The study of body function
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in human physiology. It discusses homeostasis and the use of feedback loops to maintain stable internal conditions. Negative feedback loops work to reverse deviations from the body's set points, while positive feedback loops amplify changes. The four primary tissues - muscle, nervous, epithelial and connective tissue - are introduced. Key cell and tissue types within each primary tissue are defined, including their structures and functions. The chapter concludes with definitions of organs, organ systems, and the body's fluid compartments.
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The study of body function
- 1. Chapter 1 The Study of Body Function Human Physiology
- 2. Human Physiology • Study of how the human body functions. • Pathophysiology: ▫ How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury.
- 3. Scientific Method • Confidence in rational ability, honesty and humility. • Formulate hypothesis. • Testing the hypothesis. • Analyze results. • Draw conclusion.
- 4. Homeostasis • Maintaining constancy of internal environment. • Dynamic consistency. • Maintained by negative feedback loops.
- 5. Feedback Loops • Sensor: ▫ Detects deviation from set point. • Integrating center: ▫ Determines the response. • Effector: ▫ Produces the response.
- 8. Negative Feedback • Defending the set point. • Reverse the deviation. • Produces change in opposite direction.
- 9. Hormone insulin restores plasma [glucose].
- 11. Positive Feedback • Action of effectors amplifies the change. • Is in same direction as change. • Examples: ▫ Oxytocin (parturition) ▫ Voltage gated Na+ channels (depolarization)
- 12. Primary Tissues • 4 Different Primary Tissues: ▫ Muscle ▫ Nervous ▫ Epithelial ▫ Connective
- 13. Muscle Tissue • Specialized for contraction. • 3 Types of Muscle Tissue: ▫ Skeletal ▫ Cardiac ▫ Smooth
- 14. Skeletal Muscle • Voluntary muscle. • Striated. • Attach to bones at both ends (tendons). • Arranged in parallel. • Grade contraction.
- 15. Cardiac Muscle • Striated. • Found only in the heart. • Interconnected. • Intercalated discs. • Syncytium.
- 16. Smooth Muscle • Not striated. • Gap junctions. • Calmodulin. • Peristalsis. • Syncytium.
- 17. Nervous Tissue • Neurons (nerve cells): ▫ Specialized for conduction of action potentials. • Supporting cells: ▫ Provide anatomical and functional support.
- 18. Neuron • Dendrites: ▫ Receive input. • Cell body: ▫ Nucleus. ▫ Metabolic center. • Axon: ▫ Conducts nerve impulses.
- 19. Epithelial Tissue • Types of Epithelial Tissue: ▫ Cells that form membranes: Squamous Columnar Cuboidal ▫ Exocrine glands ▫ Endocrine glands
- 20. Squamous Cells • Flattened in shape. • Adapted for diffusion and filtration. • Line all blood vessels.
- 21. Cuboidal Cells • Cube-shaped cells. • Excretion, secretion and absorption. • Line kidney tubules, salivary ducts, and pancreatic ducts.
- 22. Columnar Cells • Taller column shaped cells. • Excretion, secretion and absorption. • May contain cilia. • Line digestive tract and respiratory passageways.
- 23. Exocrine Glands • Derived from cells of epithelial membranes. • Secretions are released through ducts. • Simple tubes or modified as acini. • Examples: ▫ Tear glands ▫ Sweat glands ▫ Prostate glands
- 24. Endocrine Glands • Lack ducts. • Secrete hormones into capillaries within the body. • May be discrete organs: ▫ Primary functions are the production and secretion of hormones.
- 25. Connective Tissue • Large amounts of extracellular (ECF) material in the spaces between connective tissue cells. • 4 Types of Connective Tissue: ▫ Connective tissue proper ▫ Cartilage ▫ Bone ▫ Blood
- 26. Connective Tissue Proper • Loose connective tissue: ▫ Scattered collagen and tissue fluid. Dermis of skin • Dense fibrous connective tissue: ▫ Regular arranged. Collagen oriented in same direction. Tendons ▫ Irregularly arranged. Resists forces applied in many directions. Capsules and sheaths
- 27. Cartilage • Chondrocytes. • Supportive and protective tissue. • Elastic properties to tissues. • Precursor to many bones. • Articular surfaces on joints.
- 28. Bone • Hydroxyapatite crystals • Osteoblasts: ▫ Bone-forming cells • Osteocytes: ▫ Trapped osteoblasts: less active • Osteoclasts: ▫ Bone resorbing cells
- 29. Blood • Classified as connective tissue. • Half its volume is plasma.
- 30. Organs • Organs: ▫ Composed of at least two primary tissues. ▫ Serve different functions of the organ.
- 31. Systems • Organs that are located in different regions of the body and perform related functions. • Examples: ▫ Skeletal system ▫ Cardiovascular system ▫ GI system
- 32. Body-Fluid Compartments • 65-75% of total body weight H20. • Intracellular compartment: ▫ Fluid inside the cell. ▫ 2/3 of H20 • Extracellular compartment: ▫ 1/3 H20 ▫ 2 Subdivisions: Blood plasma Interstitial fluid
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