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Lobbying and United States
LOBBYING
Introduction
Any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized on the basis of one or
more shared concerns, attempts to influence public policy in its favour. All interest groups share a
desire to affect opinion or policy of the policy makers or target group to benefit themselves or their
causes. Their goal could be a policy that exclusively benefits group members. They attempt to achieve
their goals by lobbying that is, by attempting to bring pressure to bear on policy makers to gain policy
outcomes in their favour. Interest groups are a natural outgrowth of the communities of interest that
exist in all societies. Politics and interests are inseparable. The common goals and sources of interest
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But by far the largest component of this category is government in its many forms. At the national
level, government agencies, such as the British Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs,
lobby on their own behalf to secure funding or to prioritize certain issues; at the regional level, public
universities lobby the appropriate government (e.g., provincial governments in Canada and state
governments in the United States) for funding or legislation that benefits them; at the local level,
school boards may lobby the local government for money for a new school gymnasium or for more
funding for educational programs. At the international level, the United Nations may lobby its
members to pay their outstanding contributions to the organization or to carry out Security Council
resolutions. Although formally organized associations play a predominant role in traditional lobbying
efforts, non associational groups and interests often have an important influence. Such interests lack a
formal organization or permanent structure. They include spontaneous protest movements formed in
reaction to a particular policy or event and informal groups of citizens and officials of public or
private organizations. For example, French farmers have sometimes held up traffic in Paris to protest
government agricultural policy.
The role of interest groups in public policy making: pluralist
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Chapter Summary Of Prisoners Of Geography By Tom Marshall
Prisoners of Geography by Tom Marshall is a creatively written book that explores the effect an
environment has on one s life. Marshall illustrates the histories of ten contrasting regions and how
their geographies have shaped the way they live today.
The book is introduced with Russia. Although seventy five percent of Russia s population expands
into Asia, it is not considered to be an Asian power, essentially because only a limited 22 percent of its
population lives there. A majority or Russia s wealth comes from Siberia. Siberia carries a great deal
of minerals, oil and gas. The second chapter focuses on China. China is one of the fastest growing
countries with a whopping population of 1.4 billion people. Along with an expanding community,
China has also recently become a naval power, after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter four targets western Europe. Western Europe has the biggest economy in the world, this may
be a result of the long, navigable rivers, that were made for trading and transporting goods. It may also
be considered the origin of the modern world. The fifth chapter relates to Africa. Africa is commonly
known as a less successful region. Many of its rivers are counterproductive, as you encounter a
waterfall every few miles. The one river that is effective is its most popular, the Nile River. Because
borders in Africa are artificial, many ethnic conflicts arise. The next chapter is about the Middle East.
The Middle East contains the world s largest sand desert called the Rub al Khali or Empty Quarter .
The Middle East is also home to several countries in poverty, and the familiar terrorist organization
ISIS. The seventh chapter focuses on India and Pakistan. Although they were once a single country,
Pakistan and India can agree on one thing, they don t want to be around the other. India is a striving
country with a rich economy, while Pakistan is the complete opposite. The countries have had
countless wars over

Thomas Wolsey s fall from power Essay example
The most important reason for Wolsey s fall from power was his failure to obtain a divorce. How far
do you agree? Wolsey was a cardinal and statesman, Henry s lord chancellor and most faithful servant,
whom he was most reliant upon. From 1515 to 1529 Wolsey s rule was undisputed. Henry VIII
delegated more and more state business to him, including near complete control of England s foreign
policy. Wolsey s finest hour was arranging the Field of Cloth of Gold. Wolsey used his wealth to
indulge his passion for building, his grand style of living made him increasingly unpopular. Wolsey s
failure to arrange an annulment for Henry was quickly followed by his downfall. In this essay I will
look how far this was the main reason for his collapse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Catherine was not willing to let go easily as this meant her child Mary could be made illegitimate, she
was also a strong Catholic and believed that she was supposed to be Queen of England. She refused to
go to a convent and refused to go to the hearing in London, which is why she appealed in Rome, this
gave her a stronger chance to win her case. Another strong reason was the fact that Charles V, the
Holy Roman Emperor and Catharine s nephew was holding the Pope hostage and had him under
house arrest. Charles V had invaded Italy and therefore the Pope was in no position to agree a divorce
(considering the family connections). In normal circumstances he may have gotten the divorce. When
the final failure of Wolsey s efforts to secure the divorce became apparent the king turned on his once
faithful and most trusted servant. Henry felt let down and Wolsey was no longer useful. In addition
Wolsey was becoming less successful as on the political front Charles V had taken Italy while Francis
I had grown tired of the war and sought peace. In this he abandoned Italy to Charles, and they agreed
on a Treaty at Cambrai which Henry effectively ignored. As a result Wolsey`s grand plan for
conservative reform and England holding the balance of power in Europe fell. Henry seized the
initiative from an absent Wolsey and so the relationship between them worsened. He stopped listening
to Wolsey and turned to other advisers and suggestions like of Crammer and

Coccus Research Paper
Streptococcus agalactiae also called group B streptococcus (GBS) by Lancefield classification. GBS is
gram positive coccus that tends to form chains, and is part of the normal flora of the genitourinary
tract. GBS is a leading cause of newborn early onset disease (EOD)[1, 2], and has highly morbidities
and mortality rate[3]. It also associated with invasive disease in adult especially older people over 65
ages[4]. When GBS infects of blood it cause sepsis, infection in the lungs causes pneumonia, infection
in the fluid and lining around the brain will cause meningitis[5]. GBS capsular polysaccharide (cps) is
the most important virulence factor and now there is ten capsular serotypes have characterized[6],
serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, IV,

The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button Comparison Essay
In 2008, David Fincher made a movie adapted from the short story The Curious Case Of Benjamin
Button by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Both the movie and the book follow the life of the main character
Benjamin Button. The theme of the story remains the same; man who is born old and ages backwards.
The movie differs from the short story immensely because Benjamin is introduced differently, has a
different love interest and a different child.
In my opinion the birth of Benjamin Button is the most important difference in the story.
In the short story Benjamin is born differently than in the movie. For example, in the book Benjamin
is born a talking old man, while in the movie Benjamin is first seen as a crying elderly baby. Although
it s odd for Benjamin to both start and end his journey as a baby, I feel it was a better change to the
story to have him born as a baby instead of an old man because it is more realistic. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in the short story Benjamin falls in love with a girl named Hildergarde,they soon
become husband and wife after meeting but are driven apart when Benjamin s age gets in the way.
While in the movie Benjamin ends up falling for a girl named Daisy whom he never marries due to
him growing younger and her older. I think that changing his love interest was important for the movie
because it was dramatic seeing the struggles Benjamin and Daisy were faced with. Although he never
married Daisy I feel there love was more evident then in Benjamin s relationship with

A Study of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVILLANCE ACT This act was created in 1978. It proposes
methods for gaining judicial permission in order to carry out physical and technological search for a
person, who might be a terrorist threat for USA, on behalf of a foreign power. In 1970, a man named
Christopher H. Pyle discovered that the US army intelligence had hired 1500 officers whose job was
to spy on protest or public demonstration that involved more than 20 people. This shocking news
immediately captured the attention of Senator Sam Ervin, who was the chairman of a sub committee
of senate related to constitutional rights. Though Sam Ervin strongly condemned this act of US
intelligence but he had very little authority to take a step against it. It was due to brave men like
Christopher H. Pyle and Senator Sam Ervin that people came to know that how the government was
ignoring and violating the provisions to the constitution. This violation of rules and laws by the
government led towards the formulation of foreign intelligence surveillance act. The primary feature
of this act was as follows; the creation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISA Court )
which allows the executive branch to secretly obtain warrants for electronic surveillance but only with
strict judicial review Previously there were seven members of foreign intelligence surveillance act
court but now the number has been extended to eleven. All of these members are appointed by the
chief justice of

Irish In America Analysis
Discovering the metaphorical pot of gold at the end of the rainbow was a long and arduous journey for
Irish immigrants. The journey was full of unexpected obstacle to overcome on the path to freedom in
the land of opportunity known as America. Of factors leading the Irish to emigrate from Ireland to
America in between 1700 1800, the most significant were due to political and economic misfortunes
suffered by Irish residents who fell victim to English rule. The film, The Irish in America notes 1800
as being the year that Irish parliament was abolished by an act that place Ireland under the rule of
English governing. However, as early as the 1700s, were experiencing religious oppression and
economic exploitation. Irish in America traces religious

Persuasive Essay On Crime
In the United States 10,000 robberies occur daily, 3,200 of those robbery victims are never given
justice. Of those 3,200 victims, most are still looking for justice because they had under 200 dollars
worth of goods stolen. In the state of Pennsylvania if a robber takes less that 200 dollars of goods it is
only a misdemeanor charge, which has little impact on a permanent record. In my opinion, any
robbery should be charged as a felony in the first degree, accompanied by a permanent mark on a
record, as well as, a fine and possible jail time. Our community contains a suburban area, with rural
areas close, which seems to leave many by robberies without charges and free in our community. In a
big city, only 25 percent of robbers go free without charge. Although in a suburban area, which much
of which our school district includes, 30 percent of robberies escape without charge. In the more rural
areas the percentage is even higher, a recorded 41 percent rate of no charge. With less robbers charged,
it increases the chance for them to do it again and at a more dangerous level. It does not matter to a
victim as to the reason a robber might be left on the street, the result is people are left in fear of being
a victim to a crime. As a victim of a robbery, I understand all to well leaving with fear of a theft.
Earlier this summer after my family headed off to work, and I was asleep in what should be a safe
environment when my home was robbed. Two men pried open

Canadian Military Improvements
Throughout the 20th century, the Canadian military has improved. WW1 and 2 brought on a new era
of weapons and technologies. During the Cold War; Canada only exported weapons and supplies to
the US mostly. There were other wars like the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War that helped Canada
bring new things to the table. But throughout the past few decades, the major ways that the Canadian
Military has improved, includes; diversity, military technological improvements, and soldier
treatment. During World War 1 the majority of men went off to fight in the war, the factories back at
home needed people to work in them so; women were allowed to work in those factories. But when
WW1 ended and men came home, women had to give up their factory jobs and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
A former U.S. admiral who follows NATO closely, is dismayed at the decline of the RCN. Even if
there were improvements to the Canadian military, it declines. The Canadian government had planned
to send its flagship destroyer, HMCS Athabaskan, as a strong signal to the Russians , whose ships and
aircraft have also been bumping up against Canada s territorial claims in the Arctic. [Gilmore, Scott,
and Meagan Campbell. [ The Sinking Of The Canadian Navy. ]. But the 43 year old Athabaskan was
no longer sea worthy . The ship was in pretty bad shape. Until recently that the Athabaskan had two
sister ships that could have replaced it in at the Trident Juncture ( Global Military (Land, Sea, and Air)
Exercise), but both were decommissioned as no longer seaworthy. After years and maybe even
decades of neglect, budget cuts and delays, the RCN have no more destroyers. Hansen believes that
the only message now that is being sent to Moscow, Russia is that Canada s Navy has crapped out and
they [the Russians] don t have to be worried . The new technologies that have improved the Canadian
ships are: new remote weapon systems, which includes new weapons such as a 50 Cal HMG loaded
with C44 armor piercing ammunition, sea

Lying Definition Essay
What defines a lie, and what do people believe about lying? Well, a lie is a false statement made with
deliberate intent to deceive, and certain people think that lying can be effective in different situations.
As many people know, lying is often seen as a horrible trait. In some situations, lying can be used to
benefit on or the other. These four articles, information about when lying appropriate, when to use lie,
and/or how to lie. This point of view justifies how lying can be a benefit to the liar, and to others. To
begin with, there are multiple of ways to lie, and different ways that lying can justified. Lying can be
used for the greater good, or in negative ways. For example, Tim, 18, said the key to being good at
lying is to keep it simple. If you get caught in a lie, he said, tell another one, and then tell another one
to cover that one up, but keep it simple. You keep it simple so you can recap it in your head and keep
your story straight. (Article 4). This shows that lying to people is terrible. However, lying is an option
in order to escape from another lie. Since lying is not positive, it is not very ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To others, it is okay if you do it in a right way. The key to lying is not to tell a whole lie or a whole
truth. This shows that when lying you should not tell a whole lie, or a whole truth. When lying, it is
crucial to keep it simple in order to lie the right way without other details. For example, Among the
groups most likely to say lying is sometimes OK: people aged 18 29, college graduates and those with
higher household incomes. People have this idea that lying is bad. (Article 1). This demonstrates that
most people have an idea that lying is bad. One can also see from this view is that some groups justify
lying, and believe that it is okay. The author of this article wants the reader to understand that there are
ways to tell a lie and that lying under some circumstances may be

Romanov Dynasty Case Study
There are many reasons behind the decline and fall of the Romanov Dynasty but I believe these are
the five main reasons why it occurred. The first two reasons are the socio economic struggle faced by
the Russian working class and the disappointment among Russian troops, which can be related to as
factors of the First World War. Secondly, another two reasons are the effects of failed reforms and the
role of the Siberian freak Rasputin, which can be categorised as reasons, linked to Nicholas II s
leadership. Finally, the last main reason is the mass scale and organisation of protests.
I believe that the First World War is the most significant factor in the decline and fall of the Romanov
dynasty, but in this case you could argue that either Nicholas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One massive event that occurred in 1905 was Bloody Sunday. This was a devastating event, which
occurred in Russia due to innocent people wanting justice and protection. The people wanted to reduce
the working day to eight hours. They also wanted the employers and administrators to provide medical
care in the workplace. Over these few days of protesting 1000 people were trampled on to death.
Moreover, the 1917 revolution led to Nicholas abdication. One of the main reasons for Nicholas
abdication was due to the mass amount of workers rights protests in February 1917. They grew so big
because of a series of uncoordinated strikes in the capital that immediately attacked the government
over food shortages, which gave more people a reason to protest. By 25th February 1917 over 200,000
people had protested on Petrograd streets. In 1905 protestors were divided, but in 1917 almost all were
united by their rejection of Tsarism. The Petrograd Soviet coordinated strikes and protests, making
them harder to stop because they would often occur randomly. By comparing February 1917 to 1905
you can easily figure out the reasons why protests were more successful the second time

Why People Use Drones
We man are used to be bound to the ground of our mother planet earth. It took us mankind for long
time, but soon enough we able to find the ability of fly. This power to fly grants us wide new
technology to fill our needs. This new high tech gives us extra pair of eyes and ears. This new creation
is call drone, which is used as transportation in sociality of giving better view. Drone may seem to
perfect for our problems in USA, it is solving these major issues when we need get into the sky. Even
thought many people fear the drones are too threatening for our country but it will still be use because
of these two reasons. First reason for drone is it helps mailing. The drone moves as fast as a car but it
better because has very low amount of object to dodge in huge area which that as the sky. Drone can
sent out at any time of the day and to any locations of the region. For an example Amazon have a plan
to use drone in it shopping services. Amazon old shipping way takes two to three days normally unlike
the new shipping way that is the drone take within one hour. Also for the drone have least ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Drone are very useful when need quick access to place that are not easy reachable. Having vision
super far sight, drone is the top choice for exploring the area. When a country was hit by bad weather
like an earthquake. Sending the drone over there would greatly help the rescue team to finding people
more quickly therefore faster the rescued is. The drone also can bring supplies to wounded people that
are not reachable or seeable. We use the drone dropping supplies like airplane method call airdrop that
be faster and land the supplies on the target with better aim. The last thing the rescue team could
benefit from using the drone is spotting out dangerous objects or hazardous areas that can kill or
greatly hurt the team. Improve our vision and safety the drone is should a great tool for us to use for
our

Personal Injury Journal
What To Document In Your Personal Injury Journal
Have you recently suffered an injury and are going to have to take the responsible party to court? If so,
it is important that you keep track of how your injury is progressing from the very beginning. You ll
need to prove how serious your injury was in order to receive compensation, so you should not rely on
your own memory to do it. That is why you need to keep a journal to document everything, so you can
easily recall your condition on any given day. Here are some things to document in a personal injury
journal.
When You Noticed The Symptom
Not all symptoms related to an injury will show up immediately. Some can take quite a time to
become apparent. Things such as reduced mobility, stiffness,

Reaction Paper On Cialis
Cialis keywords : cialis, Generic Cialis
Cialis The Newest ED treatment for Men
Erectile dysfunction is more of an emotional setback rather than a physical disorder for men. In
layman terminology, it means the persistent inability of men to get or maintain an erection throughout
the intercourse and inability to attain sexual fulfillment. Erection requires an accurate sequence of
physiological processes. If any of these processes get interrupted, it leads to erectile dysfunction or
ED. Medical field has seen lots off revolutionary inventions and Cialis is one of them. It is a recently
devised treatment for erectile dysfunction in men. Psychotherapy, vacuum pump, injections and
behavioral techniques were used in olden times to get rid of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The recommended dosage is 2.5 mg in the starting and then increasing it to 5 mg if required. It should
not be taken by patients who are allergic to any ingredient in Cialis. If the patients have severe kidney
problems, taking Cialis daily is not a very good idea. Patients who have severe hepatic disorders or
hereditary degenerative eye problems like retinitis pigmentosa should avoid taking Cialis. Do not use
Cialis if you have certain heart problems like severe heart failure, low blood pressure or uncontrolled
high blood pressure. Patients with the history of a heart attack within the past 90 days or a stroke
within the past 180 days. Patients who are on nitrates in any form should not take Cialis. These
medicines include isosorbide, nitroglycerin and nitroprusside. If you have been advised not to indulge
in sexual activity because of heart problems, do not take Cialis. If you are using certain recreational
drugs known as poppers, contact your doctor. Do not forget to inform your doctor if you have allergies
to medicines, foods or other substances. Patients who have a deformed penis, hematological disorders
like sickle cell anemia, leukemia and multiple myeloma should inform the doctor beforehand about
such conditions as it can lead to prolonged erection or priapism. Some medicines may interact with
generic Cialis. Alpha blockers, azole antifungals and Rifampin are some of these medicines. Patients

Better Milk For Cats Lab Report
Better Milk For Cats (Class ID: 10302515/10Science4) Aim: To find a way to make cow s milk better
for cats. Hypothesis: I believe that adding an enzyme to cow s milk will improve the digestion of the
milk. By adding an enzyme this will hopefully not affect the cats digestive system. By removing the
glucose I believe this will make milk more tolerable for cats. Variables: Dependant Independent
Controlled Amount of glucose Temperature Amount of milk Enzymes (Lactase) Same type of milk
Equipment: Plastic syringe x2 Beaker x4 Large syringe x2 Tea strainer x2 Lactase Sodium Alginate
solution Calcium Chloride solution Milk a temp of 40 degrees Glucose test strip x4 Method: 1. Mixed
the enzyme with the sodium alginate solution, then drew it up into a syringe. 2. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The mixture was added drop by drop from the syringe to the calcium chloride solution and the mixture
was watched as small beads form. 3. Separated the beads enzyme from the liquid with a strainer. 4.
Tipped the beads into the syringe barrel. 5. Closed the tubing on the syringe barrel. 6. Tested the milk
before treatment using the glucose test strips, to make sure that it does not contain any glucose. 7.
Poured a small amount of milk over the enzyme beads, then allow the treated milk to run into a small
beaker. 8. The milk was tested leaving the column using the glucose test strips. If necessary, return the
treated milk to the column until the required concentration of glucose has been achieved. Risk
Assessment: Risk Control Calcium Chloride is slightly toxic. Be careful around the chemicals Avoid
direct skin and eye contact Be careful around the chemicals Results:

Massachusetts Bay Colonies Research Paper
One of the main reasons English citizens moved to America was the prospect of freedom from from
religious persecution. Many colonies were founded solely to be a safe haven for religious minorities.
For instance, Massachusetts was founded by a segment of extreme Puritans called, in hopes of practice
their religion without being harassed. The Separatists believed the Church of England maintained too
many similarities with the Catholic Church, and it was their job, as saints, to purify it. Their religious
beliefs angered many people, especially King James, who was the head of the Church of England at
that time. A large group of the Separatists settled in Massachusetts, hoping to practice their religious
beliefs without harassment. The Massachusetts Bay Puritans created a very particular society which
incorporated their cherished beliefs into the foundation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, the Puritans, who ironically were the religious minority in their own colony, were the
only ones allowed to run public affairs. Only two fifths of the population was actually Puritan, as the
other percentage of the population moved for access to the fertile West Indies. Although the rules
system set up by the colonists was one of the earliest instances of some sort of government run by the
people, the Bay colony was far from a democracy, due to the exclusive nature of the elections.
Another example of the effect religion had on the Bay colony government was evident through the
fact that certain powers were denied to Even though said leaders had control over who was granted
attendance to church, or those who were deemed to be damned , religious leaders were unable to hold
a position in the government. Since religious leaders and government officials in the Bay colony both
held similar measures of power, this natural system of balances was instated to prevent either religious
or political leaders from becoming too

Gone With The Wind Analysis
Gone with the Wind opens with beautiful shots of the Georgian countryside, accompanied by
sweeping romantic music and the sentiment rolling down the screen: There was a land of Cavaliers
and Cotton Fields called the Old South. Here in this pretty world, Gallantry took its last bow. Here
was the last ever to be seen of Knights and their Ladies Fair, of Master and of Slave. Look for it only
in books, for it is no more than a dream remembered, a Civilization gone with the wind (Selznick) The
film explicitly describes its objectives before the audience even sees the famous Scarlett O Hara.
Nostalgia for this old Southern way of life is palpable throughout the entirety of the film and we see
an alternate world portraying benevolent white slaveholders, their complacent, jolly slaves, and the
noble Cause of the confederacy they tirelessly fought for. However, when viewed in the modern
context, this illusion of the South is easily broken and the historical inaccuracies become evident
underneath the appearance of Southern romanticism. Though Gone with the Wind romanticizes
slavery and the Old South and glosses over racial issues, it represents an important part of American
history in its portrayal of white southern attitudes during the civil war.
Gone with the Wind is so broadly interpreted, which makes it is very difficult to say that this film
focuses on one specific aspect of Southern life . From watching the film it is very clear that the
southern pride and way of life is

Nafion Essay
Figure 1 shows the 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of Nafion membrane heated at 80
°C for many hours, and then swollen in water (labeled as Nafion Xh, where X is the heat treatment
duration in hours). In the spectra, the three groups of signal were detected between 4 and 7 ppm. The
peak at 4.8 ppm was assigned to water on the surface of the membrane (designated as surface water),
because its chemical shift was the same with that of bulk water27. The peak at ~5.7 ppm for fresh
Nafion (Nafion 0h) was assigned to water in the hydrophilic channels in Nafion (labeled as channel
water), because its chemical shift was confirmed to shift at higher ppm at lower water content in
Nafion (the data not shown) due to the presence of SO3H groups ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
and cleaned by the following procedure: Nafion 117 was boiled successively in 3 vol% H2O2 (from
Sigma Aldrich) solution, distilled water for 1 h, and 0.5 mol% sulfuric acid (from Sigma Aldrich)
solution, and finally in distilled water for 1 h. The cleaned membrane was were heated at 80 °C in air
in a drying oven with different duration up to 6120 h. The heat treated membranes were swollen in
liquid H2O for 10 min. To determine the channel water content in the Nafion membranes, the
membrane was weighed before and after swelling, and the weight of channel water was calculated
using the peak area ratio between the channel water and surface water in the 1H MAS NMR spectra.
Then, the pseudo channel water content (λ′ ) in a Nafion membrane was calculated using Equation (1).
λ′=푤푡 표푓 푐ℎ푎푛푛푒푙 푔/푚표푙푒푐푢푙푎푟 푤푡. 표푓 푤푎푡푒푟 (푔) 푤푡. 표푓 푑
푟푖푒푑 푁푎푓푖표푛 (푔)/푒푞푢푖푣푎푙푒푛푡 푤푡. 표푓 푁푎푓푖표푛 (푔) (1)
Using λ′ the values were obtained for Nafion 0h with varying water contents, and our 1H chemical
shift for the channel water was confirmed to be in agreement with the previous report28 within an
error range. This is expected because λ′ is λ for the fresh Nafion, where λ is the number of water
molecules per SO3H6. In our samples, the number of SO3H groups decreased with increasing heat
treatment time. Thus, for simplicity, λ′ was calculated rather than

Essay on Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage
Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage When you picture a minimum wage worker, who do
you picture? Do you see a sixteen year old, a middle aged mother, a college graduate, or even a senior
citizen worker? In September of 2013, California governor Jerry Brown signed a new bill into act that
would cause the California minimum wage to rise from the current $8.00 and hour to $10.00 and hour
in increments over the next three years. The minimum wage rate will go up in two separate $1.00
boosts. The first will change the rate from $8.00 to $9.00 in July of 2014, and the second increase, to
$10.00, in January 2016. In this paper, I will discuss, compare, and weigh the pros and cons of the
minimum wage increase in California. Governor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These results, at least to myself, are not shocking but are helpful when looking at who this minimum
wage increase will be affecting. Once the minimum wage goes up will employers be able to
successfully employ the same amount of workers as when the minimum wage was lower or will they
be able to higher on new workers as they need them? This is one of the concerns of many in regards to
the minimum wage increase. In Sanja Blazevic s article, Is Employment Decreasing Due to Minimum
Wage Increase? , Sanja explains that many economists believe that a minimum wage increase causes
most age groups of minimum wage workers to suffer. This is caused by jobs becoming more scarce
after employers want to employ fewer people since they are being forced to pay them more than they
would prefer to. Young workers (25 29) seeking a job of a minimum wage could see unemployment
rise to close to 10% during a minimum wage hike (Blazevic) creating a significant unemployment
problem. Other age ranges saw similar but not as extreme level of unemployment with a higher
minimum wage. The only benefiting age range was that of those working for the minimum wage at
the age of 60 65. This benefiting group however cannot outweigh the majority of those who face
higher unemployment during a minimum wage hike. Sanja also brings up the fact that once the
minimum wage increases it will leave a smaller wage gap

I Am A Cripple By Nancy Mairs
I AM a Cripple When my older sister, Molly, was ten years old, she was a temporary cripple. Molly
went through a pretty big surgery that would stop her from tripping over her pigeon toed legs. While
living a couple months in her wheelchair, an uncle of ours came to visit. His warm welcome to my
sister was pushing her into a corner, locking her wheelchair, and calling her a windowlicker.
Thankfully, my sister has tough skin. She took what others would find scarring, all as a joke. It is hard
not to be reminded of the unexpected response my sister gave while reading the essay I AM a Cripple
by Nancy Mairs. Within this essay, the author describes her life as a cripple suffering with MS. While
sharing her thoughts and emotions (gerund) from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mairs usage of the Handicapper General allusion ties to another allusion she uses to express more of
her feelings of being a cripple. The narrator uses Tiny Tim from the story A Christmas Carol by
Charles Dickens to portray her emotions about being a cripple when others thoughts and opinions are
involved. She knows that she is a cripple and others think less of her abilities, but this takes a toll on
her as sometimes she ends up feeling like Tiny Tim, peering over the edge of the table at the
Christmas goose, waving my crutch, piping down God s blessing on us all (Mairs). Tiny Tim is a
character in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, who is disabled. Even though he is a cripple, he is
still always happy and positive about life. The narrator uses him to achieve an obvious visual image of
her emotion of frustration . Mairs usage of Tiny Tim as an allusion connects directly to the next
allusion she uses to emphasize her feelings. Her emotions occasionally get taken over by anger and
frustration and she admits sometimes I don t want to play Tiny Tim. I d rather be a Caliban, a scurvy
monster (Mairs). Caliban, a misshapen, nasty monster (App), hates people and life in general. In
addition, to turn his life around he lives on an island by himself. Caliban connects to the narrator as
they both make decisions to think

Technical Workstream Leader Essay
The Roll of a Technical Workstream Lead I have served our Country in the armed forces for more than
a dozen years and when I hear the term technical workstream leader, a Warrant Officer is the first
though that comes to my mind. The army warrant officer definition is a self aware and adaptive
technical expert, combat leader, trainer, and advisor (U.S. Army Human Resource Command, 2004).
The roll of the warrant officer in the military is being a technical expert, well versed in new
technologies, and able to integrate them in support military operations. Warrant officers are technical
workstream leaders and, for the last two years, I have been a warrant officer in the US Army. The roll
of technical workstream leaders is to close the gap between management and production by providing
technical advice, training, and integrate new technologies. Although the skills and characteristics of a
technical workstream leader may change from job to job, there are some that remain the same. A
search in indeed.com, arguably (and probably) the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Invention is the result of a long study, research, and experimentation (Innovation, n.d.); Innovation is
the discovery and the execution of pioneering ideas that create value (Greco, 2011), in other words,
new application of known concepts. A practical example of invention is the alkaline battery that
provided a light weight, small, and portable power source; innovation applied this concept to anything
possible from communication devises, mecanich and construction tools, and even toys. Technical
workstream leaders understand that innovators are today s competitors reducing times, and
maximazing profits with new techniques; but inventors have the potential to reshape the landscape of
today s markets leaving dominant companies out of bussiness. Who remembers door to door salesmen
or dear John

The Resurrection Of Jesus A Historical Event
Just how vital is the resurrection to Christianity Well in a quote taken from Man Alive; by Michal
green he state, Christianity does not hold the resurrection to be one among many tenet of belief.
Without the faith in the resurrection there would be no Christianity at all. The Christian church would
never have begun; the Jews movement would have fizzled out like a damp squib with his exaction.
When Jesus rose from the grave, the impact was felt immediately and has continued to reverberate
throughout the world. This is certainly why many people have attacked the resurrection and set out to
disprove it and as Christians it is our job to defend this important part of history that determines the
future of so many people. So in order to defend the greatest day in history one has to ask; is the
resurrection of Jesus a historical event? Everyone agrees that Jesus Christ was a moral man who lived
on earth. Some state the resurrection of Jesus is a historical event, while others say the resurrection of
Jesus is not a historical event. Jesus death on the cross is seen as a barbarous event, but to others, Jesus
death on the unlocked the crippling chains of humanity. The resurrection of Jesus is proven to be a
historical event for these three reasons; the vacant tomb, credible witnesses, and impactful culture.
The first reason the resurrection of Jesus is proven to be historical event is the symbol of the empty
tomb. A quote by Anthony Flew, a devout atheist states, The

gods and generals Essay
Gods and Generals, 2003, Colonel Joshua Chamberlain (JEFF DANIELS), Confederate Generals
Robert E. Lee (ROBERT DUVALL), Thomas quot;Stonewall quot; Jackson (STEPHEN LANG), Maj.
Gen. Joseph Hooker (MAC BUTLER), and Capt. Alexander Sandie Pendleton (JEREMY LONDON).
The movie Gods and Generals is a portrayal of the actions that were illustrated very eloquently and
captivatingly in the book Gods and Generals, written by Jeff Shaara. The movie even though was less
than mediocre in its appeal was full of accurate historic facts. All of the battles, Manassas Junction,
Antietam, and Chancellorsville, all occurred. The battle at Manassas shows the Federal troops clearly
running from the Confederates, although it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Northern men are not shown much. Only Capt. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain is portrayed,
leaving out General Hancock, a major player in the beginning of the Civil War. This causes questions
about there importance and if they were fighting for the proper reasons. A lot is left to the imagination
about the North. The Southerners are all represented well and thoroughly throughout the film. Lee is
portrayed as a very kind hearted religious old man who has the respect of his troops and is out to win
this war. Jackson is given the most glory as this film includes him in almost every other scene. He is
also given a great light of respect from his troops and all around him. Even Jeb Stuart, who in real life
was pompous and egotistical of himself and his troops, was given a light of respect by all including
Lee which was not seen at all in real life (Gods and Generals the book.) In all the Southerners were
surrounded in this great white light while the Northerners were not even given there few shining
moments in fame during the beginning of the Civil War.
This movie held a great bias to the Southerners. There was one major Northern character,
Chamberlain, comparing to the numerous southern gentleman. Stonewall Jackson was the main
character in this movie and the movie seemed to be trying to make the movie a biography of Jackson
during the Civil War.
The purpose of this film was to make a movie out of

Animal Experimentation And Animal Experiments
Imagine living inside a locked closet without any control over any aspect of your life. You can t
choose when and what you eat, how you will spend your time, whether or not you will have a partner
and children, or who that partner will be. You can t even decide when the lights go on and off.
(Cruelty to Animals in Laboratories.) This is the horrifying reality that animals used in animal
experiments have to face. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. Animals
help scientists learn more about diseases that occur in humans and animals. Scientists also use animals
to test new treatments, medicines, surgical techniques, and more. Different animals can be used for
these experiments and the experiments can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Pew Research Center poll has found that fifty percent of United States adults oppose the use of
animals in scientific research, and the other surveys suggest that the shrinking group that does accept
animal experimentation does so because they believe it to be necessary for medical progress (What is
Animal Testing?). There are also several other claims for animal experimentation. One claim is that
there is no adequate alternative to testing on a living system, but that is a fallacy because there are
several other successful scientific methods to test on a living system. More arguments for animal
experimentation is that animals do not have rights so it is acceptable to experiment on them, religious
traditions allow for human dominion over animals, and that health organizations in the United States
endorse animal testing (Animal Testing). All of these statements claim human superiority and
rhetorically is an appeal to authority. Animals actually do have cognitive ability and feelings like
humans do, so they should be given the same ethical rights that we have. Animal rights activists use
logos and pathos to convey their side of the argument. Logos is used to prove that performing on
animals is not better than performing on animals. We could give humans microdoses of a certain
medication and get the same or more accurate results. Pathos is used with pictures of animals being

Comparing the Approaches of the Progressive and Populist...
Populism vs. Progressivism Essay During the late 19th century and early 20th century the progressive
movement and populist movement were groups and organizations getting together to resolve social,
economic, and political problems occurring in the United States. Both movements had different
approaches to what was more important and how to deal with problems. Progressivism was mainly for
the betterment of cities while populism is for agrarian section of farmers. First of all there were social
failures and successes between the populist and the progressive. During the progressive era, many
lawmakers from state and general level made laws to protect citizens at home and those who are at
work. Reforms were made saying that women and children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There was a social change in which women also fought for suffrage. The populists were pretty much
the victims of economic distress and their arguments were founded on the basis of progressive
movements. One of the populist failure was that they lost the national election when the farmers
united to insist on economic reform. The Progressives made great efforts to solve the political
problems that industrialization and urbanization were causing. They tried to wipe out political
corruption by limiting power to big companies/ bosses and reduce the control of political machines.
Many of the progressive reforms also supported the railroad legislation, conservation movement, and
food and drug laws. This also included efforts to protect society by initiating prohibition and they also
extended suffrage to women. The progressives succeeded at keeping the power of the railroad industry
in the hands of the governments but failed at protecting the states right to control businesses. Finally
in 1890 the first federal law was passed against monopolies known as the Sherman Anti Trust Act. The
populists created a Farmers Alliance that began in Texas and it organized low cost insurance for
farmers and put banks in their place with regulations. The Farmer s Alliance also gave the government
the ownership of the transportation system to regulate their costs and monopolies. When the Grangers
lobbied for regulation of the

Ancient Chinese Contributions
Ancient Chinese Contributions
Kenneth Smith
Professor Maxine Brown
HUM 111 World Cultures I
November 29, 2012
The Ancient Chinese culture has contributed in many ways to the way of life today as we know it.
Upon completion of this paper, I will have identified eight to ten useful inventions or contributions
that are used in the world today. Some of these inventions include the compass, gunpowder, row
planting, deep drilling, and toilet paper and so on. Within those eight to ten inventions, I will choose
four that I believe are the most innovative.
Row Planting (Feudal period 6th Cent BC)
The Chinese started planting crops in rows sometime in the 6th century BC. This allows the crops to
grow stronger and faster. It facilitates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It s assumed the discovery of occurred sometime earlier, since Zeng describes three different
gunpowder mixtures and the Chinese used it for signal flares before appropriating it for military use in
rudimentary grenades. Over time, we realized that metals added to the mixtures created brilliant colors
in gunpowder explosions and modern day fireworks were born! It also makes a handy explosive for
projectiles like bullets. (Josh Clark)
Paper
Once language begins to develop, though, humans wrote on anything that would stand still long
enough. Clay tablets, bamboo, papyrus and stone were only a few of the early writing surfaces. Things
changed once the Chinese, specifically a man named Cai Lun, invented the prototype for modern
paper. Before Cai s breakthrough, the Chinese wrote on thin strips of bamboo and lengths of silk, but
in AD 105, he created a mixture of wood fibers and water and pressed it onto a woven cloth. The
weave in the cloth allowed the moisture in the pulpy mixture to seep out, resulting in rough paper.
(Josh Clark)
Toilet Paper (Sui Dynasty: 581 618 AD) As noted above, paper was an early invention of China. One
of the first recorded accounts of using hygienic paper was

The New York Stock Exchange
Today the New York Stock Exchange is synonymous with investing. However, it hasn t always been
that way. Our current system of exchange has grown and changed over time to become what it is
today. We ll walk you through a history of the stock market to see what it took to get to where we are
today.
1100s France
During this time France had a system where courretiers de change (or brokers) would manage the
agricultural debts throughout the country on behalf of the banks, and trade debts from one bank to
another.
1200 s Merchants of Venice
The merchants and moneylenders of Venice were the first brokers of the time, they would meet with
other lenders, carrying slates with information on the various issues for sale. They These ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These investments would outfit the ship and crew, and upon a successful return, would pay back a
percentage to the investors. These types of limited liability companies would only last for voyage
though, and would be dissolved upon return, only for a new company to be created for the next one.
Investors would spread their risk around by investing in several different ships at the same time,
allowing them to play the odds against all of them ending poorly. If a ship had a 33% chance of being
seized by pirates, and the investor had placed money in 3 or 4 companies, instead of just one, they
would still make a profit.
When the East India companies were formed, they changed how business was done. These companies
had stocks that would pay dividends on all of the proceeds from all of the voyages that the companies
undertook, rather than going on a voyage by voyage basis. They were the first modern joint stock
companies, which allowed them to demand more for their shares, and in time, build larger fleets. The
size of the companies, along with their royal charters which forbid competition, meant huge profits for
those that could invest.
Would You Like Stocks With Your Coffee?
Shares of the various East India companies were issued on paper, which allowed investors to sell to
other investors. However, in order to be able to buy stocks, an

Edward Ii
Edward II plantagenet King of England,
Whose incompetence and distaste for government finally led to
His deposition and murder.
The Elizabethan drama, Christopher Marlowe s, Edward the Second is, according to Aristotle s
definition of the word, a tragedy. That is to say it concerns the fall of a great man because of a mistake
he has made or a flaw in his character. During this essay I will demonstrate how this definition of
tragedy applies to Edward II.
Edward II was king of England, and reigned from 1307 to 1327, as a prince he had developed a close,
possibly homosexual, relationship with a base commoner of very low social standing named Piers de
Gaveston. The young prince s father Edward I, also known as Edward the Longshanks ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nobles demand Gaveston s banishment and threaten civil war when they are not only ignored but
also tyrannised and mocked and forced to bow to a,
Base commoner Edward eventually allows this banishment to be re imposed but changes his mind at
the last minute. When the Earls can take no more, a battle is fought. Edward loses and takes sanctuary
in a monastery. However, he is seen and arrested, his favourites are executed and after being cruelly
treated and deposed Edward is executed. Mortimer takes power as protector over Edward the third, but
is then executed himself by Edward the third. Edward III then places his head on Edward the seconds
coffin as a warning to all thinking of attempting a similar act of treachery.
The reasons for Edwards s downfall are complex and intricate, but I believe can be divided into three
basic categories, Edwards relationship with those around him, his personality and the advantage to
others such as Mortimer attained because of Edwards s downfall. However short lived they

The Rot The Heart Of The Brazilian Economy Summary
Since the great depression, our understanding of what makes an economy grow or contract changed a
bit. New macroeconomics concepts became popular, sometimes even taking place of classic ones.
Using those concepts, Christopher Sabatini wrote the article The Rot the Heart of the Brazilian
Economy , published by the Foreign Policy (FP) website on last February. In the article, Sabatini tries
to explain what went wrong with the once very prosperous Brazilian economy, which in the past years
has been diving into a recession that is so deep that many economists already call it a depression. The
purpose of this paper is to explain Keynesian model and fiscal policy, concepts that I have learned in
the macroeconomics classes and that helped me to understand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First, let us remember that when the government sells bonds with bigger yields, everyone will be
interested in taking advantage of that opportunity, not only Americans. In fact, foreigners can and will
buy those American bonds, and they will need American dollars to do so. The sudden demand for
American dollars will make the dollar value spike up, and with an expensive currency, U.S. products
will become more expensive and less attractive to foreigners which will finally decrease X and AD.
This is the open economy effect. Lastly, the government relies in the fact that the most part of the
population are economically ignorant . However, some households and companies are aware of the
economy situation, and will not react as the government expects. They will actually start saving as
soon as they realize that the federal administration is borrowing money to increase spending; that
happens because the government eventually will have to increase federal taxes to pay that bill.
Because C and I play the major role in the AD curve, this will also compromise the economic goals of
the

Persuasive Essay About Obesity
I. Introduction Because of the omnipotence of fast food chains in America, when we feel the urge for
an easy meal, Americans, in general, immediately look to the fast food nation for a quick suppression
to their hunger. Because we live in a time is money society the most efficient means of hunger
satisfaction is the almighty drive through. Corporations spend billions of dollars advertising to
enhance sales of their products. With American catching on to the lack of healthy food options in the
fast food nation, fast food chains began campaigning healthier food such as their salads and fruit cups.
However salads may sound healthy but a Southwest Salad with Grilled Chicken from McDonalds has
320 calories and 90 grams of fat. Where s the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PHOTO b) Many of these restaurants are located around schools to reach a key group of customers
kids. (i) 50 % of schools in Chicago have a fast food restaurant within .3 miles (a five minute walk);
78% have one within .5 miles ( a ten minute walk); and 35% have one within .25 miles. (Children s
Hospital Boston, 2004). 2. Customers are drawn in using marketing devices that are catchy and use
celebrities. a) Justin Timberlake, one of the most popular recording artists today, filmed a commercial
for McDonald s. A spokeswoman for McDonald s said the campaign is getting buzz on the street. The
song he sings in the commercial was also to be released as a full length single (MacArthur, 2003, p.
2). b) Fast food restaurants advertise themselves and their food as different than all the other
restaurants. (i) Think Outside the Bun –Taco Bell; It s better here. Wendy s; There s Fast Food, Then
There s KFC KFC 3. The food being advertised is extremely unhealthy and contributes to the obesity
epidemic that is sweeping the nation. a) Almost all food served at fast food restaurants has an
extremely high fat and calorie content and lacks nutritional value. (i) Typical fast food meals consist
of hamburgers or cheeseburgers, french fries, and sugar sweetened sodas. They are frequently super
sized at very little additional cost, encouraging children and

Planning Care That Will Empower Individuals
circumstances can be taken into account when planning care that will empower individuals. I will use
a variety of examples from health and social care. I will also extend these examples by assessing the
potential difficulties in taking individual circumstances into account when planning care that will
empower an individual, and make suggestions for improvement.
Case study 1: Communication
Rebecca and Nigel Smyth live with their three year old daughter, Helen, in a pleasant suburb at the
edge of a large city. Helen has autism and attends a special nursery in the city four times a week. As
Helen s speech is not progressing at the rate expected for her age, the GP has referred her to Teresa, a
speech and language therapist. Teresa has worked with Rebecca and Nigel, showing them how to
encourage Helen. She has asked them for information about Helen, calling them the experts . Rebecca
and Nigel feel that Teresa shared the support and planning for Helen with them and this has
encouraged them to work with her as partners.
In this case study Helen has autism and the speech and language therapist is able to work very closely
with Helen s parent. Every child s parents know their child better than anyone else as they are with
them 24/7. However Helen can only be helped to a certain extent, not every parent will have the same
amount of time to care for their child. We have found out that Helen goes to a special nursery but not
every child gets the same amount of help Helen is getting

A Breif Look at the Android Mobile Platform
Senior Project Literature Review
Introduction
Tremendous growth in the smart phone can be observed in the recent years ,There is no doubt that
smart phones establish a significant leap in science and technological applications, the smartphone
market is growing exponentially , And highlights the importance of phone applications, which
contributed greatly to change our perception and the way we deal with mobile devices. It is becoming
a key factor in changing our contemporary reality, and provide services to various sectors of society,
whether medical, educational, engineering, etc.
This chapter will begin with a brief look on Android mobile platform and the way it works, the
following section contains a comparison between similar applications.
Android Mobile Platform
What is Android
Android is an operating system based on the Linux kernel , and designed primarily for touchscreen
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which
Google backed financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the
founding of the Open Handset Alliance a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication
companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. The first publicly available
smartphone running Android, the HTC Dream, was released on October 22, 2008.
Development approach
One of the most difficult decision to make before starting developing the application was to

Street Racing Is Glamorized In Films
Street racing is glamorized in movies. It makes the characters look tough and cool. In real life it s the
complete opposite. Street racing is considered to be in the most dangerous forms of aggressive
driving. It can cause many serious accidents to happen and can cost many lives. Street racing is illegal
in Canada. If you do end up street racing you will be charged because street racing falls under the
Criminal Code of Canada. Street racing is considered one of the most dangerous act for aggressive
drivers. This is because of excessive speeding. While speeding at an excessive rate you can lose
control of your car and it could end up crashing into a car, an object and even a animal or a human.
You also end up killing yourself and anyone else

Human Genome Project Essay
Human Genome Project
Human curiosity is one of the most powerful engines that drive new knowledge, development,
advancements and life improvements today. Some 100,000 or 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens
emerged, and up to today humans are still searching for answers such as what we are and where we
came from.
For all of the diversity of the world s more than five billion people, full of creativity and
contradictions, every human mind and body is built and runs with fewer than 100,000 kinds of protein
molecules. And for each of the proteins, a single corresponding gene is responsible to ensure an
adequate and timely supply. Genes are often described as the biological blueprints or recipes for life
and are found in the DNA, carrying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But if we are ever to uncover the mysteries of carcinogenesis, if we are ever to know how
biochemistry contributes to mental illness, if we ever hope to really understand the processes of
growth and development, we must first have a detailed map of the genetic landscape. That s what the
HGP promises and what makes this international effort so breathtaking.
Human Genome Background and History
The idea of the HGP was initiated in 1977, when simple and efficient methods for sequencing DNA
were described. Before that time the possibility of sequencing the entire human genome was no more
than extreme wishful thinking. In the 1980 s it was becoming increasingly apparent to many scientists
that an understanding of basic biology would be greatly enhanced if the detailed structure of DNA was
understood. Over the last two decades, automated DNA sequencers have made the process of
obtaining the base by base sequence of DNA easier. In 1984, for the first time a meeting was
sponsored by the Department of Energy (DOE) to address the problem of detecting extremely low
levels of very rare changes in DNA (mutations) in humans exposed to radiation and other
environmental hazards. At that time, it was realized that the level of effort including the automation of
DNA analysis techniques would be similar to the requirements for sequencing the human genome.

Analysis Of Translation Nation By Hector Tovar
The book Translation Nation by Hector Tovar begins by telling his own story, and how migrating to
Los Angeles from Guatemala changed his parents and shaped his. Not only that, but how iconic Che
Guevara was to his family, even comparing him to god. He continued by showing the similarities in
Los Angeles and New York, how the Latino immigrants were following in the steps of those from
around Europe, assimilating and creating a community of their own. Then he began talking about the
border between Tijuana, Mexico, and California. Describing the emptiness of the beach that day, and
the fact that many people from all over Mexico were wandering the streets of Tijuana, waiting for
nightfall to cross the border. Also describing the tactics border patrol use to find the immigrants before
they cross. Even including interviews with people waiting to cross, some knowing the tactics of border
patrol and others clueless, following el coyote y el pollero. In addition, Tovar went undercover,
pretending to be an immigrant looking for work, and experienced first hand the process. Throughout
the book, he includes the story of many people who he met along the way. Their stories helped write
the book, and give a more personal meaning to it. The first group described in the book would be all
those trying to cross the border. Tovar met many people who were trying to cross the border or had
successfully crossed or got caught. All those who cross the border face exploitation, mediocre living

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