thyroid and parathyroid disorders
12 likes8,244 views
Hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormones throughout the body. Some common causes include Graves' disease, toxic adenomas, and thyroiditis. Symptoms include nervousness, palpitations, heat intolerance, tremor, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of thyroid and pituitary hormones. Treatment options are radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland, anti-thyroid medications, beta-blockers to control symptoms, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid. Nursing care focuses on managing nutrition, activity tolerance, risk of injury from eye involvement, and hyperthermia due to the increased metabolic rate.
thyroid and parathyroid disorders
- 7. What is thyroid gland? • The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland that is normally located in the lower front of the neck. The thyroid’s job is to make thyroid hormones, which are secreted into the blood and then carried to every tissue in the body. Thyroid hormone helps the body use energy, stay warm and keep the brain, heart, muscles, and other organs working as they should.
- 12. Introduction • Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are used interchangeably, however each refers to slightly different conditions. Hyperthyroidism refers to over activity of the thyroid gland, with resultant excessive secretion of thyroid hormones and accelerated metabolism in the periphery. • Thyrotoxicosis refers to the clinical effects of an unbound thyroid hormone, regardless of whether or not the thyroid is the primary source. There are a number of pathologic causes of hyperthyroidism in children and adults.
- 13. CONT.. • These include Graves disease, toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular, goiter, and thyroiditis, Graves disease accounts for approximately 95% of cases of hyperthyroidism, To understand the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism, it is necessary to understand the normal physiology of the thyroid gland.
- 15. INCIDENCE • Incidence of Women 66.4% and 33.6% in men, 15% of cases occur in patients older than 60 years of age. • In India, a large number of people suffer from thyroid disorders. Previous studies reveal that almost 42 million Indians suffer from thyroid disorders. Unfortunately, awareness about the disease is low. A recent study across 8 cities of India (ABCDGHKM) revealed the prevalence of thyroid disorders in around 11 % of the urban population, with women being 3 times more prone to the disease than men.
- 17. Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition that results from an excess of thyroid hormone in the blood.
- 18. Etiology • Ectopic thyroid disease • Grave’s disease • Multi-nodular disease • Thyroid adenoma • Subacute thyroiditis • Ingestion of thyroid hormone • Pituitary disease • Ingestion of food containing thyroid hormone • High dietary iodine intake or very low dietary intake. • Genetic factor.
- 19. 1.Ectopic thyroid disease Ectopic thyroid tissue are related to the growth of the thyroid tissue, causing dysphasia, dysphonia with stomatolalia, bleeding, or dyspnea lead to hyperparathyrodisum.
- 20. GRAVES' DISEASE Graves' disease is a type of autoimmune problem that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, which is called hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease is often the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism.
- 21. MULTI-NODULAR DISEASE Sometimes, a person can have a goiter that has multiple nodules or bumps on it, which is called a multinodular goiter. A toxic goiter is one that makes too much thyroid hormone, resulting in a condition called hyperthyroidism. Most thyroid nodules are harmless, but some can be cancerous
- 22. THYROID ADENOMA This occurs when a single nodule (or lump) grows on the thyroid gland causing it to become enlarged and produce excess thyroid hormones. If the increased hormone production is coming from a single nodule in the gland, this is called toxic adenoma.
- 23. SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS Subacute thyroiditis is an acute inflammatory disease of the thyroid probably caused by a virus. Symptoms include fever and thyroid tenderness. Initial hyperthyroidism is common, sometimes followed by a transient period of hypothyroidism. Diagnosis is clinical and with thyroid function tests.
- 24. INGESTION OF THYROID HORMONE Exogenous hyperthyroidism is the term used to describe hyperthyroidism caused by ingestion of excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. It may be intentional (ie, suppressive doses of thyroxine to treat thyroid cancer) or inadvertent (ie, contamination of dietary supplements).
- 25. PITUITARY DISEASE TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas are benign tumours of the pituitary gland. They produce too much thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which causes the thyroid gland to enlarge and produce thyroid hormone in excess, leading to an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).
- 26. Ingestion of food containing thyroid hormone lead to hyperthyroidism Due to the high iodine content, supplements containing kelp should be After 1 month of treatment, the thyroid hormone levels returned to salt into foods and nutrition to prevent hypothyroidism and cardiovascular diseases.
- 27. High dietary iodine intake or very low dietary intake. lead to hyperthyroidism However, too high iodine intake, for example due to overdosage of iodine supplements, can have toxic side effects. It can lead to hyperthyroidism and consequently high blood levels of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroxinemia).
- 28. GENETIC FACTOR hereditary toxic thyroid hyperplasia or autosomal dominant autoimmune hyperthyroidism. It is hereditary through dominant activating mutation of the TSH receptor (TSHR) affecting all thyroid cells.
- 29. Pathophysiology Hyperthyroidisms characterized by loss normal regulatory control of thyroid hormone secretion. The action of thyroid hormone on the body is stimulatory, hyper metabolism result Increase sympathetic nervous system activity Alteration secretion and metabolism of hypothalamic pituitary andgonadal hormone. Excessive amount of thyroid hormone stimulate the cardiac system andincrease the adrenergic receptors. Tachycardia and increase cardiac –output, stroke volume and peripheralblood flow. Negative nitrogenous balance, lipid depletion and the resultant state ofnutritional deficiency. Hyperthyroidism result
- 30. Clinical manifestation • Symptoms and their severity depend on duration and extent of thyroid hormone excess, and the age of the individual. Individuals may experience: • Nervousness and irritability • Palpitations and tachycardia • Heat intolerance or increased sweating • Tremor • Weight loss or gain • Increase in appetite • Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea • Lower leg swelling • Sudden paralysis • Shortness of breath with exertion • Decreased menstrual flow • Impaired fertility • Sleep disturbances (including insomnia)
- 32. Cont.. • Changes in vision – Photophobia, or light sensitivity – Eye irritation with excess tears – Diplopia, or double vision – Exophthalmos, or forward protrusion of the eyeball – Fatigue and muscle weakness Thyroid enlargement Pretibial myxedema (fluid buildup in the tissues about the shin bone; may be seen with Grave's disease)
- 34. Investigation • History and physical examination • Ophthalmic examination • ECG- atrial tachycardia • Thyroid function test: T3 and T4 • Thyroid releasing hormone stimulation test • Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) • Thyroid scan
- 35. Cholesterol test Your doctor may need to check your cholesterol levels. Low cholesterol can be a sign of an elevated metabolic rate, in which your body is burning through cholesterol quickly. T4, free T4, T3 These tests measure how much thyroid hormone (T4 and T3) is in your blood.
- 36. Thyroid stimulating hormone level test Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a pituitary gland hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. When thyroid hormone levels are normal or high, your TSH should be lower. An abnormally low TSH can be the first sign of hyperthyroidism. Triglyceride test Your triglyceride level may also be tested. Similar to low cholesterol, low triglycerides can be a sign of an elevated metabolic rate.
- 37. Thyroid scan and uptake This allows your doctor to see if your thyroid is overactive. In particular, it can reveal whether the entire thyroid or just a single area of the gland is causing the overactivity. Ultrasound Ultrasounds can measure the size of the entire thyroid gland, as well as any masses within it. Doctors can also use ultrasounds to determine if a mass is solid or cystic. CT or MRI scans A CT or MRI can show if a pituitary tumor is present that’s causing the condition.
- 38. Treatment 1. Radioactive iodine Taken by mouth, radioactive iodine is absorbed by your thyroid gland, where it causes the gland to shrink and symptoms to subside, usually within three to six months.
- 40. 2. Anti-thyroid medications • These medications gradually reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism by preventing your thyroid gland from producing excess amounts of hormones. They include propylthiouracil and methimazole (Tapazole). • Symptoms usually begin to improve in 6 to 12 weeks, but treatment with anti-thyroid medications typically continues at least a year and often longer.
- 41. 3. Beta blockers • These drugs are commonly used to treat high blood pressure. They won't reduce your thyroid levels, but they can reduce a rapid heart rate and help prevent palpitations. Side effects may include fatigue, headache, upset stomach, constipation, diarrhea or dizziness.
- 42. Surgical management • Surgical Treatment of Thyroid Disease General Several surgical options exist for treating thyroid disease and the choice of procedure depends on two main factors. • The first is the type and extent of thyroid disease present. • The second is the anatomy of the thyroid gland itself. The most commonly performed procedures include: lobectomy, lobectomy with isthmectomy, subtotal thyroidectomy, and total thyroidectomy.
- 45. Nursing management 1. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to anorexia and increase metabolic demand is inappropriate. Intervention: - High calorie diet (4000-5000 kcal/day) - High protein diet (1-2 g/kg of ideal body weight) - Frequent meals
- 46. 2. Activity intolerance related to exhaustion secondary to accelerated metabolic rate resulting in inability to perform activity without shortness of breath and significant increased in heart rate Intervention: - Assist with regular physical activity. - Assist in activities of daily living - Assist the patient to schedule rest periods.
- 47. Cont.. 3.Risk for injury: corneal ulceration, infection and not possible blindness related inability to close the eye lids secondary to exophthalmos. 4.Hyperthermia related to accelerated metabolic rate resulting in fever, diaphoresis and reported heat intolerance. 5.Impaired social interaction related to extreme agitation, hyperactivity, and mood swings resulting in inability to relate effectively with others
- 48. Hypothyroidism • Abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland, resulting in retardation of growth and mental development in children and adults.
- 50. A condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism's deficiency of thyroid hormones can disrupt such things as heart rate, body temperature and all aspects of metabolism. Hypothyroidism is most prevalent in older women. Major symptoms include fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, dry skin and unexplained weight gain.
- 52. INCIDENCE • Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient; however, it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism. • In large population-based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine, 0.3– 0.4% of the population have overt hypothyroidism. • A larger proportion, 4.3–8.5%, have subclinical hypothyroidism. • Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men.
- 53. Risk factors • Although anyone can develop hypothyroidism, you're at an increased risk if you: • Are a woman older than age 60 • Have an autoimmune disease • Have a family history of thyroid disease • Have other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, a chronic inflammatory condition • Have been treated with radioactive iodine or anti- thyroid medications • Received radiation to your neck or upper chest • Have had thyroid surgery (partial thyroidectomy) • Have been pregnant or delivered a baby within the past six months
- 54. Causes of hypothyroidism • Medication: A number of medications can cause Hypothyroidism. Lithium, which is used to treat certain psychiatric disorders, can also affect the thyroid gland. • Genetic dysfunction: The thyroid gland may be dysfunctional at birth, or may fail at some phase in adult life. • Previous thyroid surgery: Removal of a large portion or the entire thyroid gland may reduce or stop the process of thyroid hormone production. • Treatment for Hyperthyroidism: Treatment for Hyperthyroidism may sometimes result in Hypothyroidism.
- 55. Causes of hypothyroidism • Radiation therapy: Exposure of the thyroid gland to radiation therapy for the treatment of cancers of the head and neck region may result in Hypothyroidism. • Damage to the Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland may be damaged due to disease or surgery which may result in decreased level of thyroid hormones. • Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: This is the most common cause of Hypothyroidism. This happens when the body's immune system produces certain antibodies that attack its own thyroid gland leading to a reduced thyroid hormone production.
- 58. Sign and symptoms • Hypothyroidism signs and symptom may include: • Fatigue • Increased sensitivity to cold • Constipation • Dry skin • Weight gain • Puffy face • Hoarseness • Muscle weakness • Elevated blood cholesterol level • Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness • Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints • Heavier than normal or irregular menstrual periods • Thinning hair • Slowed heart rate • Depression • Impaired memory
- 60. Investigation • History and physical examination • Serum T3, T4 • Serum TSH. • Serum cholesterol • TRH stimulation test
- 61. Treatment • Thyroid hormone replacement e.g: levothyroxine • Monitor thyroid hormone level and adjusted dosages • Nutritional therapy to promote weight loss