The Rise of The Novel Lecture Notes
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Ian Watt's The Rise of the Novel examines the emergence of the novel as a new literary form in the 18th century. Watt argues that the novel was characterized by its quality of realism, seen in its depth of description and attempts to portray human experience scientifically and from the perspective of individuals. Watt analyzes exemplary early novels like Robinson Crusoe and Pamela to show how they reflected contemporary ideologies like individualism and changing views of private life and social relationships. Watt also discusses how later 18th century novels by Richardson and Fielding further developed the psychological realism and complexity of the novel as a mature literary form.
The Rise of The Novel Lecture Notes
- 1. General Notes on Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel Lecture Notes Dr. Nora Malki 2015 Critical works on the development of the novel in the Western tradition could not yet answer many questions which relate to its origin and history. Some of the many questions that researchers could not satisfactorily answer are: Is the novel a new literary form? Is it a product of the Western literary tradition? And if it is not, what earlier forms of the novel there were? It is assumed, as we know, that 18th C. novelists were the ones responsible for the emergence of the novel as we know it today, and that it was begun in English literature by such figures as Defoe, Richardson and Fielding. Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel looks at novels around the period of time that it began to emerge as a literary form. He discusses several exemplary works by some of the original novel writers, and uses those to make various arguments about the qualities of the new medium. He believes that the most unusual characteristic of the novel in comparison to other literary forms was a quality of realism, in the sense of social realism, as well as in the depth of description that novels contain. Watt opens the book with a peculiar question: Is the novel a new literary form? Then he proceeds to point out that the novel differs from previous literary genres in that it is characterized by realism. This realism stems from French realists (like Flaubert). It is not to be defined as the opposite of idealism. Realism is the attempt at portrayal of all aspects of human experience. Realism lies in the manner in which life is represented. “The novel’s realism does not reside in the kind of life it presents, but in the way it presents it.” Correspondence of work with world it imitates is an epistemological problem (p. 11). The novel rejects universals, and focuses on the particular. The novel is marked by the attempt to view life scientifically. In the middle ages it was universal ideas which were thought to be true reality. Descartes however hypothesized that reality is perceived by the individual and is not attached to previous ideas on reality. The development of the novel reflects this change in philosophy. This notion allowed for novels to detach themselves of history and of the conventions of a literary genre and create something "novel". In the early days of the novel, there was a growing tendency for
- 2. General Notes on Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel Lecture Notes Dr. Nora Malki 2015 individual experience to undermine collective tradition (p. 14). Identity exists through time and contains past thought and actions. Past experience cages present action (p. 22). Time is seen in novels as a variable, flexible, and interruptible unit (p. 26). These thematic changes stem from a great deal of social and philosophical changes, and the rise of the novel could be seen as merely a reflection of a progressive world. The changing base of readers changed the desires of general readership. In the Western tradition, reading started as very much related to religious activity. It was later in the 17th and early 18th Cs that reading became a pastime reflecting secular interests (p. 50). There was some looking down on novels and their writers as having no talent (or genius) that the writers were only out to get money. New novels grew while unaware of literary tradition (p. 58). Watt discusses Robinson Crusoe, and how it relates to individualism and capitalism, which were contemporary ideologies. This thematic concern manifests in the novel’s setting, which renders a world with the value system of the new order (p. 65). Defoe’s world is set back chronologically, but deals with contemporary theory (p. 72). Defoe’s Moll Flanders is different but preserves the same thematic concerns. The subject of this novel is the presentation of anti-heroes, lower class citizens, as ordinary people. This novel is an adventure story, focuses little on action, but more on the protagonist’s character. In Richardson’s Pamela, there is a complex interplay between individualism, capitalism and marriage. Social conditions deny women individualism and economic power. Marriage becomes expensive as it turns women into trade goods. Marriage was seen as a ‘market’ and its expensive nature led to many extra-marital relationships. (p. 143) Emphasis in narrative changes to domestic setting, variation in extended roles and relationships between social classes. (p. 154) Pamela concludes with a traditional marriage and middle class sexual ethics. The puritan ritual bridges the ideal and real, since the relationship is idealized within a realistic setting. Pamela does not wholly embrace the real, but presents a confused struggle between the ideal and real. (p. 167) Sentimentalism arises in novel form: Novels do make people cry. This is not because of realness of character, but because of private experience (p. 175) Around
- 3. General Notes on Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel Lecture Notes Dr. Nora Malki 2015 the rise of the novel, private space became more commonplace (whereas life used to be much less private in previous eras). Spaces and means of interaction changed. Privacy afforded by suburbia (in terms of areas outside of the city) and letter writing. Privacy, especially a room of one’s own (Woolf) was requirement for women’s emancipation. (p. 188) The novel enables the representation of private affairs that were impossible to discuss openly. Provides an intimate account with characters, and brings the reader into the deepest private concerns. (p. 199) The paradox of private life and the novel: the process of urbanization lead to a way of life more secluded and less social than before, but enables a literary form that was more concerned with private life than ever possible. What are paradoxes of other media and social experience? (p. 206) According to Watt, Clarissa reflects the maturity of the medium of the Novel. Why? Complication of simple matter and expansion of characters. The implausible and didactic aspects of plot are brought into larger dramatic pattern and form of complexity. “It is this capacity for a continuous enrichment and complication of a simple situation which makes Richardson the great novelist that he is; and it shows, too, that the novel had at last attained literary maturity, with formal resources capable not only of supporting the tremendous imaginative expansion which Richardson gave his theme, but also leading him away from the flat didacticism of his critical preconceptions into so profound a penetration of his characters that their experience partakes of the terrifying ambiguity of human life itself.” (p. 238) Fielding borrows from epic form. References, but does not actually employ it. Does not use form, but evokes it, alludes to high standards. Part of evoking nostalgia from other great works. (Maybe ref Jane Austen Book Club?) (p. 259) In later tradition of novels, psychological distance and authenticity were observed by the authors. Jane Austen is a clear example for such a tendency. Austen can be said to be the successful solution to Richardson and Fielding. “Jane Austen’s novels, in short, must be seen as the most successful solutions of the two general narrative problems for which Richardson and Fielding had provided only partial answers. She was able to combine into a harmonious unity the advantages of both realism of presentation and realism of assessment, of the internal and the external approaches to character; her novels have authenticity without diffuseness or trickery, wisdom of social comment without a garrulous essayist, and a sense of the social order which is not achieved at the expense of the individuality and autonomy
- 4. General Notes on Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel Lecture Notes Dr. Nora Malki 2015 of the characters.” (p. 297)