Towards Transformative Artificial Intelligence in Life Science and Health Care

Editor's Notes

• #15: We conducted an analysis of large, detailed prescription datasets to see how frequent PGx medications were co-prescribed Total US patient records: 73 M Total Austrian patients: 6,8 M
• #28: This diagram shows the outline of the trial as well as the time-frame Centers each have their own therapeutic focus  oncology, renal tx
• #36: David ’s (1990) foundational study of the electric motor showed that this invention brought about enormous technological and organizational change across sectors as diverse as manufacturing, agriculture, retail, and residential construction. Such “GPTs” are usual ly understood to meet three criteria that distinguish them from other innovations: they have pervasive application across many sectors; they spawn further innovation in application sectors, and they themselves are rapidly improving. Some of these advances appear to have great potential across a broad set of domains , beyond their initial application : a s highlighted by Griliches (1957) in his classic studies of hybrid corn, some new research tools are inventions that do not just create or improve a specific product — instead they constitute a new way of creating new products, w ith much broader application. In Griliches ’ famous construction, the discovery of double - cross hybridization “ was the invention of a method of inventin g .” (Hereinafter, “IMI”.) Rather than being a means of creating a single a new corn variety , hybrid corn represented a widely applicable me thod for breeding many different new varieties . When a pplied to the challenge of creating new varieties optimized for m any different localities (and even more broadly, to other crops) the invention of double - cross hybridization had a huge impact on agricultural productivity. One the one hand, AI based learning may be able to substantially “automate discovery” across many domains where classification and prediction tasks play an important role. On the other , they m ay also “ expand the playbook” is the sense of opening up the set of problem s that can be feasib ly addressed, and radically alter ing scientific and technical communities’ conceptual approaches and framing of problems. The invention of optical lenses in the 17 th century had important direct economic impact in applications such as spectacles. But optical lenses in the form of microscopes and telescopes also had enormous and long - lasting indirect effects on the progress of science, technological change, growth, and welfare: b y making very small or very dista nt objects visible for the first time, lenses opened up entirely new domains of inquiry and technological opportunity.
• #37: David ’s (1990) foundational study of the electric motor showed that this invention brought about enormous technological and organizational change across sectors as diverse as manufacturing, agriculture, retail, and residential construction. Such “GPTs” are usual ly understood to meet three criteria that distinguish them from other innovations: they have pervasive application across many sectors; they spawn further innovation in application sectors, and they themselves are rapidly improving. Some of these advances appear to have great potential across a broad set of domains , beyond their initial application : a s highlighted by Griliches (1957) in his classic studies of hybrid corn, some new research tools are inventions that do not just create or improve a specific product — instead they constitute a new way of creating new products, w ith much broader application. In Griliches ’ famous construction, the discovery of double - cross hybridization “ was the invention of a method of inventin g .” (Hereinafter, “IMI”.) Rather than being a means of creating a single a new corn variety , hybrid corn represented a widely applicable me thod for breeding many different new varieties . When a pplied to the challenge of creating new varieties optimized for m any different localities (and even more broadly, to other crops) the invention of double - cross hybridization had a huge impact on agricultural productivity. One the one hand, AI based learning may be able to substantially “automate discovery” across many domains where classification and prediction tasks play an important role. On the other , they m ay also “ expand the playbook” is the sense of opening up the set of problem s that can be feasib ly addressed, and radically alter ing scientific and technical communities’ conceptual approaches and framing of problems. The invention of optical lenses in the 17 th century had important direct economic impact in applications such as spectacles. But optical lenses in the form of microscopes and telescopes also had enormous and long - lasting indirect effects on the progress of science, technological change, growth, and welfare: b y making very small or very dista nt objects visible for the first time, lenses opened up entirely new domains of inquiry and technological opportunity.
• #38: David ’s (1990) foundational study of the electric motor showed that this invention brought about enormous technological and organizational change across sectors as diverse as manufacturing, agriculture, retail, and residential construction. Such “GPTs” are usual ly understood to meet three criteria that distinguish them from other innovations: they have pervasive application across many sectors; they spawn further innovation in application sectors, and they themselves are rapidly improving. Some of these advances appear to have great potential across a broad set of domains , beyond their initial application : a s highlighted by Griliches (1957) in his classic studies of hybrid corn, some new research tools are inventions that do not just create or improve a specific product — instead they constitute a new way of creating new products, w ith much broader application. In Griliches ’ famous construction, the discovery of double - cross hybridization “ was the invention of a method of inventin g .” (Hereinafter, “IMI”.) Rather than being a means of creating a single a new corn variety , hybrid corn represented a widely applicable me thod for breeding many different new varieties . When a pplied to the challenge of creating new varieties optimized for m any different localities (and even more broadly, to other crops) the invention of double - cross hybridization had a huge impact on agricultural productivity.