The composition and origin of atmosphere
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The document discusses the composition and origin of the atmosphere. It describes that the atmosphere is made up of permanent gases like nitrogen and oxygen as well as variable gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. It then outlines the vertical layers of the atmosphere from troposphere to exosphere and their characteristics. Finally, it discusses the three stages in the origin of the earth's atmosphere from the initial solar composition atmosphere to the present oxidizing atmosphere containing oxygen and nitrogen.
The composition and origin of atmosphere
- 1. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 120/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de The composition and Origin of Atmosphere By Kelvin Osadebe
- 2. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 220/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de OUTLINE: Overview of Atmosphere Composition of Atmosphere Vertical Structure of Atmosphere Origin of Atmosphere
- 3. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 320/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Overview of Atmosphere Atmosphere is a mixture of Gases, solid particles and Water droplets It comprises of Permanent and Variable gases METHANE
- 4. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 420/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Composition of Atmosphere Permanent gases: Permanent Gases of the Atmosphere Constituent Formula Percent by Volume Molecular weight Nitrogen N2 78.08 28.01 Oxygen O2 20.95 32 Argon Ar 0.93 39.93 Neon Ne 0.002 20.18 Helium He 0.0005 4 Krypton Kr 0.0001 83.8 Xenon Xe 0.00009 131.3 Hydrogen H2 0.00005 2.02 Permanent gases are gases that their concentration has remained virtually the same for much of Earth history Major gases: Nitrogen and Oxygen
- 5. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 520/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Composition of Atmosphere Variable Gases of the Atmosphere Constituent Formula Percent by Volume Molecular weight Water Vapour H2O 0.25 18.01 Carbon dioxide CO2 0.036 44.01 Ozone O3 0.01 48 Variable gases Present in small and variable amount Carbon dioxide, methane, Ozone , water vapour and particulates (Aerosols) Exert control over our environment
- 6. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 620/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Temperature layer Of the Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere http://burro.cwru.edu/Academics/Astro201/Atmosphere/structure.jpg
- 7. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 720/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere http://jcbmac.chem.brown.edu/myl/ct7/ozone/Tropos phere2.jpeg Troposphere Temperature decreases with Altitude Thinnest layer: (8 to 18km, Avg 11km) It is the place where weather occurs Components: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, water vapour etc Contains 75% of total mass 99% of total mass of water vapour and aerosols
- 8. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 820/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Stratosphere Temperature increases with height Absorption of UV radiation by Ozone layer About 50km from Earth surface Ozone layer protects us from harmful UV radiation http://www.airpano.com/360Degree-VirtualTour.php?3D=Stratosphere- Caucasus
- 9. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 920/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/10/asteroid-strike-simulator- earth_n_5792752.html Mesosphere Temperature decreases with height Coldest region in the Atmosphere up to -90oc From 50 to 80km above Earth surface Burnt up meteorites known as shooting stars
- 10. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1020/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/thermosphere-overview Thermosphere Temperature increases with height Distance is from 85km to between 500km and 1000km Much absorption of UV radiation and X- ray from the sun Gas components: Atomic Oxygen, Atomic Nitrogen and Helium Temperature is high as 2000 degree Celsius Aurora mostly occur here
- 11. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1120/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Exosphere Uppermost layer of the Atmosphere Ranges from about 1000km to around 190000km Contains lightest gases mainly Hydrogen, helium and Atomic Oxygen https://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/exosphere- overview
- 12. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1220/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Origin of the Earth’s atmosphere https://scijinks.gov/atmosphere-formation First Atmosphere: Solar composition – Hydrogen and Helium Blown away by solar wind Mean speed greater than escape velocity Occurred 4.6 billion years ago
- 13. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1320/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Origin of the Earth’s atmosphere Second Atmosphere: Formed from out gassing Chemically reduced gas components (not containing O2) Occurred 3.6 billions years ago Component also include CH4, CO2 , NH3 and H2O https://scijinks.gov/atmosphere-formation
- 14. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1420/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Origin of the Earth’s atmosphere https://scijinks.gov/atmosphere-formation Third (Present) atmosphere Chemically oxidizing atmosphere 2CO2 + UV-radiation → 2CO + O2 2H2O + UV-radiation → 2H2 + O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + hv + Chlorophyll → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Oxygen (21%), Nitrogen (78%) Small amount of water vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases About 2.4 billions years existed
- 15. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1520/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Summary The Atmosphere protects us from Ultraviolet radiation The atmosphere supports life on Earth e.g breathing, plants and animals The Atmosphere protects us from Debris of Comets, Asteroid or Meteoroid.
- 16. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1620/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Thank You
- 17. The composition and Origin of Atmosphere 1720/11/2017Kosadebe@uni-bremen.de Resources Aguado (2010). Understanding Weather and Climate, Fifth Edition McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopaedia of Science & Technology (1984). Troposphere: “It contains about four-fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere” Wallace, John M. & Peter V. Hobbs. Atmospheric Science; an Introductory Survey. Elsevier. Second Edition, 2006 Science Hijinks (2017). “How did Earth Atmosphere form?” Susan Twardy (2003); Earth's Atmosphere Layers UCAR-Centre for Science Education, (2008). Thermosphere – Overview