The Spectrum of Good Governance IN ORGANIZATION.ppt
- 1. The Spectrum of Good Governance and Leadership Question Muhammad Asghar Faculty Member PARD Peshawar
- 2. The word Governance The word governance derives from Latin origins that suggest the notion of "steering". One can contrast this sense of "steering" a group or society with the traditional "top-down" approach of governments "driving" society, distinguish between governance's "power to" and governments' "power over".
- 3. Governance the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). the systems and processes concerned with ensuring the overall direction, effectiveness, supervision and accountability of an organization. Exercising power and decision-making for a group of people is called governance. the exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to manage society's problems and affairs the use of institutions, structures of authority and even collaboration to allocate resources and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy.
- 4. “….the rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also been used to describe the "proper functioning of institutions and their acceptance by the public" (legitimacy). And it has been used to invoke the efficacy of government and the achievement of consensus by democratic means (participation). UNDP Define Governance as:
- 5. Importance of Governance Efficient and transparent systems of governance really are of paramount importance It happens everywhere – from urban centers to rural villages – and the well-being of a community depends on the choices made by people granted this authority. Because of the diversity of organizational structures around the world, people such as land lords, heads of associations, cooperatives, NGOs, religious leaders, political parties and of course, government are all actors granted the power to govern.
- 6. Processes of Governance Governance may operate in an organization of any size: from a single human being to all of humanity; and it may function for any purpose, good or evil, for profit or not. A reasonable or rational purpose of governance might aim to assure that an organization produces a worthwhile pattern of good results while avoiding an undesirable pattern of bad circumstances. Politics provides a means by which the governance process operates. For example, people may choose expectations by way of political activity; they may grant power through political action, and they may judge performance through political behavior.
- 7. Good Governance “Good governance” is a term often used to describe the desired objective of a nation-state’s political development. Good governance is basically an anti-corruption whereas authority and its institutions are accountable, effective and efficient, participatory, transparent, responsive, consensus-oriented, and equitable. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.
- 8. Why Good Governance ? The World Leaders at the 2005 World Summit concluded that good governance is integral to economic growth, the eradication of poverty and hunger, and sustainable development. The views of all oppressed groups, including women, youth and the poor, must be heard and considered by governing bodies because they will be the ones most negatively affected if good governance is not achieved.
- 9. How Good Governance ? For good governance to exist in both theory and practice, citizens must be empowered to participate in meaningful ways in decision-making processes. They have a right to information and to access. Although widespread accessibility remains a barrier for many countries, one of those ways is through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Applications such as the Internet. E-governance has emerged as a viable means to address development issues and challenges because citizens find empowerment through access to information.
- 10. Actors in Governance Government is one of the actors in governance. In rural areas, other actors may include influential land lords, associations of peasant farmers, cooperatives, NGOs, research institutes, religious leaders, finance institutions political parties, the military etc. The situation in urban areas is much more complex. Figure... provides the interconnections between actors involved in urban governance.
- 11. Urban Actors
- 12. …Actors in Governance At the national level, in addition to the above actors, media, lobbyists, international donors, multi-national corporations, etc. may play a role in decision-making or in influencing the decision-making process. All actors other than government and the military are grouped together as part of the "civil society.“ In some countries in addition to the civil society, organized crime syndicates also influence decision- making, particularly in urban areas and at the national level.
- 13. Dimensions of Good Governance
- 14. Participation Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression at one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand.
- 15. Rule of law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.
- 16. Transparency Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media.
- 17. Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.
- 18. Consensus oriented There are several actors and as many view points in a given society; but.. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community.
- 19. Equity and inclusiveness A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being.
- 20. Effectiveness and efficiency Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.
- 21. Accountability Accountability is a key requirement of good governance; Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to whom varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law.
- 22. Voice Capacity to express views and priorities, and to demand action from those in power Voice: the capacity of all people – including the poor and most marginalized – to express views and interests and demand action of those in power. The focus is not on the creation of voice for its own sake but on the capacity to access information, scrutinize and demand answers with a view to influencing governance processes.
- 23. Accountability ............ the capacity and will of those who set and, crucially, implement a society’s rules – including the executive at different levels and public officials – to respond to citizens’ demands. Answerability and enforceability are critical dimensions of substantive accountability and real accountability implies some form of sanction – be it through the ballot box, legal processes, institutional oversight bodies, or media exposure.
- 24. Accountability as a Relationship Between Two Actors A Answerability, Enforcement Delegation, Finance, Performance, Information, Enforcement B
- 25. Two Dimensions of Accountability Relationship Accountability of Whom, to Whom? (e.g. Horizontal vs. Vertical Accountability) Accountability For What? (e.g. Compliance, Financial, Performance, Political)
- 26. Accountability: Duty bearers account for and take responsibility for their actions
- 27. Accountability: Duty bearers account for and take responsibility for their actions Rights holders able to hold duty bearers to account
- 28. Accountability: Duty bearers account for and take responsibility for their actions Rights holders able to hold duty bearers to account *Requires both answerability & enforceability
- 29. Why A&V matter? Enhanced A&V can: Empower citizens to claim their rights Capacitate public officials to meet their obligations Strengthen political will & state capacity for poverty reduction Improve efficiency and effectiveness of services
- 31. Horizontal Accountability Checks & balances internal to a state. State institutions and agencies oversee and sanction other state institutions. e.g. Parliament, judiciary, anti-corruption and human rights commissions
- 32. Vertical Accountability Citizens and other non- state actors hold representatives to account. e.g. elections, lobbying, mass mobilisation etc.
- 33. Social Accountability Civic engagement to build accountability Citizens & CSOs hold service providers and govt officials accountable e.g. participatory planning and budgeting, public expenditure tracking, citizen monitoring of service delivery
- 34. Practical Challenges in the Absence of Accountability Planning Survival Planning Lack of Horizontal and Vertical Coordination Human Resource Management Recruitment Process Official Appointments Public Expenditure Management Inadequate and Unpredictable Transfers Non-Transparent Procurement
- 35. Good Governance Standard for Public Services Good governance means focusing on the organization's purpose and outcomes for citizens and users Good governance means performing effectively in clearly defined functions and roles Good governance means promoting values that underpin good governance and upholding these through behavior Good governance means taking informed, transparent decisions within a framework of controls Good governance means developing the capacity of the governance team to be effective Good governance means engaging stakeholders and making accountability real
- 36. Good Governance and Gender Good governance is based on people- centered development, and works towards addressing the needs of all citizens, regardless of ethnicity, socio-economic status, and gender Awareness and eventually elimination of gender biases and inequalities in governance is a way of making it gender responsive
- 37. Good Governance and Gender The following are aspects of governance where gender biases often exist: Participation: What are the roles of women in governance systems? To what extent do they participate especially the poor and marginalized? Information: Are policies based on actual data or simply on perceptions and assumptions of women's needs and interests? Resources: Do the resources we allocate for women’s needs/interests just token or integrated in the whole budget? Relationships: Do we consider women as partners or subordinates?
- 38. CONCLUSION It should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality.
Editor's Notes
- #24: Vuthy Thinking: System not working D&D Reform We go look at departments to see why system not working Formal seems somewhat in order, so why not working…? Informal not studied… Relationships? Incentives not in order?