Tool angle
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The document discusses cutting tools used in machining processes. It defines single point and multi-point cutting tools. Key terms related to cutting tool geometry are defined, including relief angle, rake angle, nose radius, and their purposes. Common cutting tool materials like high-speed steel and cemented carbides are also mentioned. The document provides information on selecting cutting tool geometry and materials based on factors like the workpiece material and type of machining operation.
Tool angle
- 1. An introduction to Cutting Tools with special reference to SPCT by Jatinder Garg Associate Professor Baba Hira Singh Bhattal Institute of Engineering & Technology Lehragaga (Sangrur)
- 2. Machining Process • Cast, formed and shaped products may need further machining operations to give them the desired final shape, after removal of extra material in the form of chips. • Machining processes remove material from a work piece by • CUTTING ( As in case of machine tools like lathe, shaper etc) • ABRASIVE ( As in case of a grinding wheel) • NON TRADITIONAL ( Processes such as EDM, ECM Etc.)
- 4. 4 Turning • High proportion of work machined in shop turned on lathe • Turning tool set to given depth of cut, fed parallel to axis of work (reduces diameter of work) • Chip forms and slides along cutting tool's upper surface created by side rake
- 5. 5 Planing or Shaping • Workpiece moved back and forth under cutting tool • Fed sideways a set amount at end of each table reversal
- 6. 6 Plain Milling • Multi-tooth tool having several equally spaced cutting edges around periphery • Each tooth considered single-point cutting tool (must have proper rake and clearance angles) • Workpiece held in vise or fastened to table • Fed into horizontal revolving cutter • Each tooth makes successive cuts • Produces smooth, flat, or profiled surface depending on shape of cutter
- 7. 7 Inserted Blade Face Mill • Consists of body that holds several equally spaced inserts • Cutting action occurs at lower corner of insert • Corners chamfered to give strength
- 8. 8 End Milling • Multi-fluted cutters held vertically in vertical milling machine spindle or attachment • Used primarily for cutting slots or grooves • Workpiece held in vise and fed into revolving cutter • End milling • Cutting done by periphery of teeth
- 9. 9 Drilling • Multi-edge cutting tool that cuts on the point • Drill's cutting edges (lips) provided with lip clearance to permit point to penetrate work piece as drill revolves
- 10. 10 What is a Cutting Tool • A cutting tool is any tool that is used to remove metal from the work piece by means of shear deformation. • It is one of most important components in machining process • It must be made of a material harder than the material which is to be cut, and the tool must be able to withstand the heat generated in the metal cutting process. • Two basic types • Single point • Multiple point
- 11. Single Point Cutting Tool
- 12. Multi Point Cutting Tool
- 13. 13 Cutting-Tool Materials • Cutting tool bits generally made • High-speed steel • Cast alloys • Cemented carbides • Ceramics • Cermets • Cubic Boron Nitride • Polycrystalline Diamond
- 14. 14 Cutting Tool Properties • Hardness • Cutting tool material must be 1 1/2 times harder than the material it is being used to machine. • Capable of maintaining a red hardness during machining operation • Red hardness: ability of cutting tool to maintain sharp cutting edge at elevated temp. • It is also sometimes referred to as hot hardness or hot strength
- 15. 15 Cutting Tool Properties • Wear Resistance • Able to maintain sharpened edge throughout the cutting operation • Same as abrasive resistance • Shock Resistance • Able to take the cutting loads and forces • Shape and Configuration • Must be available for use in different sizes and shapes.
- 16. Single Point Cutting Tool 19
- 17. 20 Single Point Cutting Tool
- 18. Know the Single Point Cutting Tool • Shank: Main body of tool, it is part of tool which is gripped in tool holder • Face: Top surface of tool b/w shank and point of tool. Chips flow along this surface • Flank: Portion tool which faces the work. It is surface adjacent to & below the cutting edge when tool lies in a horizontal position. • Point: Wedge shaped portion where face & flank of tool meet. • Base: Bearing surface of tool on which it is held in a tool holder. • Nose radius: Cutting tip, which carries a sharp cutting point. Nose provided with radius to enable greater strength, increase tool life & surface life. Typical Value : 0.4 mm – 1.6 mm
- 19. 22 SPC Tool Geometry SIDE RELIEF SIDE CLEARANCE
- 20. 23 The most significant terms in the geometry of a cutting tool angles are: • Relief or clearance angle • Side relief • End relief • Rake angle • Back Rake angle • Side Rake angle • Cutting edge angle • Side Cutting edge angle • End Cutting edge angl • Nose Radius Nomenclature of Single Point Lathe Tool
- 21. 24 Cutting-Tool Terms Relief or Clearance angle: • Ground on the end and side faces of a tool to prevent it from rubbing on the work piece. • To enable only the cutting edge to touch the work piece. Side Relief angle: • Angle ground directly below the cutting edge on the flank of the tool End Relief angle: • Angle ground from the nose of the tool
- 22. 25 Cutting-Tool Terms Cutting edge angle • Ground on a tool so that it can be mounted in the correct position for various machining operations. Side Cutting edge angle • Allows flank of the tool to approach the work piece first • Spreads the material over a greater distance on the cutting edge, thereby thinning out the chip. • Approximately 150 End Cutting edge angle • Allows the cutting tool to machine close to the work piece during turning operations • Usually 20 – 300
- 23. 26 Rake angle: • Ground on a tool to provide a smooth flow of the chip over the tool so as to move it away from the work piece Cutting-Tool Terms Back Rake angle • Ground on the face of the tool • Influences the angle at which chip leaves the nose of the tool • Generally 8 - 100 Side Rake angle • Ground on the tool face away from the cutting edge • Influences the angle at which the chip leaves the work piece • A lathe tool has 140 side rake.
- 24. 27 Side Rake • Large as possible to allow chips to escape • Amount determined • Type and grade of cutting tool • Type of material being cut • Feed per revolution • Angle of keenness • Formed by side rake and side clearance
- 25. 28 Back Rake • Angle formed between top face of tool and top of tool shank • Positive • Top face slopes downward away from point • Negative • Top face slopes upward away from point • Neutral
- 26. Rake Angles • Small to medium rake angles cause: • high compression • high tool forces • high friction • result = Thick—highly deformed—hot chips
- 27. Negative Rake Tools • Typical tool materials which utilize negative rakes are: • Carbide • Diamonds • Ceramics • These materials tend to be much more brittle than HSS but they hold superior hardness at high temperatures. The negative rake angles transfer the cutting forces to the tool which help to provide added support to the cutting edge.
- 28. 31 Cutting-Tool Terms Functions: • Strengthens finishing point of tool • Improves surface finish on work • Should be twice amount of feed per revolution • Too large – chatter; too small – weakens point Nose Radius: • Rounded tip on the point of the tool
- 29. Tool Angle Application • Factors to consider for tool angles • The hardness of the metal • Type of cutting operation • Material and shape of the cutting tool • The strength of the cutting edge
Editor's Notes
- #23: AATool Geometry The geometry of cutting tools refers to the various angles and clearances machined or ground on the tool faces. Although the terms and definitions relating to single-point cutting tools vary greatly, those adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and currently in general use are illustrated in Fig. 31-6.