The urinary system
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The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters into the urinary bladder, where it is stored until emptying through the urethra. The nephrons are the functional units of the kidney that filter the blood and regulate water and electrolyte balance to produce urine and maintain homeostasis. Common disorders of the urinary system include renal failure, cystitis, kidney stones, and urinary incontinence.
The urinary system
- 2. Organs of the Urinary System Kidneys Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra
- 3. Kidneys Bean-shaped organ located between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae in the flank area Divided into the cortex (outer layer) and medulla (middle portion) Concave border has a notch called the hilum where the renal artery, vein, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter. The ureter starts at the hilum Contains the nephrons (functional units of the kidney)
- 9. Nephron Microscopic 1 million in each kidney Divided into the renal corpuscle (glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule) and tubule (proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct)
- 11. Functions of the Nephron Removes the wastes products (urea, nitrogen, uric acid & creatinine) of metabolism from the 1.5 million mL of blood that pass through each kidney every day Maintain fluid balance by regulating the amount of fluid and electrolytes reabsorbed through the tubules into the blood and excreted into the tubules in the urine Micturition/Production of 1,000-1,500 ml of clear, straw colored, and mildly aromatic urine daily with a gravity of 1.003-1.050 and a pH of 6 Concentrate the urine when the person is dehydrated and dilute the urine when the person is overhydrated
- 15. Ureters Two muscular tubes that carry the urine from each kidney to the bladder
- 17. Urinary Bladder Muscular sac in the pelvic cavity that stores the urine Can hold up to 500 mL of urine when its wall stretches
- 19. Urethra Musculomembranous tube transporting the urine from the bladder to the urinary meatus Has an internal sphincter and an external sphincter
- 21. Urine Formation Glomerular Filtration : All the small molecules (glucose, amino acids & uric acid) except the blood cells and plasma protein in the blood pass through the pores of the capillaries (glomerulus) into the Bowman’s capsule to form the glomerular filtrate Tubular Reabsorption : 99% of the water that passed through the pores are reabsorbed through the tubules into the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Useful substances like glucose and salt (NaCl) are also reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule Tubular Secretion : Medications and other substances
- 24. Common Disorders Associated with the Urinary System Renal Failure : When the kidney ceases functioning
- 25. Cystitis : Inflammation of the bladder. Causes frequency and dysuria
- 27. Glomerulonephritis : Inflammation of the glomeruli
- 30. Kidney Stones : Renal calculi caused by deposits of mineral salts in the kidney
- 33. Polycystic Kidney Disease : Cluster of cysts developing in the kidneys
- 35. Pyelonephritis : Infection of the kidney and renal pelvis
- 37. Urinary Incontinence : Involuntary and unpredictable flow of urine
- 38. The End