The Need for Context in Software Engineering
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The document discusses the importance of context in software engineering and how it influences software development processes. It highlights that tools should enhance human intelligence and improve workflow by reducing complexity and focusing on key tasks. Various types of context, such as individual activity and historical data, are explored along with their significance in optimizing software engineering practices.
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Dev:VC
Dev:Debug
Dev:Code
Dev:Review
Dev:TestApp
Dev:Other
BrowsingRel
BrowsingUnrel
MeetInformal
MeetPlanned
Email
Planning
ReadWriteDoc
Other
What do
developers do?
[Meyer, Fritz, Murphy,
Zimmermann, 2014]
Task Switches:
13.3 (± 8.5) .mes per hour
Ac.vity Switches:
47 (± 19.8) .mes per hour
[“SoZware Developers’ Percep.ons of Produc.vity”, Meyer , Fritz, Murphy and Zimmermann, FSE 2014]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-6-320.jpg)
![“Context is any informa.on that can be used
to characterize the situa.on of an en.ty.”
— Dey and Abowd, CHI 2000 Workshop
[“Towards a be)er understanding of context and context-awareness”, Dey and Abowd, CHI Workshop on The What, Who, Where, When dn How of Context-Awareness 2000]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-29-320.jpg)
![Context as History
Hipikat [Čubraniç & Murphy, 2003]
Development
Environment
How have similar
bugs been solved?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-50-320.jpg)
![Context as History
Hipikat [Čubraniç & Murphy, 2003]
Development
Environment
How have similar
bugs been solved?
Commit
Issue
Versioned
File
Context
Fragment](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-51-320.jpg)
![Context as History
Hipikat [Čubraniç & Murphy, 2003]
Development
Environment
How have similar
bugs been solved?
Commit
Issue
Versioned
File
Context
Fragment
[“Hipikat: Recommending Per.nent SoZware Ar.facts”, Čubraniç and Murphy, ICSE 2003]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-52-320.jpg)
![32
Context as
Dynamic ExecuCon
Development
Environment
Why didn’t
Pacman move?
Run.me
Object
Code
Context
Fragment
WhyLine [Ko & Myers, 2004]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-54-320.jpg)
![Context as
Individual AcCvity
Mylyn [Kersten & Murphy 2006]
File
Task
Development
Environment
Context
Fragment
Class
content assist based on interest
derived from ac.vity
[“Using Task Context to Improve Programmer Produc.vity, Kersten and Murphy, FSE 2006]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-56-320.jpg)
![Context as
Individual AcCvity
Mylyn [Kersten & Murphy 2006]
File
Task
Development
Environment
What files was I
ediCng for Task
A?
Context
Fragment
Class
content assist based on interest
derived from ac.vity
[“Using Task Context to Improve Programmer Produc.vity, Kersten and Murphy, FSE 2006]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ase-keynote-2018forweb-180907144536/85/The-Need-for-Context-in-Software-Engineering-57-320.jpg)
The Need for Context in Software Engineering
- 1. The Need for Context in So0ware Engineering Gail C. Murphy University of BriCsh Columbia except for images where noted @gail_murphy
- 2. I want to ignite your imaginaCon… 2 Image a)ribu.on: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toy_balloons_red_and_blue.jpg
- 3. Knowledge Navigator Video, Apple 1987 Apple’s Knowledge Navigator https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRH8eimU_20
- 4. Thanks to Jaxsun McCarthy Huggan, Tasktop, 2018 So0ware development today
- 5. Thanks to Jaxsun McCarthy Huggan, Tasktop, 2018 So0ware development today
- 6. Time [minutes] Subject 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 T3 T2 T1 S4 S3 S2 S1 R4 R3 R2 R1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● 51 activity switches 10 task switches, 3 distinct tasks ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ●●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● 166 activity switches 36 task switches, 3 distinct tasks ● ●●●● ● ● ● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●●●● ● ● ●●●●●●●● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●●●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● 230 activity switches 79 task switches, 4 distinct tasks ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●●● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● 85 activity switches 13 task switches, 4 distinct tasks ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● 59 activity switches 20 task switches, 5 distinct tasks ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● 88 activity switches 17 task switches, 5 distinct tasks ● ● ●●● ●●●●●●● ●● ●● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●●●●●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● 148 activity switches 27 task switches, 4 distinct tasks ● ●●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●● ●●● ●● ● ●●●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ●● ●● ● 108 activity switches 16 task switches, 5 distinct tasks ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 66 activity switches 25 task switches 4 distinct tasks ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● 102 activity switches 61 task switches 6 distinct tasks ● ● ● ●●● ● ●●●●●●●●●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ●● ●● 96 activity switches 28 task switches, 4 distinct tasks ● ● ● ● ● ● Dev:VC Dev:Debug Dev:Code Dev:Review Dev:TestApp Dev:Other BrowsingRel BrowsingUnrel MeetInformal MeetPlanned Email Planning ReadWriteDoc Other What do developers do? [Meyer, Fritz, Murphy, Zimmermann, 2014] Task Switches: 13.3 (± 8.5) .mes per hour Ac.vity Switches: 47 (± 19.8) .mes per hour [“SoZware Developers’ Percep.ons of Produc.vity”, Meyer , Fritz, Murphy and Zimmermann, FSE 2014]
- 7. SoZware development tools are not amplifying human intelligence Study, definiCon and use of context can improve the flow of so0ware development work
- 11. 10 Knowledge Navigator Demo View the demo as a set of tools connected by context
- 12. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 13. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 14. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 15. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 16. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: Tools (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 17. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: Tools Context (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 18. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: Person Event Tools Context (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 19. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: Person Event Role Tools Context (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 20. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: Person Event Role Tools Context (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 21. P = Professor C = Computer Today you have a faculty luncheon at 12:00; you need to take Kathy to the airport by 2; you have a lecture at 4:15 on deforesta.on in the Amazon rain forest C: Person Event Role Tools Context right, let me see the lecture notes from last semester P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 22. P = Professor C = Computer Today you have a faculty luncheon at 12:00; you need to take Kathy to the airport by 2; you have a lecture at 4:15 on deforesta.on in the Amazon rain forest C: Person Event Role Tools Context right, let me see the lecture notes from last semester P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 23. P = Professor C = Computer Today you have a faculty luncheon at 12:00; you need to take Kathy to the airport by 2; you have a lecture at 4:15 on deforesta.on in the Amazon rain forest C: Person Event Role Tools Context right, let me see the lecture notes from last semester P: Course Lecture Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 24. P = Professor C = Computer (shows notes)C: Person Event Role Tools Context No that’s not enough. I need to review more recent literature. Pull up the new ar.cles I haven’t read yet. P: Course Lecture Journal ar.cles only?C: Hmmmm. Fine.P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 25. P = Professor C = Computer (shows notes)C: Person Event Role Tools Context No that’s not enough. I need to review more recent literature. Pull up the new ar.cles I haven’t read yet. P: Course Lecture Journal ar.cles only?C: Hmmmm. Fine.P: Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 26. P = Professor C = Computer (shows notes)C: Person Event Role Tools Context No that’s not enough. I need to review more recent literature. Pull up the new ar.cles I haven’t read yet. P: Course Lecture Journal ar.cles only?C: Hmmmm. Fine.P: Paper Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 27. P = Professor C = Computer Your friend Jill Gilbert has published an ar.cle about deforesta.on in the Amazon and its effects on rainfall in the sub-Saharan. It also covers the drought’s effect on food produc.on in Africa and increasing imports of foods. C: Person Event Role Tools Context Course Lecture Contact Jill.P: Paper Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 28. P = Professor C = Computer Your friend Jill Gilbert has published an ar.cle about deforesta.on in the Amazon and its effects on rainfall in the sub-Saharan. It also covers the drought’s effect on food produc.on in Africa and increasing imports of foods. C: Person Event Role Tools Context Course Lecture Contact Jill.P: Paper Image recogni.on: www.goodfreephotos.com
- 29. “Context is any informa.on that can be used to characterize the situa.on of an en.ty.” — Dey and Abowd, CHI 2000 Workshop [“Towards a be)er understanding of context and context-awareness”, Dey and Abowd, CHI Workshop on The What, Who, Where, When dn How of Context-Awareness 2000]
- 30. For this talk, think about context as a seman.c plane that tools (components, widgets) can consult when ac.ng
- 31. 17 Knowledge Navigator Demo What is the effect of context?
- 32. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: What is the professor focusing on?
- 33. P = Professor C = Computer You have three messages: your graduate research team in Guatemala just checking in Robert Jordan, a second semester junior reques.ng a second extension on his term paper and your mother reminding you about your father’s (cut off) C: (interrupts by touching screen) surprise birthday party next Sunday P: What is the professor focusing on? the events (not accessing them)
- 34. P = Professor C = Computer Today you have a faculty luncheon at 12:00; you need to take Kathy to the airport by 2; you have a lecture at 4:15 on deforesta.on in the Amazon rain forest C: right, let me see the lecture notes from last semester P: What is the professor focusing on?
- 35. P = Professor C = Computer Today you have a faculty luncheon at 12:00; you need to take Kathy to the airport by 2; you have a lecture at 4:15 on deforesta.on in the Amazon rain forest C: right, let me see the lecture notes from last semester P: What is the professor focusing on? issue of current interest (not on how to access history)
- 36. P = Professor C = Computer (shows notes)C: No that’s not enough. I need to review more recent literature. Pull up the new ar.cles I haven’t read yet. P: Journal ar.cles only?C: Hmmmm. Fine.P: What is the professor focusing on?
- 37. P = Professor C = Computer (shows notes)C: No that’s not enough. I need to review more recent literature. Pull up the new ar.cles I haven’t read yet. P: Journal ar.cles only?C: Hmmmm. Fine.P: What is the professor focusing on? the ques.on of interest (not on how to answer it)
- 38. P = Professor C = Computer Your friend Jill Gilbert has published an ar.cle about deforesta.on in the Amazon and its effects on rainfall in the sub-Saharan. It also covers the drought’s effect on food produc.on in Africa and increasing imports of foods. C: Contact Jill.P: What is the professor focusing on?
- 39. P = Professor C = Computer Your friend Jill Gilbert has published an ar.cle about deforesta.on in the Amazon and its effects on rainfall in the sub-Saharan. It also covers the drought’s effect on food produc.on in Africa and increasing imports of foods. C: Contact Jill.P: What is the professor focusing on? the topic (not recall, re-reading or lookup)
- 40. Context can support the flow of work… by reducing the accidental complexity and enabling a focus on the essen/al complexity of the problem at hand
- 41. Where is the context in SoZware Engineering?
- 45. Focus on tools where there is human interacCon
- 46. Draw largely on examples from my research group
- 47. Kinds of Context StaCc ArCfacts History Dynamic ExecuCon Individual AcCvity Team AcCvity representa.ve no claims of completeness
- 48. Context as StaCc ArCfacts Development Environment 30 File Project Class Development Environment Context Fragment
- 49. Context as StaCc ArCfacts Development Environment 30 File Project Class Development Environment Find Similar Classes Context Fragment
- 50. Context as History Hipikat [Čubraniç & Murphy, 2003] Development Environment How have similar bugs been solved?
- 51. Context as History Hipikat [Čubraniç & Murphy, 2003] Development Environment How have similar bugs been solved? Commit Issue Versioned File Context Fragment
- 52. Context as History Hipikat [Čubraniç & Murphy, 2003] Development Environment How have similar bugs been solved? Commit Issue Versioned File Context Fragment [“Hipikat: Recommending Per.nent SoZware Ar.facts”, Čubraniç and Murphy, ICSE 2003]
- 53. 32 Context as Dynamic ExecuCon Development Environment Run.me Object Code Context Fragment
- 54. 32 Context as Dynamic ExecuCon Development Environment Why didn’t Pacman move? Run.me Object Code Context Fragment WhyLine [Ko & Myers, 2004]
- 55. Kinds of Context StaCc ArCfacts History Dynamic ExecuCon Individual AcCvity Team AcCvity representa.ve no claims of completeness
- 56. Context as Individual AcCvity Mylyn [Kersten & Murphy 2006] File Task Development Environment Context Fragment Class content assist based on interest derived from ac.vity [“Using Task Context to Improve Programmer Produc.vity, Kersten and Murphy, FSE 2006]
- 57. Context as Individual AcCvity Mylyn [Kersten & Murphy 2006] File Task Development Environment What files was I ediCng for Task A? Context Fragment Class content assist based on interest derived from ac.vity [“Using Task Context to Improve Programmer Produc.vity, Kersten and Murphy, FSE 2006]
- 58. 35Context as Team AcCvity Tasktop Tool Feature Value Stream Dashboard Context Fragment Story © Tasktop Technologies, Inc. 2017-2018. All rights reserved. Task
- 59. 35Context as Team AcCvity Tasktop Tool Feature Value Stream Dashboard What is the flow Cme for a feature? Context Fragment Story © Tasktop Technologies, Inc. 2017-2018. All rights reserved. Task
- 60. Kinds of Context StaCc ArCfacts History Dynamic ExecuCon Individual AcCvity Team AcCvity representa.ve no claims of completeness
- 61. What is needed to effec.vely use context in SoZware Engineering?
- 64. 11 What do we NEED in SE to make context effecCve?
- 65. The fundamental need is to augment human intelligence not…
- 66. The fundamental need is to augment human intelligence not…
- 67. Four Steps Recognize Explain Experiment Build
- 68. Context exists in other communiCes… Recognize Icons made by: Tracy Tam, Vectors Market, catkuro, Freepik, Those Icons, and Zlatko Najdenovski under a Crea.ve Commons BY 3.0 license
- 69. Paper Analysis ICSE 2018 ASE 2018 "Context" Context per this talk 0 25 50 75 100 Recognize Approximate analysis of recent papers in major SE conferences Most uses of “context” are in program analysis sense Use of “context” as in this talk are rare Recognize
- 70. What if… 45 any paper with a tool includes a sec.on explicitly describing context? Explain
- 71. Inputs: Recent issue history (~>300) Outputs: Developer recommenda.ons Requires: Ac.ve developers Provides: <N/A> Context Explain
- 72. Human: Devy, I’m done Devy: You have uncommitted changes. Should I commit them? Human: Ok Devy: OK, I’m about to open a pull request, should I assign Alice? Human: OK Explain
- 73. Explain
- 74. Are there other kinds of context? RecognizeExperiment
- 75. Determining what context makers to a tool… 50RecognizeExperiment
- 76. 51 What tool/system architecture will best accommodate context? Build
- 77. 52 How does context relate to ontologies? Build
- 78. So there is lots to do….
- 79. 01 MISSING 10 HAVE 11 NEED
- 80. 01 MISSING 10 HAVE 11 NEED
- 81. Thanks to my fantas.c academic and industrial colleagues, post-doctoral fellows, graduate and undergraduate students, to Mik Kersten and Robert Elves (my co-founders at Tasktop Technologies) and to the fantas.c team at Tasktop from whom I have learned so much. Icons made by Freepik under a Crea.ve Commons BY 3.0 license
- 82. Current tools oZen cause soZware professionals to do as much work for the tools as the tools do work for them.
- 83. We are passing too much of the accidental complexity to the humans decreasing the cogni.ve power they have for the real problems.
- 84. We can do more to enable the humans to focus on the essen/al complexity… 58 Image a)ribu.on: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toy_balloons_red_and_blue.jpg
- 85. One possible future… Thanks to Jason Murphy and Kieran Murphy Vancouver 2018 h)ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0aaaAEE6Fc
- 86. One possible future… Thanks to Jason Murphy and Kieran Murphy Vancouver 2018 h)ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0aaaAEE6Fc
- 87. One possible future… What do you imagine? Thanks to Jason Murphy and Kieran Murphy Vancouver 2018 h)ps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0aaaAEE6Fc
- 88. SoZware development tools are not amplifying human intelligence Study, definiCon and use of context can improve the flow of so0ware development work @gail_murphy