Topics practical exam ist semester
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This document outlines the topics to be covered in a practical exam in general medicine for the first semester. The topics include sterilization and disinfection methods, antiseptics and disinfectants, culture media, the main steps in bacteriological diagnosis, collection and transport of biological specimens, microscopic and macroscopic examination in bacteriology, identification of bacteria by morphology and biochemical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, immunological reactions used in diagnosis, and polymerase chain reaction.
Topics practical exam ist semester
- 1. PRACTICAL EXAM, General Medicine, Ist semester Chapter (PPT presentation) Topics 1. Sterilization and disinfection (control of microorganisms by nonselective methods) 1. Define sterilization and disinfection; 2. Dry heat sterilization: examples of methods and equipments; uses 3. Moist heat sterilization: examples of methods and equipments; uses 4. Filtration, Irradiation (UV light): examples, uses 5. Chemical sterilization agents 2. Antiseptics and disinfectants 1. Define: antiseptic, disinfectant, asepsis, aseptic technique (give examples of aseptic techniques) 2. Describe some action mechanisms of antiseptics and disinfectants 3. Phenol and derivatives: uses, advantages, disadvantages 4. Oxidizing agents: uses, examples 5. Halogens: uses, examples 6. Quaternary ammonium compounds: uses, examples 7. Alcohols, Aldehydes: uses, examples 3. Culture media – growing microorganisms for diagnostic and/or production purposes 1. General requirements and composition of culture media 2. Classification of culture media depending on state of matter and on purpose 4. Main Steps in Bacteriological Diagnosis 1. Describe the main steps of bacteriological diagnosis 5. Collection and transport of biological specimens 1. Collection of nasopharyngeal exudates 2. Collection of sputum 3. Collection of blood for hemoculture and for serology 4. Collection of pus 5. Collection of urine 6. Collection of stool 7. Transport of biological specimens: triple packaging 6. Macroscopic and microscopic examination in bacteriology 1. Light (bright) field microscopy: types of slides 2. Gram staining: principle, classification of germs based upon Gram staining 3. Ziehl-Neelsen staining: principle, aspect of stained bacteria 7. Bacterial cultures - Identification of Germs by Morphology of Colonies 1. Bacterial culture streaking – ”T-streak method”: description of steps and explanation of purpose 2. Colonial characters on solid media, including changes induced in the culture medium (give examples) 8. Identification of bacteria – biochemical characters and pathogenicity tests 1. The catalase test: principle, interpretation of results 2. The bile solubility test: principle, interpretation of results 3. The coagulase test: principle, interpretation of results 4. Testing for enzyme systems: principle, method, example (TSI agar) 9. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – an overview of definitions and procedures 1. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: definition, purpose, types of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents 2. The disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer): description and interpretation 3. The MIC: measurement methods and interpretation 10. Immunological reactions in bacteriological diagnosis 1. Agglutination – principle, interpretation 2. Immunofluorescence – principle, interpretation 3. ELISA and Western blot – principle, uses 11. Diagnostic methods based on nucleic acid identification: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 1. Principle and uses of PCR