SlideShare a Scribd company logo
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
„Science of Science Communication“:
Relevance and Main Findings
Prof. Dr. Mike S. Schäfer
U Zurich - m.schaefer@ikmz.uzh.ch – Twitter: @mss7676
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Roadmap
1. Relevance and Perspective of the
«Science of Science Communication»
2. Current Changes in the Science
Communication Ecosystem
3. Resulting Challenges and
Potential Responses
4. Q & A
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Resümee
Relevance and Perspective of the
„Science of Science Communication“
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Seite 4
Growing Importance of Science Communication
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“
(e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012)
Science of Science Communication: towards an
evidence-based science communication
(z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“
(e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012)
Science of Science Communication: towards an
evidence-based science communication
(z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013)
The research field is institutionalizing: chairs,
professional associations, own journals,
introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B.
Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf.
Gascoigne et al. 2010)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Schäfer 2012
Guenther/Joubert 2017
The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“
(e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012)
Science of Science Communication: towards an
evidence-based science communication
(z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013)
The research field is institutionalizing: chairs,
professional associations, own journals,
introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B.
Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf.
Gascoigne et al. 2010)
More scholarly publications analyze science
communication (z.B. Guenther/Joubert 2017; Schäfer 2012)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“
(e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012)
Science of Science Communication: towards an
evidence-based science communication
(z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013)
The research field is institutionalizing: chairs,
professional associations, own journals,
introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B.
Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf.
Gascoigne et al. 2010)
More scholarly publications analyze science
communication (z.B. Guenther/Joubert 2017; Schäfer 2012)
But mainly studies of Western (particularly
Anglophone) countries
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Science of Science Communication: towards an
evidence-based science communication
(z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013)
The research field is institutionalizing: chairs,
professional associations, own journals,
introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B.
Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf.
Gascoigne et al. 2010)
More scholarly publications analyze science
communication (z.B. Guenther/Joubert 2017; Schäfer 2012)
But mainly studies of Western (particularly
Anglophone) countries and STEM disciplines
(Schäfer 2012; cf. Guenther/Joubert 2017)
The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“
(e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
The Perspective of the „Science of SciComm“
(e.g. Bauer/Bucchi 2007; Bucchi/Trench 2008; Burns et al. 2003; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer et al. 2015)
Broad understanding of science communication:
all communication from and about science, including a diverse set of
communicators & content as well as uses & effects
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Knowledge Transfer: scientific knowledge a „best
available knowledge“ for individual, institutional &
societal decisions („Public Understanding of Science“)
Participation: include citizen opinions &
expertise, e.g. via consensus conferences,
citizen science («Public Engagement»)
Legitimation: ensure „license to operate“
of the scientific system, its institutions and
actors
AIMS OF
SCIENCE
COMMUNICATION
The Perspective of the „Science of SciComm“
(e.g. Bauer/Bucchi 2007; Bucchi/Trench 2008; Burns et al. 2003; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer et al. 2015)
Includes diverse aims of science communication
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Towards a
Science of
Science
Communication
Changes in the Science
Communication Ecosystem
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Seite 13
Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘
(e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Legacy model of journalism under pressure: „cost-cutting, out-sourcing,
short-term contracting of freelancers, and ever-quicker production cycles“
(Bauer/Gregory 2009: 47)
Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism
(e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017)
Roy Morgan 2019
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Legacy model of journalism under pressure: „cost-cutting, out-sourcing,
short-term contracting of freelancers, and ever-quicker production cycles“
(Bauer/Gregory 2009: 47)
Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism
(e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017)
Roy Morgan 2019
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Concerns science journalism in particular: „luxury increasingly difficult to
justify when … other types of news will be cheaper to produce & more
popular with audiences (and thus advertisers)“ (Allan 2011: 773)
Kristiansen et al. 2015
Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism
(e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Searching for sustainable business models that ensure quality and
critical distance – but without success (yet)
Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism
(e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Seite 18
Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘
(e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
More and more diverse voices in science communication – with their own
agendas: “growing opportunities for ‘those in politics, government, agencies,
companies and others to take their messages to a public’” (Friedman 2015: 147)
Pluralization of Public Science Communication
(e.g. Bauer/Gregory 2007; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2009; Scheufele 2013; Sumner et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2015)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Institutional science communication intensifies, professionalizes, and
becomes more strategic (e.g. Blöbaum & Scheu 2014; Dudo 2016; Marcinkowski et al. 2014)
Ruß-Mohl 2016 Serong et al. 2017
Schwetje et al. 2017
Pluralization of Public Science Communication
(e.g. Bauer/Gregory 2007; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2009; Scheufele 2013; Sumner et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2015)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Seite 21
Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘
(e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“?
(e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
Extensive, multimodal, interactive, targeted communication that users can
access mobile, immediately, often for free: „highly motivated individuals have
a greater ability to learn about science “ (Bubela et al. 2009: 516)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014)
The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“?
(e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014),
constructive online debates (Zavestoski et al. 2006)
The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“?
(e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“?
(e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014),
constructive online debates (Zavestoski et al. 2006), a successful adressing of young
people
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014),
constructive online debates (Zavestoski et al. 2006), a successful adressing of young
people and online mobilization
The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“?
(e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘
(e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Resulting Challenges and
Potential Responses
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse,
Trust May Erode
(e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
“many reasons to be
optimistic about the
Australian public’s
beliefs about, and
attitudes towards,
science”, “broadly
positive attitudes”
(Lamberts 2018)
Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse,
Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet)
(e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse,
Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet)
(e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
“[S]cientists need to
recognize how much
confidence most Americans
have in our community”
(Besley 2018)
Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse,
Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet)
(e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse,
Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet)
(e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
“[B]roadly
positive
public
attitudes[,]
rather than
the … bleak
commentary
associated
with a ‘post-
truth’ era”
(Dommett/Pearce
2019: 1)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Individual media diets become more self-selected and diverse –
and these differences are reinforced by platform algorithms
Audiences May Become More Individualized,
Fragmented, even Polarized
(e.g. Bonfadelli 2019; Füchslin et al. 2019; Schäfer et al. 2018; Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz 2016)
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Audiences May Become More Individualized,
Fragmented, even Polarized
(e.g. Bonfadelli 2019; Füchslin et al. 2019; Schäfer et al. 2018; Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz 2016)
Clear differences
in Attitudes
towards Science
and Patterns of
Information and
Media Use
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
The Balance of Power in Science Communication is
Shifting: Who Will Provide Orientation?
More voices, more content, more PR, more problematic content – but the
traditional providers of orientation are eroding
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Credibility Judgments about Science Content Get
More Difficult for Many Non-Scientists
Facing information overload, many people use heuristic cues as
shortcuts – but they work less well, & are skewed by social media cues
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
More Good Science Communication is Needed –
and this Needs Incentives and Training
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
„Is the appropriate role of science
communication to persuade an audience
to accept views about science or
to clarify understanding and engage a
wider public in a more vigorous debate?”
National Academy of the Sciences 2014:
The Science of Science Communication II. S. 61.
We Have to Discuss the Normative Foundations of
SciComm: What Can/Should/Are We Allowed to Do?
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
We Need More «Science of SciComm»,
and Robust Evaluations of SciComm Efforts
„social scientists are only
beginning to understand …
how audiences all make sense
of complex scientific issues“
Dominique Brossard & Dietram A. Scheufele
2013: Science, New Media, and the Public.
Science. S. 41.
IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research
Thank you for your attention!
Prof. Dr. Mike S. Schäfer
U Zurich - m.schaefer@ikmz.uzh.ch – Twitter: @mss7676

More Related Content

PDF
Scienceofscience
PPTX
Trends in the Science Communication Ecosystem & how the Pandemic Catalyzed Them
PPTX
The Future of Science Communication? Perspectives from SciComm Research
PPT
Public Understanding of Science Seminar (26 October 2011)
PDF
Science communication 2014-gelmez burakgazi-168-93-2
PDF
Yimei Zhu presentation slides for newcastle #oer14 conference
PPTX
Scientific communication
PDF
The Basics of Science Communication - in a formula
Scienceofscience
Trends in the Science Communication Ecosystem & how the Pandemic Catalyzed Them
The Future of Science Communication? Perspectives from SciComm Research
Public Understanding of Science Seminar (26 October 2011)
Science communication 2014-gelmez burakgazi-168-93-2
Yimei Zhu presentation slides for newcastle #oer14 conference
Scientific communication
The Basics of Science Communication - in a formula

Similar to The Science of Science Communication: Relevance and Findings (20)

PDF
The Sciences Media Connection Public Communication And Its Repercussions 1st ...
PDF
MP0605 (R)
PDF
Recontextualized Knowledge Rhetoric Situation Science Communication Olaf Kram...
PPTX
Science news lesson module 1
PPTX
Science news lesson module 1
PPTX
Science news lesson module 1
PDF
Routledge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology Massimia...
PPTX
Science news lesson module 1
PPTX
The Past, Present, and Future (!) of Science Communication Research
PPTX
Science communication
PDF
New Techniques in Science Communication
PPT
Science Journalism in India: A journey from One day wonders to Face book gene...
PPTX
Science Communication and the Media.....
PDF
Science Communication beyond Journal Publications Workshop
PDF
Science & Society -- From Dissemination to Deliberation
PDF
The why and how of science communication
PPTX
Science communication, Guest Lecture, Paige Brown
PPTX
The role of new information and communication technologies in information and...
PPT
Climate Change in the Media: Where have we been and where are we headed?
The Sciences Media Connection Public Communication And Its Repercussions 1st ...
MP0605 (R)
Recontextualized Knowledge Rhetoric Situation Science Communication Olaf Kram...
Science news lesson module 1
Science news lesson module 1
Science news lesson module 1
Routledge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology Massimia...
Science news lesson module 1
The Past, Present, and Future (!) of Science Communication Research
Science communication
New Techniques in Science Communication
Science Journalism in India: A journey from One day wonders to Face book gene...
Science Communication and the Media.....
Science Communication beyond Journal Publications Workshop
Science & Society -- From Dissemination to Deliberation
The why and how of science communication
Science communication, Guest Lecture, Paige Brown
The role of new information and communication technologies in information and...
Climate Change in the Media: Where have we been and where are we headed?
Ad

More from Mike Schäfer (12)

PPTX
Science Barometer Switzerland COVID-19 Edition
PPTX
Das Potenzial von Citizen Science in der Schweiz. Analysen auf Basis des Wiss...
PPTX
Das Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft aus Sicht der Science of Sci...
PPTX
Between Demoncratization and Panda Bear Science: What Scientific Projects Suc...
PPTX
Mehr als nur Eisbären: Workshop zu Bildern des Klimawandels
PPTX
Geisteswissenschaft-Kommunikation. Was wissen wir über die Medienpräsenz der ...
PPTX
Der Klimawandel in den Medien
PPTX
Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz - Ergebnisse und Perspektiven
PPTX
Keynote "Wohin entwickelt sich die Wissenschaftskommunikation?"
PPTX
Herausforderungen der Wissenschaftskommunikation
PPT
Schaefer framing theory and methods overview and open questions
PPTX
Ivanova & Schaefer - Frames in grossen Medienkorpora
Science Barometer Switzerland COVID-19 Edition
Das Potenzial von Citizen Science in der Schweiz. Analysen auf Basis des Wiss...
Das Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft aus Sicht der Science of Sci...
Between Demoncratization and Panda Bear Science: What Scientific Projects Suc...
Mehr als nur Eisbären: Workshop zu Bildern des Klimawandels
Geisteswissenschaft-Kommunikation. Was wissen wir über die Medienpräsenz der ...
Der Klimawandel in den Medien
Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz - Ergebnisse und Perspektiven
Keynote "Wohin entwickelt sich die Wissenschaftskommunikation?"
Herausforderungen der Wissenschaftskommunikation
Schaefer framing theory and methods overview and open questions
Ivanova & Schaefer - Frames in grossen Medienkorpora
Ad

Recently uploaded (20)

PPT
protein biochemistry.ppt for university classes
PPTX
2. Earth - The Living Planet earth and life
PPTX
TOTAL hIP ARTHROPLASTY Presentation.pptx
PPTX
ANEMIA WITH LEUKOPENIA MDS 07_25.pptx htggtftgt fredrctvg
PDF
Biophysics 2.pdffffffffffffffffffffffffff
PPTX
ognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based approaches, coping skills trai...
PDF
Mastering Bioreactors and Media Sterilization: A Complete Guide to Sterile Fe...
PPTX
famous lake in india and its disturibution and importance
PPTX
EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptx
PPTX
neck nodes and dissection types and lymph nodes levels
PDF
Cosmic Outliers: Low-spin Halos Explain the Abundance, Compactness, and Redsh...
DOCX
Q1_LE_Mathematics 8_Lesson 5_Week 5.docx
PPTX
Protein & Amino Acid Structures Levels of protein structure (primary, seconda...
PPTX
Vitamins & Minerals: Complete Guide to Functions, Food Sources, Deficiency Si...
PDF
The scientific heritage No 166 (166) (2025)
PPTX
INTRODUCTION TO EVS | Concept of sustainability
PPTX
7. General Toxicologyfor clinical phrmacy.pptx
PPTX
2Systematics of Living Organisms t-.pptx
PDF
CAPERS-LRD-z9:AGas-enshroudedLittleRedDotHostingaBroad-lineActive GalacticNuc...
PPT
POSITIONING IN OPERATION THEATRE ROOM.ppt
protein biochemistry.ppt for university classes
2. Earth - The Living Planet earth and life
TOTAL hIP ARTHROPLASTY Presentation.pptx
ANEMIA WITH LEUKOPENIA MDS 07_25.pptx htggtftgt fredrctvg
Biophysics 2.pdffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based approaches, coping skills trai...
Mastering Bioreactors and Media Sterilization: A Complete Guide to Sterile Fe...
famous lake in india and its disturibution and importance
EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptx
neck nodes and dissection types and lymph nodes levels
Cosmic Outliers: Low-spin Halos Explain the Abundance, Compactness, and Redsh...
Q1_LE_Mathematics 8_Lesson 5_Week 5.docx
Protein & Amino Acid Structures Levels of protein structure (primary, seconda...
Vitamins & Minerals: Complete Guide to Functions, Food Sources, Deficiency Si...
The scientific heritage No 166 (166) (2025)
INTRODUCTION TO EVS | Concept of sustainability
7. General Toxicologyfor clinical phrmacy.pptx
2Systematics of Living Organisms t-.pptx
CAPERS-LRD-z9:AGas-enshroudedLittleRedDotHostingaBroad-lineActive GalacticNuc...
POSITIONING IN OPERATION THEATRE ROOM.ppt

The Science of Science Communication: Relevance and Findings

  • 1. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research „Science of Science Communication“: Relevance and Main Findings Prof. Dr. Mike S. Schäfer U Zurich - m.schaefer@ikmz.uzh.ch – Twitter: @mss7676
  • 2. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Roadmap 1. Relevance and Perspective of the «Science of Science Communication» 2. Current Changes in the Science Communication Ecosystem 3. Resulting Challenges and Potential Responses 4. Q & A
  • 3. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Resümee Relevance and Perspective of the „Science of Science Communication“
  • 4. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Seite 4 Growing Importance of Science Communication
  • 5. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“ (e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012) Science of Science Communication: towards an evidence-based science communication (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013)
  • 6. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“ (e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012) Science of Science Communication: towards an evidence-based science communication (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013) The research field is institutionalizing: chairs, professional associations, own journals, introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf. Gascoigne et al. 2010)
  • 7. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Schäfer 2012 Guenther/Joubert 2017 The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“ (e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012) Science of Science Communication: towards an evidence-based science communication (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013) The research field is institutionalizing: chairs, professional associations, own journals, introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf. Gascoigne et al. 2010) More scholarly publications analyze science communication (z.B. Guenther/Joubert 2017; Schäfer 2012)
  • 8. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“ (e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012) Science of Science Communication: towards an evidence-based science communication (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013) The research field is institutionalizing: chairs, professional associations, own journals, introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf. Gascoigne et al. 2010) More scholarly publications analyze science communication (z.B. Guenther/Joubert 2017; Schäfer 2012) But mainly studies of Western (particularly Anglophone) countries
  • 9. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Science of Science Communication: towards an evidence-based science communication (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Fähnrich et al. 2019; Fischhoff/Scheufele 2013) The research field is institutionalizing: chairs, professional associations, own journals, introductory textbooks and encyclopedias (z.B. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Bucchi/Trench 2014; Jamieson et al. 2016; cf. Gascoigne et al. 2010) More scholarly publications analyze science communication (z.B. Guenther/Joubert 2017; Schäfer 2012) But mainly studies of Western (particularly Anglophone) countries and STEM disciplines (Schäfer 2012; cf. Guenther/Joubert 2017) The Emergence of the „Science of SciComm“ (e.g. Bonfadelli et al. 2017; Guenther/Joubert 2017; Jamieson et al. 2016; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer 2012)
  • 10. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research The Perspective of the „Science of SciComm“ (e.g. Bauer/Bucchi 2007; Bucchi/Trench 2008; Burns et al. 2003; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer et al. 2015) Broad understanding of science communication: all communication from and about science, including a diverse set of communicators & content as well as uses & effects
  • 11. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Knowledge Transfer: scientific knowledge a „best available knowledge“ for individual, institutional & societal decisions („Public Understanding of Science“) Participation: include citizen opinions & expertise, e.g. via consensus conferences, citizen science («Public Engagement») Legitimation: ensure „license to operate“ of the scientific system, its institutions and actors AIMS OF SCIENCE COMMUNICATION The Perspective of the „Science of SciComm“ (e.g. Bauer/Bucchi 2007; Bucchi/Trench 2008; Burns et al. 2003; Scheufele/Fischhoff 2013; Schäfer et al. 2015) Includes diverse aims of science communication
  • 12. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Towards a Science of Science Communication Changes in the Science Communication Ecosystem
  • 13. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Seite 13 Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘ (e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
  • 14. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Legacy model of journalism under pressure: „cost-cutting, out-sourcing, short-term contracting of freelancers, and ever-quicker production cycles“ (Bauer/Gregory 2009: 47) Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism (e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017) Roy Morgan 2019
  • 15. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Legacy model of journalism under pressure: „cost-cutting, out-sourcing, short-term contracting of freelancers, and ever-quicker production cycles“ (Bauer/Gregory 2009: 47) Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism (e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017) Roy Morgan 2019
  • 16. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Concerns science journalism in particular: „luxury increasingly difficult to justify when … other types of news will be cheaper to produce & more popular with audiences (and thus advertisers)“ (Allan 2011: 773) Kristiansen et al. 2015 Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism (e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017)
  • 17. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Searching for sustainable business models that ensure quality and critical distance – but without success (yet) Worsening Conditions for Science Journalism (e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Dunwoody 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Friedman 2015; Ruß-Mohl 2010; Schäfer 2017)
  • 18. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Seite 18 Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘ (e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
  • 19. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research More and more diverse voices in science communication – with their own agendas: “growing opportunities for ‘those in politics, government, agencies, companies and others to take their messages to a public’” (Friedman 2015: 147) Pluralization of Public Science Communication (e.g. Bauer/Gregory 2007; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2009; Scheufele 2013; Sumner et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2015)
  • 20. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Institutional science communication intensifies, professionalizes, and becomes more strategic (e.g. Blöbaum & Scheu 2014; Dudo 2016; Marcinkowski et al. 2014) Ruß-Mohl 2016 Serong et al. 2017 Schwetje et al. 2017 Pluralization of Public Science Communication (e.g. Bauer/Gregory 2007; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2009; Scheufele 2013; Sumner et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2015)
  • 21. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Seite 21 Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘ (e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
  • 22. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“? (e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014) Extensive, multimodal, interactive, targeted communication that users can access mobile, immediately, often for free: „highly motivated individuals have a greater ability to learn about science “ (Bubela et al. 2009: 516)
  • 23. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014) The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“? (e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
  • 24. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014), constructive online debates (Zavestoski et al. 2006) The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“? (e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
  • 25. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“? (e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014) Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014), constructive online debates (Zavestoski et al. 2006), a successful adressing of young people
  • 26. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Successful examples for science-related social media targeting (KQED 2014), constructive online debates (Zavestoski et al. 2006), a successful adressing of young people and online mobilization The Digital Era: „Golden Age of Popularization“? (e.g. Anderson et al. 2014; Brossard 2013; Brossard/Scheufele 2013; Nisbet 2013; Trench 2014)
  • 27. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Changes in the SciComm ‚Ecosystem‘ (e.g. Bubela et al. 2009; Bucchi/Trench 2015; Fahy/Nisbet 2011; Schäfer 2017; Scheufele 2013; Weingart 2005)
  • 28. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Resulting Challenges and Potential Responses
  • 29. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse, Trust May Erode (e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
  • 30. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research “many reasons to be optimistic about the Australian public’s beliefs about, and attitudes towards, science”, “broadly positive attitudes” (Lamberts 2018) Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse, Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet) (e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
  • 31. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse, Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet) (e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
  • 32. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research “[S]cientists need to recognize how much confidence most Americans have in our community” (Besley 2018) Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse, Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet) (e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018)
  • 33. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Public Attitudes towards Science May Get Worse, Trust May Erode – But Maybe Not (Yet) (e.g. Besley 2018; Bonfadelli 2019; Dommett/Pearce 2019; Eurobarometer 2014; Lamberts 2018; Schäfer et al. 2018) “[B]roadly positive public attitudes[,] rather than the … bleak commentary associated with a ‘post- truth’ era” (Dommett/Pearce 2019: 1)
  • 34. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Individual media diets become more self-selected and diverse – and these differences are reinforced by platform algorithms Audiences May Become More Individualized, Fragmented, even Polarized (e.g. Bonfadelli 2019; Füchslin et al. 2019; Schäfer et al. 2018; Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz 2016)
  • 35. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Audiences May Become More Individualized, Fragmented, even Polarized (e.g. Bonfadelli 2019; Füchslin et al. 2019; Schäfer et al. 2018; Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz 2016) Clear differences in Attitudes towards Science and Patterns of Information and Media Use
  • 36. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research The Balance of Power in Science Communication is Shifting: Who Will Provide Orientation? More voices, more content, more PR, more problematic content – but the traditional providers of orientation are eroding
  • 37. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Credibility Judgments about Science Content Get More Difficult for Many Non-Scientists Facing information overload, many people use heuristic cues as shortcuts – but they work less well, & are skewed by social media cues
  • 38. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research More Good Science Communication is Needed – and this Needs Incentives and Training
  • 39. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research „Is the appropriate role of science communication to persuade an audience to accept views about science or to clarify understanding and engage a wider public in a more vigorous debate?” National Academy of the Sciences 2014: The Science of Science Communication II. S. 61. We Have to Discuss the Normative Foundations of SciComm: What Can/Should/Are We Allowed to Do?
  • 40. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research We Need More «Science of SciComm», and Robust Evaluations of SciComm Efforts „social scientists are only beginning to understand … how audiences all make sense of complex scientific issues“ Dominique Brossard & Dietram A. Scheufele 2013: Science, New Media, and the Public. Science. S. 41.
  • 41. IKMZ – Department of Communications and Media Research Thank you for your attention! Prof. Dr. Mike S. Schäfer U Zurich - m.schaefer@ikmz.uzh.ch – Twitter: @mss7676

Editor's Notes

  • #2: Thanks, Happy to be invited Disclaimer: just arrived, not very familiar with the Australian situation
  • #3: Aim today: From a perspective of the „science of science comm“ I will talk about scicomm and its current changes Use the spectre of postnormality to frame this – even though I will use this a little loosely as you will see Highlight the major changes that I see Emphasize important challenges that both the scicomm and the science analyzing it have currently here and there, I will splice in my work, as I will be in Australia and at Monash University for a bit and if you‘re interesting in talking to me, send me an email
  • #4: First part is kind of a preface, to explain you the field that I represent here, as it is a young and interdisciplinary field
  • #5: Science Comm ist wichtig Scientific Academies Scientific associations and outlets March for Science Movement Journalists (here Guardian) and Bloggers
  • #6: Term from PNAS (Fischhoff/Scheufele) basic idea behind SSC is that what we all do, as individual people or as organizations, should be based on the best scientific evidence available. This should of course also apply to how we do science communication: In order to find out what works and what doesn’t, we should also apply scientific methods. Therefore we need a science of science communication.
  • #11: The field mostly uses a broad understanding of science comm includes strategic communication from science – both indidivual scientists and institutions public communication by non-scientists as long as it focuses on aspects of science including fictional content kinds of communication that claim that they are scientific but that may not be by scientific standards
  • #12: Ziele EXTERNER Wissenschaftskommunikation
  • #14: Many authors describe an ongoing, pretty fundamental change of science communication with many interconnected facets “tectonic transformation” (Scheufele 2013, 14042) of science communication Three of these facets seem most important to us Lets look at these in more detail
  • #15: Science journalism was the major source of science information and a major player in science communication over the 20th century, and still is important. But legacy news media have come under pressure in many countries. US newspaper industry, for example, shrunk by 40% over the past decade (Dunwoody 2015, 29) Newspapers, news magazines, TV and radio news are losing in importance, with circulations, viewership and, subsequently, advertisement revenues shrinking Also in Australia
  • #17: Kürzungen bes. in spezialisierten Ressorts wie Wissenschaft: „a luxury increasingly difficult to justify when certain other types of news will be cheaper to produce & more popular with audiences (and thus advertisers)“ (Allan 2011: 773; cf. Brumfiel 2009; Dunwoody 2015; Hömberg 1985) Entsprechend werden Wissenschaftsressorts momentan in vielen Redaktionen beschnitten oder gänzlich geschlossen: Of the 95 science sections in US newspapers in 1989, for example, only 19 still exist (Dunwoody 2015, 29). TV stations like CNN have cut their science news staff, and many science journalists report that jobs are being lost in their publishing houses (Brumfiel 2009, 274). Result 1: less expertise on specialist science issues remains in media houses “vast majority of articles on emerging technologies are written by reporters whose primary responsibilities do not involve scientific topics”, which may cause problems for issues “such as nanotechnology, that combine complex basic research, high levels of scientific uncertainty, and multifaceted policy dilemmas” (Scheufele 2013, 14042) that are difficult to understand and where an informed societal debate is seen as necessary by many. Result 2: working conditions for the remaining science journalists in legacy media are getting worse. The ongoing integration of legacy and online media has established an instantaneous, 24/7 news culture in which information has to be processed continuously (e.g. Allan 2011), in which journalistic response times have been reduced considerably, and in which cross-media production processes often demand journalists to prepare and adapt content for different channels. These demands have to be met with fewer resources, and as a result, science journalists’ workloads are rising. “59% of [international science] journalists have seen the number of items they work on in a given week increase over the past five years. They are not just doing more reporting, but more types of reporting. Many are now being asked to provide content for blogs, web stories and podcasts — something they weren’t doing five years ago.“ (Brumfiel 2009, 275) Therefore, many scholars see working conditions for science journalists worsening overall, and the small number of available science journalist surveys supports this (e.g. Bauer et al. 2013; Brumfiel 2009). Es zeigte sich, dass Schweizer Wissenschaftsjournalisten erstens soziodemografisch & im Berufsverständnis grosse Ähnlichkeiten zu anderen Ländern aufweisen – sie sehen sich beispielsweise primär als Erklärer und Vermittler und weniger als Watchdogs, Anwälte bestimmter Gruppen oder Entertainer Zweitens arbeiten sie in privilegierten Arbeitsverhältnissen und sind zufrieden mit Berufssituation & Produkten Drittens aber nehmen auch sie die gleichen Krisenindikatoren wahr wie Kollegen in anderen Ländern: In den letzten 5 Jahren haben sie weniger Ressourcen und Zeit zur Verfügung, dafür aber mehr PR-Angebote & Produktionsdruck.
  • #18: Institutionally, new business models for science journalism have emerged or been called for as well. crowdfunded journalism (like the German science magazine “Substanz”, which appears online only and managed to collect 37,000 Euros online) donation-funded, web-based journalism (like the Pulitzer Prize winning InsideClimateNews site in the US) Science Media Centers that have been established in the UK, Japan, Germany, New Zealand and elsewhere and which function as independent press offices providing science-centric information and fact checks to media and journalists without the respective expertise (Williams 2015, 199).  
  • #20: with decline of professional gatekeepers such as journalists, a pluralization of public communication on science is visible. more, and more diverse, voices like “scientists, journalists, advocates, and the people formerly known as audiences are all content contributors, each with varying knowledge, back­ground and perspectives” (Fahy and Nisbet 2011, 782) It also means more and more professional science communication from stakeholders beyond science im Zuge der erwähnten Verwissenschaftlichung der Gesellschaft kommunizieren neben Wissenschaftlern nun auch Unternehmen, Ministerien, NGOs u.a. über wissenschaftliche Themen. What emerges is an an increasingly pluralistic, participatory “science media ecosystem” (Fahy and Nisbet 2011) in which “opinion leaders other than scientists, such as religious leaders, nongovernmental organizations and politicians, have been successful in formulating their messages about science in a manner that connects with key stakeholders and publics but at times might directly contradict scientific consensus or cut against the interests of organized science” (Bubela et al. 2009, 515)
  • #21: I want to zoom in on scientific organizations New incentives: nicht mehr vorrangig um die Vermittlung relevanter Forschungsergebnisse, sondern darum, die institutionelle Reputation der eigenen Hochschule zu stärken, ihre Legitimität in den Augen von Stakeholdern zu erhalten, sich damit die "license to operate" und den Ressourcenzufluss zu sichern. Also bc Metrics like internationale Hochschulrankings rely on reputation measurements In the case of science comm, this means, firstly, more – and more impactful – communication from science itself scientists increasingly realising “the value of public visibility and tak[ing] active steps to structure their own public images” (Dunwoody 2015, 35), which internationally comparative surveys have shown for disciplines such as epidemiology, stem cell research or climate science (e.g. Dudo 2012; Peters et al. 2008) increase and professionalization in the PR of scientific organizations, which has been diagnosed many times but which has yet to be systematically shown for a broader set of scientific institutions (e.g. Williams 2015) Wissenschaftler und Hochschulen können diese Anreize kaum ignorieren: Viele andere spielen das Spiel ja mit, und wenn sie das nicht auch tun, verlieren sie an Boden – ein Dilemma. veränderte Hochschulkommunikation: mehr Ressourcen, mehr Output, enger an Leitung angebunden, Professionalisierung von Personal & Abläufen, Ausrichtung an strategischen Zielen der Organisation, Diversifikation von Kanälen & Zielgruppen (z.B. Fähnrich et al. 2018)
  • #23: Und immer mehr Menschen erhalten Informationen über Wissenschaft, wenn sie denn überhaupt welche erhalten, online. “studies have shown significant shifts among audiences away from traditional news (mostly television and newspapers) as primary sources for scientific information and toward news diets that are heavily supplemented by or rely exclusively on online sources as the primary source for scientific information” (Scheufele 2013, 14041). The digitalization has made more scientific information potentially available than ever a lot of science communication online is available immediately and anywhere, cost-free, and in a depth and detail that is pretty much unprecedented - which has lead Matthew Nisbet to speak of a "golden age of popularization" unter Nutzung multimedialer und interaktiver Möglichkeiten. Sie können von den Nutzern sofort, von überall und meist kostenlos abgerufen werden. Has great potential: „With these new outlets, highly motivated individuals have a greater ability to learn about science and to become involved in collective decisionmaking“ (Bubela et al. 2009: 516) that has also materialized in different ways …
  • #24: There are many interesting examples for how this potential could be – or has been – harvested Example microtargeting by Global Warmings 6 Americas: Assess in what attitude group people fall with regards to climat change, and then try to deliver tailormade messages to them
  • #25: Zavestoski et al. (98: 5) show how environmental policy proposals by the US Department of Agriculture received more than 1.5 million online responses from individual citizens, a “quantitative leap in ‘green interactions’”
  • #27: Inspired by a Reddit post (Reddit, 2017) and propelled by social media, the first global March for Science (MfS) took place on April 22, 2017. over 300 partner organizations over 1,000,000 participants across 600 marches in 69 countries biggest science protest in history.
  • #30: Strong assumptions about rising skepticism, the age of post-truth, eroding trust
  • #31: Australian Dept of Industry, Innovation and Science (DIIS) with The Australian National University has started in 2017 to assess Australians attitudes towards science and will do this annually now Lamberts, R (2018) The Australian Beliefs and Attitudes Towards Science Survey – 2018. The Australian National University. Canberra, Australia
  • #35: Echo Chambers und Filter Bubbles - Polarisierung: bei politischen Themen weniger als gedacht – aber vielleicht bei komplexen Wissenschaftsthemen?
  • #36: Die meisten Formate der WissKomm jenseits des WissJournalismus erreichen nur die beiden oberen Gruppen Kritische Stimmen finden sich in den beiden Gruppen rechts: Die kritisch Interessierten vertrauen dem System, aber weniger Institutionen und Wissenschaftlern, sehen falsche Anreize, wollen Beschränkungen, sind kritisch gegenüber bestimmten Forschungsthemen Die Distanzieren/Disengaged haben teils etwas fundamentalere Vorbehalte gegen Wiss als Ganze Aber eine grosse Gruppe von Wissenschaftsgegnern findet sich hier nicht Daraus folgt auch: es gibt keinen One-Size-fits-All-Ansatz der WissKomm – sondern unterschiedliche Publika und Arten, diee anzusprechen, unterschiedliche Ziele, Kanäle und Botschaften
  • #37: “abundance of [sources] for the public to inform themselves about science” (Bubela et al. 2009: 514) Direkterer Zugang zu Wissenschaft selbst möglich arXiv: Dokumentenserver für Preprints aus den Bereichen Physik, Mathematik, Informatik, Statistik, Finanzwissenschaft und Biologie. PubMed Central füpr Medizin SSOAR für Sozialwiss Hinzu jede Menge Web-Angebote, die Wissenschaftlern zur Verfügung stehen Um Paper und Präsentationen zu teilen Slideshare für Folien (wie diese hier!) Oder auch um ihre Forschung selbst für ein grösseres Publikum darzustellen Via blogs oder via Twitter Pseudo-Wissenschaft und Wissenschafts-Skeptiker, die wissenschaftlich abweichenden Meinungen vertreten Impfgegner Klimawandel-Leugner Kreationisten Parallel dazu erodieren gegenwärtig die Infrastrukturen, die traditionell für Orientierung gesorgt haben (vgl. Dunwoody 2015; Schäfer 2017) Hier findet insgesamt eine Kräfteverschiebung zwischen Wissenschaftsjournalismus und Wissenschafts-PR statt. Für den Wissenschaftsjournalismus wird es angesichts knapperer Ressourcen schwerer, den zunehmenden PR-Angeboten die notwendige Sorgfalt in Auswahl und Bewertung entgegenzubringen. «from a logic of journalism towards a logic of corporate communication[,] from media-led activities towards a source-driven reportage of science“? (Bauer/Gregory 2007: 33) Good example: Study by Petroc Sumner et al. 2014 published in the Brith Medical Journal It compares several hundred actual research papers with how they were presented in university press releases and, subsequently, in media news stories And it found that 40% of press releases contained exaggerated advice, 33% exaggerated causal claims, and 36% exaggerated the applicability of research to humans And when such exaggerations were found, news stories were also strongly more exaggerated So most exaggerations actually occurred in step from study to press release instead of step from press release to media report
  • #38: Gute Informationen zu finden, wird aufwändiger: “requires effort on the part of the individual searcher, effort that the typical individual rarely expends.” (Dunwoody 2015: 27)
  • #39: Es braucht nicht unbedingt mehr, aber mehr GUTE Wissenschaft wenn man kommuniziert, muss man wissen wie - und dafür Aufwand in Kauf nehmen und Zeit investieren Lohnt sich für die Gesellschaft – aber kann sich auch für die Wissenschaft lohnen Nach wie vor ist das vielen Wissenschaftlern nicht klar und wirkt sich auf wissenschaftliche Karrieren nicht immer förderlich aus – vorsichtig gesagt mehr Zitationen und vielleicht sogar entsprechende Reputation in der Wissenschaft Sichtbarkeit bei potenziellen Geldgebern Input aus der Gesellschaft
  • #40: Es bedarf einer neuerlichen und anhaltenden Reflexion über die wünschenswerten Ziele und angemessenen Mittel von Wissenschaftskommunikation.   Darauf deuten eine Reihe von Wortmeldungen der letzten Jahre hin: Der Physiker Hans von Storch und der Ethnologe Werner Krauss weisen in ihrem Buch „Die Klimafalle“ darauf hin, dass die alarmistische Kommunikation einiger prominenter Klimaforscher mittelfristig die Glaubwürdigkeit der Disziplin verspiele. Auch der Politikwissenschaftler Roger Pielke, der Kommunikationswissenschaftler Hans Peter Peters oder AAAS-Präsident Alan Leshner betonen die mittel- und langfristigen Fallstricke kurzfristig erfolgreicher Kommunikationsstrategien. Übertreibt man heute, wird man morgen weniger gehört   Umgekehrt zeigen Matthew Nisbet und Chris Mooney, dass sich wissenschaftliche Themen auch in polarisierten Debatten erfolgreich kommunizieren lassen. Man kann Menschen auf die entsprechenden Themen besser aufmerksam machen und ihnen Handlungsnotwendigkeiten aufzeigen, wenn man diese Themen strategisch rahmt. Wenn man also Aspekte gezielt in den Vordergrund stellt, von denen man weiss, dass sie verfangen  Bsp. Gesundheit Die Frage ist: soll man das tun? Hier stehen sich dezisionistische und konsequenzialistische Positionen gegenüber: Sollen sich Wissenschaftler auf das Feld ihrer Expertise zurück ziehen und zu diesem Feld im Wesentlichen sachliche Informationen zur Verfügung stellen, unabhängig davon, wer diese anschließend in welcher Form verwendet? Oder heiligt der Zweck die Mittel, sind auch Zuspitzungen legitim, wenn man Menschen damit die Dringlichkeit von Themen so deutlich machen kann, wie man es selbst empfindet?   Darüber ist eine Verständigung vonnöten, die mit einem Sonderheft der Zeitschrift „Science Communication“ und der Thematisierung ethischer Fragen auf dem Sackler Colloquium zur „Science of Science Communication“ in den USA begonnen hat. Auch hierzulande: Tagungen wie diese, wo man ins Gespräch kommen kann Aber längst nicht abgeschlossen ist
  • #41: In vielen Bereichen weiss man nicht genug Gilt auch und insbesondere in der Schweiz, als kleinem Land, dem dasselbe Schicksal widerfährt wie „kleinen“ Krankheiten: wenig wissenschaftliche Aufmerksamkeit Auch Evaluation muss viel stärker genutzt, standardisiert und professionell gemacht werden Mehr Forschung nötig Wenn Sie also Geld in die Förderung einer Doktorarbeit investieren wollen – kommen Sie gern auf mich zu!
  • #42: Thanks, Happy to be invited Disclaimer: just arrived, not very familiar with the Australian situation