mcdetect.exe”/> < pctrl.kill “avgupsvc.exe”/> < pctrl.kill “avgamsvr.exe”/> < pctrl.kill “ccapp.exe”/> </preserve>
- 10. Life Cycle Exploit Rally Preserve Inventory Await instructions Update Execute Report Clean up • Inventory – determine capabilities such as RAM, HDD, Processor, Bandwidth, and pre-installed tools • Await instructions from C&C server • Update – Download payload/exploit – Update C&C lists 9 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 11. Life Cycle Exploit Rally Preserve Inventory Await instructions Update • Execute commands – – – – – – – DDoS Spam Harvest emails Keylog Screen capture Webcam stream Steal data • Report back to C&C server • Clean up - Erase evidence 10 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Execute Report Clean up
- 12. Propagation • Scan for windows shares and guess passwords ($PRINT, C$, D$, E$, ADMIN$, IPC$) – find usernames, guess passwords from list – Remember to use strong passwords Agobot propagation functions 11 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 13. Propagation • Use backdoors from common trojans • P2P – makes files available with enticing names hoping to be downloaded. File names consist of celebrity or model names, games, and popular applications • Social networking – Facebook posts or messages that provides a link (Koobface worm) 12 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 14. Propagation • SPIM – Message contact list – Send friend requests to contacts from email lists or harvested IM contacts from the Internet • Email – Harvests email addresses from ASCII files such as html, php, asp, txt and csv – uses own SMTP engine and guesses the mail server by putting mx, mail, smpt, mx1, mail1, relay or ns in front of the domain name. 13 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 15. Command and Control • C&C or C2 • Networked with redundancy • Dynamic DNS with short TTL for C&C IP (weakness is the DNS, not the C&C server) • Daily rotating encrypted C&C hostnames • Alternate control channels (Ex: Researchers in 2004 redirected C&C to monitoring server) 14 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 16. Command and Control – Web or FTP server • instructions in a file users download • Bots report in and hacker uses connection log to know which ones are live • Bots tracked in URL data • Commands sent via push or pull method – Peer-to-peer – programming can be sent from any peer and discovery is possible from any peer so the network can be disrupted without the C&C server. – Social networking – Instant Messaging 15 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 17. Botnet commands - Agobot • Commands are sent as PRIVMSG, NOTICE or TOPIC IRC messages 16 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 18. Detecting bots • Monitor port statistics on network equipment and alert when machines utilize more than average – Gather with SNMP, netflow, or first stage probes (sniffers) attached to port mirrored ports on switches. • Wireshark • Real time netflow analyzer- Solarwinds free netflow tool • Small Operation Center or MRTG – free SNMP/syslog server with dashboard • SNARE – event log monitoring (Linux & Windows agents) 17 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 19. Detecting bots - Stager • Stager (Latest version 4.1) – Monitors network statistics using netflow based on nfdump . https://trac.uninett.no/stager 18 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 20. Detecting bots - Firewall • ASDM – Cisco ASA and PIX 19 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 21. Detecting bots - Darknet • Network telescope (darknet) – collector on an unused network address space that monitors whatever it receives but does not communicate back. • Most traffic it receives is illegitimate and it can find random scanning worms and internet backscatter (unsolicited commercial or network control messages). • How to set up a darknet http://www.team-cymru.org/Services/darknets.html 20 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 22. Detecting C&C • Ourmon (linux/FreeBSD tool) – detects network anomalies and correlate it with IRC channel traffic. • Stats generated every 30sec • Application layer analytics • Claims from ourmon.sourceforge.net/ – – – – – – – – Monitor TCP (syndump), and UDP (udpreport) flows Log all DNS query responses network wide Measure basic network traffic statistically Catch "unexpected" mail relays Catch botnets Spot infections with random "zero-day" malware Spot attacks from the inside or outside See what protocols are taking up the most bandwidth 21 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 23. Prevention – Vulnerability scanning • Vulnerability scanning – scan and fix vulnerabilities found. Identify and protect machines that could be potential bots. – Nexpose • Free for up to 32 IP – OpenVAS (Vulnerability Assessment System) • Linux • VM available (resource intensive) – Greenbone Desktop Suite (uses OpenVAS) • Windows XP/Vista/7 – MBSA (Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer) – Secunia PSI (local Windows machine scanning only) 22 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 24. Prevention – A/V and Anti-malware • • • • • • • AVG (Grisoft) – free for home use Ad-aware (Lavasoft) - free Repelit (itSoftware) McAfee Microsoft Security Essentials (free up to 10 PCs) Symantec Spybot Search and Destroy - free 23 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 25. Prevention • Personal firewall • Firewall – SmoothWall – M0n0wall • IPS/IDS – Snort – Network IDS • BASE – web front-end for Snort – OSSEC – Host IDS • Web filtering • SPAM filtering (incoming & outgoing) • Disable VPN split tunnel 24 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 26. Prevention • Read only virtual desktops • Software – Software restrictions and auditing – Sandbox software before deployment • Patch management • NAC (Network Access Control) – A/V & patches 25 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 27. Response • Incident response – Determine scope – Determine if it constitutes a breach and therefore notification – Analyze - Is any evidence needed? • Toolkit – Process Monitor – Rootkit Revealer – Hiren BootCD 15.1 has a variety of tools (http://www.hiren.info/pages/bootcd) – Clean the device 26 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
- 28. Thanks Enjoy the summit Acknowledgements: • Bot command tables obtained from “An Inside Look at Botnets” by Vinod Yegneswaran • The programs depicted in this presentation are owned by their respective authors 27 © 2012 JurInnov Ltd. All Rights Reserved.