The top 10 windows logs event id's used v1.0

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The Top 10 Windows Event ID's Used
To Catch Hackers In The Act
Michael Gough
Lead Incident Response

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What will be covered during this talk
• Windows logs are solid gold if you know what to Enable,
Configure, Gather and Harvest. When hacked they can tell
you what you need to know to find and harvest the malware
and what occurred. This talk walks through simple commodity
malware seen in SPAM and drive-bys to a Chinese advanced
attack and what Top Windows Event Codes and
information in the logs allowed us to harvest their malware
and understand what, where and when they were doing it.
• Details of the attack from the logs and the queries used will
be covered and shared to allow you to catch a similar type of
attack. This talk will show an advanced attack at its finest, but
is designed to be Blue Team Defense in nature so you can
learn from those that deal with malware and advanced attacks
almost daily.
• What works and why will also be discussed

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Disclaimer
The information in this presentation and
opinions are mine alone and do not reflect
those of my current or past employers.
MalwareArchaeology.com

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INTRODUCTION

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Who Am I
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• Michael Gough, Malware Archaeologist
• Blue Team Ninja, Active Defense, Splunk Fu
• Blog - HackerHurricane.com
• Twitter - @HackerHurricane
• Creator of the “Malware Management Framework”
• Creator of several Logging Cheat Sheets
• “Windows Logging Cheat Sheet”
• “Windows Splunk Logging Cheat Sheet”
• “Windows File Auditing Cheat Sheet”
• “Windows Registry Auditing Cheat Sheet”
• Co-Creator of Log-MD
• LOG and Malicious Discovery tool for Malware Discovery & Incident
Response

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Hackers, Malware and Logs
• I am a Logoholic
• I love malware, malware discovery and malware
management
• But once I find an infected system, what happened
before I found it?
• Was there more than one system involved?
• Did the Malwarian do more?
• What behavior did the system or systems have after the
initial infection?
• Who was Patient 0?
• Logs are the perfect partner to malware!

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So why listen to me?
• I have been there
• In the worst way
• Found malware quickly
• Discovered 10 months before the Kaspersky report – June
2012
• We needed more… Who, What, Where, When and How
• We found the logs were not fully enabled or configured
and couldn’t get the data we needed
• Once the logs from endpoints were enabled and
configured, we saw all kinds of cool stuff, it showed the
How that we ALL NEED

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So what is the problem
we are trying to solve?

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You’re Next
97,000
76 Mil + 8 Mil
1000+ Businesses395
Stores
4.5 Million
25,000
4.9 Million
4.03 Million
105k trans
40 Million
40+70 Million
~ $758 Mil
33 locations
650k -
2010
76,000
670,000 1900 locations
145 Million
20,000
3 Million
35,000
60,000 alerts
990,000
56 Mil
550,000
TBD
Citigroup, E*Trade Financial
Corp., Regions Financial
Crop, HSBC Holdings and
ADP
?????
?

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What is Coming
• Statistics showing prevalence of weaponized document attacks as top
threat in 4th quarter of 2015.

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Why we should care
Mandiant M-Trends 2016 Report
• Numbers always tell a story, but it’s the interpretation of those numbers
that holds the real value. The median number of days an organization was
compromised in 2015 before the organization discovered the breach (or
was notified about the breach) was 146. This continues a positive
improvement since we first measured 416 days in 2012. Additionally, the
median number was 205 days in 2014, which means we witnessed a drop
of more than 50 days in 2015! Obviously, as an industry, we are getting
better at detecting breaches. On a positive note, companies that detected
the breach on their own had a median number of 56 days compromised.
The takeaway is that we are getting better as an industry, but there is still
work left to do!
• 2012 – 416 days MTTD
• 2014 – 205 days MTTD
• 2015 – 146 days MTTD
• 2015 – 56 days MTTD for companies that detected it themselves

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Who is catching it?

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Compromise to Discovery

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Why should we care?
Let’s take a look at
real hacks caught in action
In order to understand
why we need to log things

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An attack in the raw logs

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Commodity malware in the raw
logs
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Catch PowerShell Logging bypass
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• These were 2015 Dridex payloads

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You could catch a Crypto event

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A walk through of Winnti
Winter 2014 campaign

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Winnti – A campaign against the Gaming industry
• Kaspersky was the first to report on Winnti
• Then came the publically released report in
2013
• Followed up in 2014 with another wave of
attacks
• Now the group is expanding
• Kaspersky Report
– http://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/winnti-more-than-just-a-game-
130410.pdf
• Novetta did a Winnti Analysis
– https://www.novetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/novetta_winntianalysis.pdf

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Like all malware.. It and they
evolve
• First gaming
• Then Telecoms and BIG
Pharma
• Now So. Korea, UK &
Russia businesses
• We must learn and
evolve with them

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The Malware Infection
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Malware Launch
Hiding malware
in the Registry
Modify Service

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Escalate permission – obvious NOT your
admin
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Check the Service used
Modify Permissions
Push out malware using CMD Shell & CScript

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Command Line logging is Priority
#1
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Update Registry
Change Registry Permissions
Change permissions on files

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Bad behavior becomes obvious
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Doing Recon
Going after Terminal Services
Query Users

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You can even capture their
Credentials
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Caught THEIR
Credentials!

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With what we have just seen
What can we do with logs?

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More than you would have ever guessed!
•Not only detect retail PoS malware (BackOff) that
hit Target, Neiman Marcus and Michael’s
•Government sponsored malware like Regin,
Cleaver, Stuxnet, Duqu, Flamer, etc.
•Yes, even the really bad stuff like Winnti, well good
stuff to me ;-)
•You can lower your MTTD to days if not hours
•IF... you know what to look for

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Malware Management
• Read reports from analysts, IR firms and presentations
like this
• Use the data in these reports, pull out the artifacts
• Tweak your defenses
• Lather – Rinse – Repeat
• Long list of reports at MalwareArchaeology.com
• Details found at MalwareManagementFramework.org
• Send me links to reports and your thoughts

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Improve Security with Endpoint Data
•Great coverage with 10 events per system, not
60,000 alerts like we heard the retailers had
•If you get 10, then 20, then 30 alerts… you should
be kicking into Incident Response mode
•Of course there are more, but this is where to start

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The Windows Logging Cheat Sheet
• 6 pages on Windows
Logging
• Details on how configure
Windows logging and
auditing
• Found at:
• MalwareArchaeology.com
Also…
• Windows Splunk Logging
Cheat Sheet
• Windows File Auditing Cheat
Sheet
• Windows Registry Auditing
Cheat Sheet

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The 10 Windows Event ID’s
everyone must monitor and
alert on

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The Ten Command-lets
1. 4688 - New Process – Look for the obvious malicious executables like
cscript.exe, sysprep.exe, nmap.exe, nbtstat.exe, netstat.exe, ssh.exe,
psexec.exe, psexecsvc.exe, ipconfig.exe, ping.exe OR powershell.exe (SET,
MetaSploit) Of course, new odd .exe’s
2. 4624 - Some account logged in. What is normal?
3. 5140 - A share was accessed. They most likely connected to the C$ share.
4. 5156 – Windows Firewall Network connection by process. Can see the
process connecting to an IP that you can use GEOIP to resolve Country,
Region and City.
5. 7040 - A new service has changed. Static systems don't change details of
services
6. 7045 - A new service is installed. Static systems don't get new services except
at patch time and new installs.
7. 4663 - File auditing must be enabled on directories you want to monitor.
8. 4657 – Registry auditing will give more Registry details than 4663 for Reg
items
9. 501 – PowerShell execution
10. 4104 – PowerShell Scriptblock module loading

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Steps you will need to take
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• Enable Advanced Audit Policy in Windows
• The “Windows Logging Cheat Sheet”
• Audit Process Creation = Success 4688
• Audit Logon = Success & Failure 4624 &
4625
• Audit File Share = Success 5140
• Audit File System = Success 4663
• Audit Registry = Success 4657
• Audit Filtering Platform Connection = Success 5156
(Any/Any min)
• Services already captured by System Log 7045 & 7040
• Enable and Configure to capture
• Process Command Line
• The #1 thing that will catch the nefarious ne’er-do-wellers

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Enable Command Line
Logging

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Windows 7 thru 2012 (Win 10 too)
"Include command line in process creation events“
• http://technet.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/dn535776.aspx
1. You must have the patch for MS15-015 (KB3031432) for Win
7 and Win 2008, From Feb 2015
2. Registry Key tweak for all versions
• SoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionPoliciesSystemAudit
• ProcessCreationIncludeCmdLine_Enabled
• to DWORD - 1

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And you will see this added to your
logs
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• Only a fraction more data
• Most valuable thing to log
Additional context is important
to identify abnormal behavior

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PowerShell – Command Line
Windows PowerShell Log: Event ID 501
Details on setting PowerShell Preference variables
• http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh847796.aspx
1. You MUST have a default Profile for all users:
• C:WindowsSystem32WindowsPowerShellv1.0Profile.ps1
2. Add these to your default profile.ps1 file
• $LogCommandHealthEvent = $true
• $LogCommandLifecycleEvent = $true
3. Upgrade PowerShell to version 4
• Investigating PowerShell Attacks (DefCon & Blackhat 2014)
• Ryan Kazanciyan TECHNICAL DIRECTOR, MANDIANT
• Matt Hastings CONSULTANT, MANDIANT

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PowerShell – Script Block Module loading
Microsoft-Windows -
PowerShell/Operational Log:
• Event ID 4104
Details on setting PowerShell Script Block and Module
logging
• http://technet.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/hh847796.aspx
1. Add these Registry keys Windows 8.1 Server 2012 and
later, Sorry no Windows 7 or Win 2008 yet:
• HKLMSOFTWAREWow6432NodePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsPowerShellModuleLogging
EnableModuleLogging= 1
HKLMSOFTWAREWow6432NodePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsPowerShellModuleLogging
ModuleNames = *
• HKLMSOFTWAREWow6432NodePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsPowerShellScriptBlockLogging
EnableScriptBlockLogging= 1
2. Windows Management Framework version 5 will add
more
• FireEye article on the new capabilities
• https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-
research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html

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PowerShell Logging via GPO

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PowerShell Transcripts
• You can also specify a transcript of all PowerShell commands
executed which can be located locally or on a network share
• You can add these to your Log Management solution
• Add these Registry Keys:
• HKLMSOFTWAREWow6432NodePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsPowerShellTranscription EnableTranscription = 1
• HKLMSOFTWAREWow6432NodePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsPowerShellTranscription EnableInvocationHeader = 1
• HKLMSOFTWAREWow6432NodePoliciesMicrosoftWindowsPowerShellTranscription OutputDirectory = “” (Enter path. Empty = default)

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Some tips to save on data that
you collect with your
Log Management solution

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Do’s and Don’ts
Reducing or excluding events (save on license)
• Event ID’s 4688 & 4689 (New Process Start/Stop) and 5156
& 5158 (Windows Firewall) will be the Top 4 Events in
quantity!
• Storage and License required to gather all these events
• 4689 and 5158 CAN be excluded as least valuable that
is 50% savings
• Do NOT exclude by EventID’s that you want, exclude them
by the Message within the EventID
• I want 4688, but not splunk*.exe or googleupdate.exe, so
exclude by New_Process_Name to reduce normal noise
• I want 5156, but not things that are normal to execute, so
exclude by Application_Name
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A sample query using Splunk for
the #1 alert that ALL Log
Management solutions should
MUST have

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4688 (New Process Started)
You can add any or all Windows Admin Utilities
in System32 or SysWOW64
• index=windows source="WinEventLog:Security" (EventCode=4688) NOT (Account_Name=*$)
=*$) (arp.exe OR at.exe OR bcdedit.exe OR bcp.exe OR chcp.exe OR cmd.exe OR
cscript.exe OR csvde OR dsquery.exe OR ipconfig.exe OR mimikatz.exe OR nbtstat.exe
OR nc.exe OR netcat.exe OR netstat.exe OR nmap OR nslookup.exe OR netsh OR
OSQL.exe OR ping.exe OR powershell.exe OR powercat.ps1 OR psexec.exe OR
psexecsvc.exe OR psLoggedOn.exe OR procdump.exe OR qprocess.exe OR query.exe
OR rar.exe OR reg.exe OR route.exe OR runas.exe OR rundll32 OR schtasks.exe OR
sethc.exe OR sqlcmd.exe OR sc.exe OR ssh.exe OR sysprep.exe OR systeminfo.exe OR
system32net.exe OR reg.exe OR tasklist.exe OR tracert.exe OR vssadmin.exe OR
whoami.exe OR winrar.exe OR wscript.exe OR "winrm.*" OR "winrs.*" OR wmic.exe
OR wsmprovhost.exe OR wusa.exe) | eval Message=split(Message,".") | eval
Short_Message=mvindex(Message,0) | table _time, host, Account_Name, Process_Name,
Process_ID, Process_Command_Line, New_Process_Name, New_Process_ID,
Creator_Process_ID, Short_Message
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New Process Information in Splunk - Normal
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New Process to Catch the PowerShell
bypass
• index=windows source="WinEventLog:Security" (EventCode=4688)
(powershell* AND -ExecutionPolicy) OR (powershell* AND bypass) OR
(powershell* AND -noprofile) | eval Message=split(Message,".") | eval
Short_Message=mvindex(Message,0) | table _time, host, Account_Name,
Process_Name, Process_ID, Process_Command_Line,
New_Process_Name, New_Process_ID, Creator_Process_ID,
Short_Message
• CRITICAL ALERT !!! Catch malware using PowerShell and executing a
policy bypass
47

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4688 (PowerShell bypass) results in
Splunk
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5156 (Win FW Connection)
Shows what process connecting to an IP
• index=windows LogName=Security EventCode=5156 NOT
(Source_Address="239.255.255.250" OR Source_Address="224.0.0.*" OR
Source_Address="::1" OR Source_Address="ff02::*" OR Source_Address="fe80::*"
OR Source_Address="255.255.255.255" OR Source_Address=192.168.1.255) NOT
(Destination_Address="127.0.0.1" OR Destination_Address="239.255.255.250" OR
Destination_Address="*.*.*.255" OR Destination_Address="224.0.0.25*") NOT
(Destination_Port="0") NOT (Application_Name=“icamsource" OR
Application_Name="*binsplunkd.exe") | dedup Destination_Address
Destination_Port | table _time, host, Application_Name, Direction, Source_Address,
Source_Port, Destination_Address, Destination_Port | sort Direction
Destination_Port
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5156 - CSV output for additional processing
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Used to track BAD IP’s

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Windows Firewall Logging
• Set to ANY/ANY mode if Windows Firewall not used. Filter out
5158 events as these are not needed
• Do NOT disable in Root OU, put lower so you can add and remove
systems to the OU to apply this rule
• Of course enable the Win F/W everywhere and collect locally, there
is no good reason not to
• Export to CSV for manual processing or (or use LOG-MD)
• Do WhoIS lookup to resolve the Company, Country, etc.
• Create a large Whitelist of good IP’s (lookup list)
• Exclude Browsers from one search. The list of IP’s will be much
smaller for non browser executables talking to external IP’s
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7045 (New Service added)
New Service has been added
• index=windows LogName=System EventCode=7045 NOT
(Service_Name=tenable_mw_scan) | eval Message=split(Message,".") |
eval Short_Message=mvindex(Message,0) | table _time host
Service_Name, Service_Type, Service_Start_Type, Service_Account,
Short_Message
• This one alert would have caught EVERY retail PoS breach!
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7045 (New Service added) – In Splunk
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4663 (File Auditing) 4657 (Registry)
Filter out/exclude known good noise
• index=windows sourcetype=WinEventLog:Security EventCode=4663 NOT
(Process_Name="*WindowsservicingTrustedInstaller.exe" OR
"*WindowsSystem32poqexec.exe") NOT (Object_Name="*Userssvc_acctpnp“ OR
Object_Name="C:UsersSurfAppDataLocalGoogleChromeUser Data*" NOT
Object_Name="C:UsersSurfAppDataRoamingMicrosoftWindowsRecentCustomD
estinations") NOT (Object_Name="C:WindowsSystem32LogFiles*" OR
Object_Name="*ProgramDataMicrosoftRAC*" OR
Object_Name="*MicrosoftWindowsExplorerthumbcache*" OR Object_Name="*.MAP"
OR Object_Name="*counters.dat" OR
Object_Name="*WindowsGatherlogsSystemIndex*") | rename Process_Name as
Created_By | table _time, host, Security_ID, Handle_ID, Object_Type, Object_Name,
Process_ID, Created_By, Accesses
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4663 (File/Reg Auditing) – In Splunk
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Using LOG-MD we were able to enable and expand File and Registry auditing and use the results to
tweak the audit locations to reduce noise or events that are not needed, saving on license and storage
If it were not for LOG-MD testing, we would have never caught Dridex creating a key on shutdown and
deleting that key on startup for persistence.!
File and Registry auditing for shutdown and startup is VERY
powerful

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File and Registry Auditing tips
Add this slowly and keep it simple or you will create a lot of
noise
• Set via the GUI (Booo)
• Or use a PowerShell script, GPO, etc.
• Or by Security Policy file
• Make one for each File and Registry, apply via GPO or locally with “secedit”
• Audit only for:
• Files - WriteData (or AddFile), Create folders / append data, Change permissions,
Take ownership
• Registry – Set Value, Delete, Write DAC, Write Owner are optional
• NEW is what we want... Malware needs to be added
• Start with simple items like Run Keys, Firewall policy, keys that are HIGH value
• Remember there are 2 Cheat Sheets to help you with this
• “Windows File Auditing Cheat Sheet”
• “Windows Registry Auditing Cheat Sheet”
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Other valuable queries
Add these to the list
• EventID 106 – New Scheduled job
• EventID 2004, 2005, 2006 – Windows Firewall rule added, modified
or deleted
• Exchange by Subject
• Use to find who received a reported Phishing email
• Network logs by known Bad IP
• Who visited a known Bad IP (you populate) that you discover in malware
analysis or triggered logs mentioned in previous slides
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Other logging improvements
• Of course LOG-MD to help you refine your logging and expand it.
• Also great for IR tasks, lots of other features
• Sysinternals – SYSMON
• Module loading (.EXE, DLL, SYS)
• Provides Hashes of files
• Networks connections like Win FW 5156
• Windows Logging Service (WLS)
• Agent to replace your logging agent
• Provides Hashes of files
• Provides some WMI and PowerShell execution
• Replaces the need for SYSMON

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The Windows Splunk Cheat Sheet
Just for you
• All the queries in this preso and a few more
• Some tips about filtering
• Found at:
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Resources
Websites
• Cheat Sheets
• Malware Reports
• Log-MD.com
• Log and Malicious Discovery tool
• Malware Analysis Report links too
• To start your Malware Management program

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Questions?
You can find me at:
• MalwareManagementFramework.org
• HackerHurricane.com (blog)
• @HackerHurricane
• Log-MD.com
• http://www.slideshare.net
• Search for MalwareArchaeology

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The top 10 windows logs event id's used v1.0

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