To get the notes of python of MCA batchs

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Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON
MCA-161A
4 Credits (3-0-2)
MCA 5th Sem (2020-21)
R K Dwivedi
Assistant Professor
Department of ITCA
MMMUT Gorakhpur

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Programming Basics and Decision Making
1. Introduction:
Key features and applications of Python,
Python Editors and Compilers (Interpreters),
Using different offline and online Python IDE,
Interacting with Python programs
2. Data types:
Numeric, Boolean, Strings, Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionary
3. Variables:
Declaration and initialization
4. Simple Statements:
Taking inputs from user, Displaying outputs
5. Other concepts:
Operators, Expressions, Indentation, Comments, Casting
6. Conditional statements:
if…elif…else
Contents

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1. Introduction

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1. Introduction
Key features
• It is most widely used, high-level, general-purpose, multi-purpose and interpreted programming language.
• There are two major Python versions: Python 2 and Python 3 (latest version is 3.7.1, we can simply call it as Python 3).
• It was created by Guido Van Rossum, and released in 1991. Python 3.0 was released in 2008.
• It is developed under an OSI-approved open source license, making it freely usable and distributable, even for
commercial use.
• Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc). It is portable across operating systems.
• Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
• Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be executed as soon as it is written.
• Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-orientated way or a functional way.
• Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability.
• Its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code.
• The best way we learn anything is by practice and exercise questions.
• Python uses new lines to complete a command instead of semicolons or parentheses.
• Python uses indentation through whitespace instead of curly-brackets, to define the scope of loops, functions and classes.
• Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify files.
• It is very well suited for beginners and also for experienced programmers with other programming languages like
C++ and Java.
• The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard libraries that can be required in many applications
(NumPy for numerical calculations, Pandas for data analytics etc).
• you can download it for free from the following website: https://www.python.org/

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1. Introduction
Applications of Python
• Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
• It can be used to create GUI based desktop applications(Games, Scientific and Business Applications).
• It is also used to create test frameworks and multimedia applications.
• It is used to develop operating systems and programming language.
• It can be used to handle image processing, text processing and natural language processing.
• It can be used to create programs for machine learning, deep learning, data science, big data and data analytics
applications.
• It can also perform complex mathematics along with all cutting edge technology in software industry.
Organizations and tech-giant companies using Python :
1) Google(Components of Google spider and Search Engine)
2) Yahoo(Maps)
3) YouTube
4) Mozilla
5) Dropbox
6) Microsoft
7) Cisco
8) Spotify
9) Quora
10) Instagram
11)Amazon
12)Facebook
13)Uber etc.

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1. Introduction
Python Editors and Interpreters
• Python is interpreted language i.e it’s not compiled and the interpreter will
check the code line by line.
• Code can be written in a text editor with .py extension and then it can be put into the
python interpreter for execution.

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1. Introduction
Using different offline and online Python IDE
Offline IDE: Thonny, Pycharm, Spyder, IDLE, Netbeans or Eclipse PyDev etc.
Online IDE: https://www.w3schools.com/python/
https://www.w3resource.com/python/python-tutorial.php
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/execute_python_online.php

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1. Introduction
Interacting with Python programs

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2. Datatypes

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2. Data types
Python is dynamically typed language(No need to mention data type based on value assigned, it takes data type)
You can get the data type of any object by using the type( ) function

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2. Data types
Numeric Type: int, float, complex

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2. Data types
Boolean Type: bool

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2. Data types
Text Type (Strings): str
We can assign a string to a variable as below:
a = "Hello“
We can assign a multiline string to a variable by using three single or three double quotes
as below:
(Note: in the result, the line breaks are inserted at the same position as in the code.):
a = ’‘’Hi everyone,
This is Python Class.’‘’
a = ”””Hi everyone,
This is Python Class.”””
To concatenate, or combine, two strings we can use the + operator as below:
a = "Hello"
b = “Class"
c = a + " " + b
We cannot combine strings and numbers like this:
age = 30
txt = "My name is XYZ, I am " + age

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2. Data types
Text Type (Strings): str …continued

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2. Data types
Text Type (Strings): str …continued

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2. Data types
Sequence Type: list
List is a collection which is ordered, indexed and changeable. It allows duplicate
members.
Lists are written with square brackets [ ].
We can access list items by referring to the index number, inside square
brackets.

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2. Data types
Sequence Type: list …continued

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2. Data types
Sequence Type: tuple
Tuple is a collection which is ordered, indexed and unchangeable. It allows
duplicate members.
Tuples are written with round brackets ( ).
We can access tuple items by referring to the index number, inside square
brackets.

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2. Data types
Sequence Type: tuple …continued

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2. Data types
Set Type: set
Set is a collection which is unordered, unindexed and unchangeable. It does
not allow duplicate members.
Sets are written with curly brackets { }.

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2. Data types
Mapping Type (Dictionary): dict
Dictionary is a collection which is unordered, indexed and changeable. It does
not allow duplicate members.
Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and they have keys and values.
We can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside square
brackets.

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3. Variables

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3. Variables
Declaration and initialization
Variables are containers for storing data values.
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
Rules for Python variables:
❖A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
❖A variable name cannot start with a number
❖A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9,
and _ )
❖Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Variables do not need to be declared with any particular type and can even change type
after they have been set.
String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes.
We can assign values to multiple variables in one line.
We can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line.

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3. Variables
Declaration and initialization …continued

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4. Simple Statements

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Taking inputs from user
Python 3.6 uses the input( ) method while Python 2.7 uses the raw_input( ) method.

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Displaying outputs
print statement is often used to output variables.
To concatenate two or more strings or string variables the + character is used.
For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical operator.
If you try to combine a string and a number, Python will give you an error.

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5. Other Concepts

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5. Other Concepts
Operators and Expressions
•Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %, **, //)
•Assignment operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=, //=, &=, |=, <<=, >>=, ^=)
•Comparison operators (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
•Logical operators (and, or, not)
•Identity operators (is, is not)
•Membership operators (in, not in)
•Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, ~, <<, >>)

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5. Other Concepts
Operators and Expressions …continued
Arithmetic operators
** is used for Exponentiation and // is used for Floor division.

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5. Other Concepts
Logical operators

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5. Other Concepts
Identity operators

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5. Other Concepts
Identity operators

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5. Other Concepts
Membership operators

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5. Other Concepts
Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only,
the indentation in Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code. Other languages often use curly-
brackets for this purpose.
Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation.
The number of spaces is up to you as a programmer, but it has to be at least one.
You have to use same number of spaces in the same block of code, otherwise Python
will give you an error.
Correct Example:
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

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5. Other Concepts
Comments
Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore them.
Python does not really have a syntax for multi line comments.
To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for each line.
Since Python will ignore string literals that are not assigned to a variable, you
can add a multiline string (triple quotes) in your code, and place your comment
inside it.

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5. Other Concepts
Casting
Casting can be done using constructors : int( ), float( ), str( )

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6. Conditional Statements

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if…elif…else
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same line as the if
statement.
if a > b: print("a is greater than b")

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if…elif…else

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if…elif…else
Ternary Operators, or Conditional Expressions
If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for else, you can put it
all on the same line.
a = 2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")
You can also have multiple else statements on the same line.
a = 330
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("=") if a == b else print("B")
Logical operators to combine conditional statements
The and/or keywords are logical operators, and can be used as below:
if a > b and a > c:
if a > b or a > c:

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Ternary operator

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Logical operator

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if…elif…else
Nested if
You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if
statements.
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")

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Nested if

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if…elif…else
Pass statement
if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if statement
with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
pass

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Pass statement

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