Emissions through the CCS life-cycle - presentation by Tim Cockerill at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
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The document outlines a workshop organized by the Centre for Integrated Energy Research focused on greenhouse gas emissions from carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) throughout their life cycles. Key discussions included the lifecycle environmental impacts of CCS, system analysis of bio-energy with CCS (BECCS), and uncertainties in GHG emissions related to various processes. Questions raised pertain to the overall environmental impacts, data confidence, and potential benefits of CCU in reducing emissions.
Emissions through the CCS life-cycle - presentation by Tim Cockerill at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
- 1. School of something FACULTY OF OTHER Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UKCCSRC WORKSHOP Emissions through the CCS life-cycle Chair: Tim Cockerill Co-organiser: Niall MacDowell Panel members: Anna Korre, Peter Styring, Richard Murphy
- 2. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES • Update on key sources of GHG (and other) emissions from carbon capture lifecycles • Identity questions / uncertainties surrounding how CCS/CCU emissions & impacts can be minimised on a whole lifecycle basis, and benefits maximised.
- 3. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING WORKSHOP PROGRAMME Time Speaker Short Title 11:15 PRESENTATIONS Dr. Anna Korre Lifecycle environmental impacts of CCS Dr. Niall MacDowell Whole-systems BECCS analysis Prof. Peter Styring How can CCU provide a net benefit? Prof. Richard Murphy LCA of energy systems 12:25 PANEL DISCUSSION 13:00 CONCLUSIONS
- 4. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Why is Life Cycle Analysis Important ? POWER + CCS PLANT O peration M aintenance Fuel Combustion EMISSIONS POWER
- 5. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM POWER + CCS PLANT O peration M aintenance Fuel Combustion MATERIALS Extraction, processing & transport FUEL Extraction, processing & transport WASTE Disposal WASTE Recycling WASTE Transport CO 2 Storage CO 2 Transport EMISSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS POWER
- 6. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM POWER + CCS PLANT O peration M aintenance Fuel Combustion MATERIALS Extraction, processing & transport FUEL Extraction, processing & transport Upstream Infrastructure Construction Power Plant Construction Power Plant Decommissioning Downstream Infrastructure Construction WASTE Disposal WASTE Recycling WASTE Transport CO 2 Storage CO 2 Transport EMISSIONS EMISSIONS EMISSIONS POWER
- 7. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Life cycle greenhouse gas assessment of a coal-fired power station with calcium looping CO2 capture and offshore geological storage TF Hurst, TT Cockerill & NH Florin Energy & Environmental Science 5 (2012) pp 7132-7150 90% CO2 Capture at stack ~75% reduction in net emissions per kWh Whole Life Cycle GHG Emissions from PC-CCS with geological storage Significant variation with • Technology • Transport distances • Load factor • ????
- 8. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CC & Geological Storage currently looks a ‘relatively high carbon’ low carbon energy source 050100150200250300 Lifecycle GHG Emissions Ranges(gCo2/kWh) SuperPC+CCSIGCC+CCS Life cycle GHG assessment of fossil fuel power plants with carbon capture and storage NA Odeh & T T Cockerill Energy Policy vol. 36 no. 1 (2008) pp.367-380
- 9. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Biomass growthBiomass CultivationBiomass Transport & ProcessingBiomass CombustionCO2CO2(+ Other GHGs)GHGGHGCapture PlantSTORAGECO2CO2Power BE-CCS • Even more complex process chain • Many potential uncertainties, especially surrounding bio-GHG balance (e.g. Searchinger-Wang)
- 10. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING -0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.811.20102030405060 Relative GHG emissions factor Percentage miscanthus co-firingNo CCSWith 90% CCS GHG Neutral Relative GHG Emission Factor Compared to Supercritical PC Plant But potential for zero or negative net GHG emissions Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Electricity Generating CCS upstream and downstream transport processes Cockerill TT, Odeh N & Laczay S Journal of Pipeline Engineering, 2010, Vol:9 Percent miscanthus co-firing
- 11. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING -0.6-0.4-0.200.20.40.60.811.20102030405060 Relative GHG emissions factor Percentage miscanthus co-firingNo CCSWith 90% CCS GHG Neutral Relative GHG Emission Factor Compared to Supercritical PC Plant But potential for zero or negative net GHG emissions Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Electricity Generating CCS upstream and downstream transport processes Cockerill TT, Odeh N & Laczay S Journal of Pipeline Engineering, 2010, Vol:9 Percent miscanthus co-firing SOME UNCERTAINTY
- 12. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Carbon Dioxide Reuse Direct Use Chemical Feedstock Agric. & Bioenergy New fuels Energy storage Others??? Mineralisation CO2 Source CO2 Capture Direct Use?
- 13. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING • What is the net CO2 reduction? Complex chains, limited data • How long must the carbon remain sequestered? How does this compare with the product lifetime? • For fuel applications, what is the net energy benefit? • Are there sufficient uses for CCU to make a material difference? UNCERTAINTIES BENEFITS (OVER STORAGE) • Avoids messing about with storage, removes risk of leaks • Can contribute to energy security
- 14. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DOWNSTREAMUPSTREAMPOWER + CCS PLANTOperationMaintenanceFuel CombustionMATERIALSExtraction, processing & transportFUELExtraction, processing & transportUpstream Infrastructure ConstructionPower PlantConstructionPower PlantDecommissioningDownstreamInfrastructure ConstructionWASTEDisposalWASTERecyclingWASTETransportCO2StorageCO2TransportEMISSIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONSPOWER INPUTS INPUTS INPUTS INPUTS INPUTS INPUTS INPUTS
- 15. Centre for Integrated Energy Research FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SOME LIFE CYCLE QUESTIONS • GHGs are important, but what other environmental impacts/demands are likely to be significant in practice? • How well are these understood across technologies? What are the key uncertainties (data & methodological)? • How much scope is there for further reducing emissions/impacts? • What role can CCU play – how much can be utilised and for how long, and what are the benefits?