the joints of the skeleton system nl.ppt
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The document discusses the skeletal system's joints. It begins by defining joints as the points where bones meet, allowing movement. It then categorizes joints based on structure and mobility. The main joint types discussed are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints are the most common and complex, with features like articular cartilage, joint cavities, and ligaments. The document outlines six synovial joint types - ball and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle - along with the movements each permits. It concludes by discussing joint problems like sprains, dislocations, bursitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.
the joints of the skeleton system nl.ppt
- 1. The Joints of the Skeleton System IKRAMULLAH WIAQARULLAH
- 2. JOINTS Joints or articulations are functional junction between bones…or the site where two bones meet. They bind parts of the skeletal system, make possible bone growth, permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth, and enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions.
- 3. JOINTS Joints can also be grouped according to the degree of movement possible at the bony junction. Synarthrotic – Immovable joints Amphiarthrotic- Slightly moveable Diarthrotic- Freely movable.
- 4. JOINTS Joints vary considerably in structure and function However, they can be classified by the type of tissue that binds the bones at each junction. Three general groups are: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints
- 5. Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints- are so named because of the fibrous tissue that holds them together In a fibrous joint there is no joint cavity present. Most fibrous joints are immovable. They lie between bones that closely contact one another.
- 6. Fibrous Joints Three types of fibrous joints: Syndesmosis-Distal end of the tibia and fibula Suture- only between flat bones in the skull Gomphosis- root of a tooth to the jawbone
- 7. Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous Joints- Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connect the bones of this joint. Two Types are: Synchondrosis (the articulation between the first rib and the manubrum) Symphysis (the smyphiysis pubis in the pelvis)
- 10. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Most joints of the skeletal system are synovial joints, and because they allow free movement, they are diarthrotic. These joints are more complex structurally than fibrous or cartilaginous joints.
- 11. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Synovial Joint have five distinguishing features. 1. Articular Cartilage is present at the ends of the opposing bones 2. Joint Cavity (synovial) is present. This is really just potential space that contains fluid. 3. Articular capsule (aka joint capsule). This encloses the joint cavity. 4. Synovial Fluid- is present and occupies the space within the joint capsule. 5. Reinforcing Ligaments – Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a number of bandlike ligaments.
- 12. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths Not strictly associated with synovial joints but are often found associated with them. Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid. Tendon Sheath is essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction.
- 13. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
- 15. Ball and Socket The Ball and Socket joint consists of a bone with a globular or slightly egg- shaped head the articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another. Such joint allows a wider range of motion than does any other kind. Permitting movements in all planes, as well as rotation movement around a central axis.
- 16. Ball and Socket Examples: Hip and Shoulder contain joints of this type.
- 17. Condyloid Joint Condyloid joint, the oval condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bones. This type of joints permits a variety of movements in different planes; rotational movement, however, is NOT possible.
- 18. Condyloid Joint Condyloid Joint exists between the metacarpals and the phalanges. And the radio carpal (wrist) joints.
- 19. GLIDING JOINTS (aka Plane Joints) The articulating surfaces of gliding joints are nearly flat or slightly curved. These joints allow sliding or back- and-forth motion and twisting movements.
- 20. Most of the joints within the wrist and ankle. The articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. Joints formed by ribs 2-7 connecting the sternum are also gliding joints. GLIDING JOINTS (aka Plane Joints)
- 21. HINGE JOINT In a hinge joint, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. Such a joint resembles the hinge of a door in that it permits movement in one plane only.
- 22. HINGE JOINT The elbow and the joints of the phalanges.
- 23. PIVOT JOINT In a pivot joint, the cylindrical surface on one bone rotates within a ring formed on bone and fibrous tissue of a ligament. Movement at such a joint is limited to rotation around a central axis.
- 24. PIVOT JOINT The joint between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna. A pivot joint functions in the neck as the head turns from side to side.
- 25. SADDLE JOINT A saddle joint forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. The surface on one bone fits the complementary surface of another. This physical relationship permits a variety of movements, mainly in two planes.
- 26. SADDLE JOINT The joint between the carpal and the metacarpal of the thumb.
- 27. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints Every skeletal muscle of the body is attached to bone or other connective tissue structures at no fewer than two points The muscles origin is attached to the immovable ( or less moveable ) bone. Its other end, the insertion, is attached to the moveable bone.
- 28. Gliding Movements AKA as translation, are the simplest joint movements. Back and forth or side to side!
- 29. Angular Movements Angular Movements increase or decrease an angle between two bones.
- 30. Flexion Flexion- Bending movement, that decreases the angel of the joint and bring the articulating bones closer together Ex: bending the head forward on the chest; bending the knee from a straight to an angled position.
- 31. Extension Extension- opposite of flexion, that increases the angel of the joint and brings the articulating bones farther apart. Ex: Straightening a flexed
- 32. Hyperextension Hyperextension- Bending part of the body past its straight upright position.
- 33. Abduction/Adduction Adduction- Moving a part toward the midline. (returning into the side of the body) Abduction- Moving a part away from the body.
- 34. Circumduction Circumduction- - Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space. The quickest way to exercise the many muscles that move the hip and shoulder ball and socket joints. .
- 35. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of the Foot Dorsiflexion- Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin.
- 36. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion of the Foot Plantar Flexion- depressing the foot or pointing the toes.
- 37. Special Movements Some movements do NOT fit into a specific category and occur only at a few joints. They are illustrated in the next few slides.
- 38. Rotation Rotation- The turning of a bone around its own long axis. It is the only movement allowed between the C1 and C2 vertebra Common at the hip and shoulder joint.
- 39. Supination and Pronation Both of these refer to movement of the radius around the ulna. Supination meaning “turning backwards”..rotate the arm so the palm is facing anteriorly Pronation- meaning turning forward…rotate the arm so the palm is facing posteriorly.
- 41. Inversion and Eversion Both of these refer to special movement of the foot. Inversion- the sole of the foot turns medially Eversion- the sole faces laterally..
- 42. Protraction and Retraction Nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane. The mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw. And retracted when you move it back to its original position.
- 43. Elevation and Depression Elevate- lifting a body part superiorly. (shrugging your shoulders) Depression is moving the elevated part inferiorly. Chewing your food is alternately both elevation and depression.
- 44. Opposition Opposition – found in the saddle joint between the metacarpal and the carpals. This is the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. .
- 45. What type of movements do we have here? 1. Abduction at the right hip, adduction at both shoulders.
- 46. What type of movements do we have here? • Flexion at the left knee • Flexion at the left hip, • Extension at the right hip, • Extension at the right knee.
- 47. What type of movements do we have here? • Flexion at both hips • Abduction at the shoulders • Extension at the elbows • Extension at both knees.
- 48. What type of movements do we have here? • Flexion at both hips, • Flexion at both knees, • Extension at both elbows.
- 49. What type of movements do we have here? 1. Rotation / extension at the hips.
- 50. What type of movements do we have here? • Flexion at both knees, • Adduction at the shoulders
- 51. What type of movements do we have here? Abduction at both hips.
- 52. What type of movements do we have here? 1. Flexion / rotation at the shoulder.
- 53. The Knee The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It allows flexion, extension, and some rotation. It is actually composed of 3 separate joints.
- 54. The Knee
- 56. When your Joints hurt!! Usually we don’t think about joints until we have a problem and they begin to hurt us. This can be caused by trauma, inflammation, and/or arthritis.
- 57. Sprains!! Sprain- the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn. Lumbar region of the spine, ankle and knee are common. Ligaments heal very slowly because they are poorly vascularized. Cartilage is avascular and it rarely can obtain sufficient nourishment to repair itself. It usually stays torn.
- 58. Sprains!! Cartilage fragments can interfere with joint function by causing joints to lock or bind. So most sports physicians recommend that the central par of a damaged cartilage be removed. This can be done by arthroscopic surgery.
- 60. Dislocation A dislocation occurs when bones are forced out of alignment. Usually accompanies sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization Repeat dislocation of the same joint are common because the initial dislocation stretches the joint capsule and ligaments.
- 61. Bursitis/Tendonitis Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa and is usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis is inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse. Treatments for both include…rest, ice, and anti- inflammatory drugs.
- 62. Osteoarthritis It is the most common chronic arthritis It is chronic degenerative, often called “wear and tear” arthritis. Normal in the aging process The normal joint use prompts the release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage. The result is softened, roughened, pitted, and eroded articular cartilages.
- 63. Rheumatoid Arthritis It is not as common but still effects millions. Effect women more than men, usually between the ages of 40-50 In early stages joint tenderness and stiffness are common Usually effects small joints like wrist, ankles, fingers, and feet. Has both flare ups and remissions
- 64. Rheumatoid Arthritis RA- is an autoimmune disease- a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissue. Unknown cause but suspects include bacterium and viruses. Synovial fluid can increase
- 65. Gouty Arthritis The symptoms of gout are almost always acute and sudden, happening often at night with no warning. Symptoms in the affected joints may include: Intense pain Swelling Tenderness Redness One of the oldest known diseases, gout was once considered "the disease of kings" because it was associated with those wealthy enough to overindulge in rich food and drink. In fact gout is a complex disorder that can affect anyone and does affect more than 2 million Americans.
- 66. References Tortora, Gerard J., and Sandra Reynolds Grabowski. 1996. Principles of anatomy and physiology. New York, NY: HarperCollins College.