Kathryn Selman
- 1. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 25-1 The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System PowerPoint® presentation to accompany: Medical Assisting Third Edition Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
- 2. 25-2 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Introduction Bones provide the body with structure and support 206 bones with joints and connective tissue Divisions Axial – 80 bones Skull Vertebral column Rib cage Appendicular – 126 bones Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
- 3. 25-3 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Skeletal System
- 4. 25-4 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bone Structure Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy
- 5. 25-5 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bone Structure (cont.) Compact bone looks solid Structures can be observed with a microscope All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone
- 6. 25-6 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bone Structure (cont.) Classification by shape Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs Femur (thigh bone) Humerus (upper arm bone) Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles Carpals (wrist bones) Tarsals (ankle bones)
- 7. 25-7 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bone Structure (cont.) Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage Ribs Frontal bone Irregular bones Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle
- 8. 25-8 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bone Structure: Gender Differences Male Skull Larger and heavier Forehead shorter Face less round Jaw larger Mastoid processes more prominent Male pelvic bones Heavier and thicker Pelvic Basin Narrow
- 9. 25-9 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Male pelvic cavity Narrower and longer Less roomy and more funnel shaped Male sacrum Narrower Sacral promontory projects forward Male coccyx Less movable Bone Structure: Gender Differences (cont.)
- 10. 25-10 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
- 11. 25-11 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
- 12. 25-12 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge Match bone to classification. ___ Humerus L. Long bones ___ Rib S. Short bones ___ Femur F. Flat bones ___ Pelvic bones I. Irregular bones ___ Carpals ___ Frontal bone ___ Vertebra ___ Tarsals F L I S I F S L ANSWER: Very Good!
- 13. 25-13 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Functions of Bones Give shape to body parts Support and protect soft structures Examples – brain, lungs, heart Allow body movement, because skeletal muscles attach to them Allow for voluntary movement
- 14. 25-14 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Functions of Bones (cont.) Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells – hematopoiesis Store calcium
- 15. 25-15 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available. Why is it important for the bones to store calcium? Correct!
- 16. 25-16 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bone Growth Ossification – process of bone growth Intramembranous ossification Bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane Bone-forming cells called osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone (located in skull)
- 17. 25-17 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bony Structures Rigid foundation Projections and processes for muscle and ligament attachment Depressions and hollows for articulations – the connection of bones at joints Openings for blood vessels and nerves
- 18. 25-18 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bony Structures (cont.) Term Definition Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression
- 19. 25-19 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bony Structures (cont.) Term Definition Head An enlargement on the end of a bone Process A prominent projection on a bone Suture An interlocking line of union between bones Trochanter A relatively large process Tubercle A small, knoblike process Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
- 20. 25-20 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Skull Two bone types: Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the skull Facial – form the face “Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels Tough membranes that connect the incompletely developed bones
- 21. 25-21 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ___ Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression ___ Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones ___ Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull ___ Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle ___ Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle ___ Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone C A F B D E ANSWER:
- 22. 25-22 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Skull: Cranial Bones Frontal – anterior Parietal – top and most of the sides Occipital – back Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body Malleus Incus Stapes
- 23. 25-23 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Skull (cont.) Mandible – forms the lower jaw bone Maxillae – form the upper jawbone Zygomatic – form the prominence of the cheeks Nasal bones – fuse together to form the bridge of the nose Click to see Skull Palatine – form the anterior portion of the palate Vomer – a thin bone that divides the nasal cavity
- 24. 25-24 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Spinal Column 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx
- 25. 25-25 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Spinal Column (cont.) Cervical vertebrae Smallest and lightest Located in the neck region First one is atlas Second one is axis Thoracic vertebrae Join the 12 pairs of ribs Lumbar vertebrae Have very sturdy structures
- 26. 25-26 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Spinal Column (cont.) Sacrum A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused vertebrae Coccyx A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae Considered unnecessary More commonly called the tailbone
- 27. 25-27 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each. Thoracic – 12 Lumbar – 5 Sacrum – 5 fused Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused Cervical – 7 ANSWER: Right!
- 28. 25-28 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Rib Cage Sternum Breastplate Forms the front middle portion of the rib cage Joins with the clavicles and most ribs Xyphoid process Cartilaginous tip
- 29. 25-29 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Rib Cage (cont.) 12 pairs of ribs All are attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae True First seven pairs of ribs Attach to sternum by costal cartilage False Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 Attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair 7 Floating Rib pairs 11 and 12 Do not attach anteriorly to any structure
- 30. 25-30 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge True or False: ___ The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage. ___ The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum. ___ The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs. ___ False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven. ___ Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process. T T ANSWER: F cartilaginous F seven F do not attach anteriorly to any structure.
- 31. 25-31 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands Shoulders – pectoral girdles Clavicles Scapulae Upper limb or arm bones Humerus Radius Ulna
- 32. 25-32 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.) Hand 8 carpals per hand 5 metacarpals per hand 14 phalanges per hand 3 in each finger 2 in each thumb
- 33. 25-33 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ___ Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle ___ Radius B. Arm bones ___ Humerus C. Hands ___ Carpals ___ Scapula ___ Ulna ___ Phalanges ___ Metacarpals A B B B C C C A ANSWER:
- 34. 25-34 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet Hipbones Coxal bones form the pelvic girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis
- 35. 25-35 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.) Bones of leg Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
- 36. 25-36 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.) Bones of the foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
- 37. 25-37 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones ___ Tibia ___ Patella ___ Ilium ___ Ischium ___ Femur ___ Metatarsals ___ Pubis ___ Fibula ___ Calcaneus ___ Tarsals B B B A A A C C C B ANSWER: Super !
- 38. 25-38 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Joints Junctions between bones Classification based on structure Fibrous joints Connected together with short fibers Between cranial bones and facial bones Sutures – fibrous joints in the skull
- 39. 25-39 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Joints Cartilaginous joints Connected together with a disc of cartilage Between vertebrae
- 40. 25-40 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Joints Synovial joints Covered with hyaline cartilage Held together by a fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other Freely movable Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like structures called ligaments
- 41. 25-41 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints ____ Between cranial bones and facial bones ____ Covered with hyaline cartilage ____ Between vertebrae ____ Freely movable ____ Sutures in the skull A B C C A ANSWER:
- 42. 25-42 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Common Diseases and Disorders Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease, primarily of weight-bearing joints Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues
- 43. 25-43 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints
- 44. 25-44 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback) Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback) Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time
- 45. 25-45 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine
- 46. 25-46 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Apply Your Knowledge Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue. The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder? Nice Work!
- 47. 25-47 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved In Summary Skeletal system Two divisions Bone growth through ossification Functions Supports the body Protects internal organs Attachment for muscles for movement Stores minerals Produces new blood cells by hematopoiesis Joined by three types of joints
- 48. 25-48 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved End of Chapter Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame. ~ Virginia Woolf