![Contents
1. What is Vaccine? ................................................................................................................................3
2. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3
3. Classification of toxoidvaccines:..........................................................................................................3
4. History of Discovering Toxoid vaccine [1].............................................................................................4
5. Uses [1.2]...........................................................................................................................................4
6. Advantages [1.3].................................................................................................................................4
7. Disadvantages[1.4].............................................................................................................................4
8. Dosage [1.5].......................................................................................................................................5
9. For injection dosage forms:.................................................................................................................5
10. Common Side effect Include [1.6]........................................................................................................5
11. Toxoid vaccine commercially available in Market.................................................................................5
12. Reference………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/toxoidvaccine-191001134621/85/Toxoid-vaccine-2-320.jpg)
![History of Discovering Toxoid vaccine [1]
Tetanus toxoid vaccine was first produced in 1924 and used extensively for the first time among soldiers
during World War II. Since then, immunization programmers using TTCVs have been highly successful
in preventing maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) as well as injury-associated tetanus. l TT is available
as a single-antigen vaccine and in combination vaccines to protect against other vaccine-preventable
diseases including diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B and illness caused by Hemophilic
influenza type b (Hib)
Uses [1.2]
This vaccine is given to provide protection (immunity) against tetanus (lockjaw) in adults and children 7 years
or older. Vaccination is the best way to protect against this life-threatening disease. Vaccines work by causing
the body to produce its own protection (antibodies). Tetanus vaccine is usually first given to infants with 2
other vaccines for diphtheria and whooping cough (pertussis) in a series of3 injections. This vaccine is usually
used as a "booster" vaccine after this first series. Closely follow the vaccination schedule provided by
the health care professional.
Toxoid vaccine are safe because they can’t causes the disease. They prevent the disease and there is no
possibility of reversion to virulence. The vaccine antigens are not actively by multiplying and do not
spread to unimmunized individuals
Advantages [1.3]
There are three principal advantages of toxoid vaccines. First, they are safe because they
cannot cause the disease they prevent and there is no possibility of reversion to virulence.
Second, because the vaccine antigens are not actively multiplying, they cannot spread to
unimmunized individuals. Third, they are usually stable and long lasting as they are less
susceptible to changes in temperature, humidity and light which can result when vaccines
are used out in the community.
Disadvantages[1.4]
Toxoid vaccines have two disadvantages.
First, they usually need an adjuvant and require several doses for the reasons.
Second, local reactions at the vaccine site are more common—this may be due to the
adjuvant or a type III (Arthurs) reaction—the latter generally start as redness and -](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/toxoidvaccine-191001134621/85/Toxoid-vaccine-4-320.jpg)
![indurations at the injection site several hours after the vaccination and resolve usually
within 48–72 hours. The reaction results from excess antibody at the site complexing with
toxoid molecules and activating complement by the classical pathway causing an acute
local inflammatory reaction.
Dosage [1.5]
The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the
directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If
your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses
you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend
on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
For injection dosage forms:
Adults, children, and infants 6 weeks of age and older—One dose is given at your first visit, then a second
dose is given four to eight weeks later. Depending on the product given, you may receive a third dose four
to eight weeks after the second dose, and a fourth dose six to twelve months after that; or you may receive
a third dose six to twelve months after the second dose. Everyone should receive a booster dose every ten
years. The doses are injected under the skin or into a muscle. In addition, if you get a wound that is unclean
or hard to clean, you may need an emergency booster injection if it has been more than 5 years since your
last booster dose.
Common Side effect Include [1.6]
Mild Fever
Joint Pain
Muscle aches
Nausea
Tiredness
Genral ill feeling
Toxoid vaccine commercially available in Market](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/toxoidvaccine-191001134621/85/Toxoid-vaccine-5-320.jpg)
![Reference
1. https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/pp_tetanus_2017_presentation.pdf?ua
=1 [1]
2. https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-52860/tetanus-toxoid-injection/details [1.2]
3. https://slideplayer.com/slide/10816128/ [1.3 &1.4]
4. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tetanus-toxoid-intramuscular-route-injection-
route/proper-use/drg-20066243?fbclid=IwAR0gYT4_SMkwbJvScWRpk6mKqtW4HmSU-
IcjKD8uCe9dT8BUlWt5qWwIRks [1.5]
5. https://www.rxlist.com/tetanus-toxoid-adsorbed-side-effects-drug-center.htm [1.6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/toxoidvaccine-191001134621/85/Toxoid-vaccine-6-320.jpg)
Toxoid vaccine
- 1. Assignment Course Title: Microbiology-II Course code: BPH-222 Assignment on:Toxoid vaccine Submitted to Ms. Farjana Islam Aovi Lecturer Department of Pharmacy Daffodil International University Submitted by Shopnil Akash Deparment of Pharmacy Daffodil International University,Bangladesh Email:shopnildiu801@gmail.com Cell:+8801935567417 Section: 19th PC-A Department of Pharmacy Daffodil International University Submission Date : 0 2 . 10. 2019
- 2. Contents 1. What is Vaccine? ................................................................................................................................3 2. Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3 3. Classification of toxoidvaccines:..........................................................................................................3 4. History of Discovering Toxoid vaccine [1].............................................................................................4 5. Uses [1.2]...........................................................................................................................................4 6. Advantages [1.3].................................................................................................................................4 7. Disadvantages[1.4].............................................................................................................................4 8. Dosage [1.5].......................................................................................................................................5 9. For injection dosage forms:.................................................................................................................5 10. Common Side effect Include [1.6]........................................................................................................5 11. Toxoid vaccine commercially available in Market.................................................................................5 12. Reference………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….6
- 3. What is Vaccine? A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins What is Toxoid Vaccine? Toxoid is a chemical modified toxin derivate from pathogenic microorganism which is no longer toxic, but is still antigenic and can be used as a vaccine. (According to the oxford English Dictionary) Introduction Toxoid vaccines are vaccines that are made from the toxins (harmful chemicals) from bacteria. There are some bacteria that cause disease through releasing a protein called a toxin. Scientists can inactivate these toxins in the lab using a chemical called formalin (a solution of formaldehyde) and sterilized water, which are completely safe to use in small quantities in the human body. Once the toxin is inactivated, it’s called a toxoid, and it can no longer cause harm. The body learns how to fight off the bacteria’s natural toxin once exposed to the toxoid through producing antibodies that bind into the toxin like keys into a lock. Classification of toxoid vaccines: Bacterial: Tetanus toxoid Vaccine Diphtheria Vaccine Pertussis Vaccine
- 4. History of Discovering Toxoid vaccine [1] Tetanus toxoid vaccine was first produced in 1924 and used extensively for the first time among soldiers during World War II. Since then, immunization programmers using TTCVs have been highly successful in preventing maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) as well as injury-associated tetanus. l TT is available as a single-antigen vaccine and in combination vaccines to protect against other vaccine-preventable diseases including diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B and illness caused by Hemophilic influenza type b (Hib) Uses [1.2] This vaccine is given to provide protection (immunity) against tetanus (lockjaw) in adults and children 7 years or older. Vaccination is the best way to protect against this life-threatening disease. Vaccines work by causing the body to produce its own protection (antibodies). Tetanus vaccine is usually first given to infants with 2 other vaccines for diphtheria and whooping cough (pertussis) in a series of3 injections. This vaccine is usually used as a "booster" vaccine after this first series. Closely follow the vaccination schedule provided by the health care professional. Toxoid vaccine are safe because they can’t causes the disease. They prevent the disease and there is no possibility of reversion to virulence. The vaccine antigens are not actively by multiplying and do not spread to unimmunized individuals Advantages [1.3] There are three principal advantages of toxoid vaccines. First, they are safe because they cannot cause the disease they prevent and there is no possibility of reversion to virulence. Second, because the vaccine antigens are not actively multiplying, they cannot spread to unimmunized individuals. Third, they are usually stable and long lasting as they are less susceptible to changes in temperature, humidity and light which can result when vaccines are used out in the community. Disadvantages[1.4] Toxoid vaccines have two disadvantages. First, they usually need an adjuvant and require several doses for the reasons. Second, local reactions at the vaccine site are more common—this may be due to the adjuvant or a type III (Arthurs) reaction—the latter generally start as redness and -
- 5. indurations at the injection site several hours after the vaccination and resolve usually within 48–72 hours. The reaction results from excess antibody at the site complexing with toxoid molecules and activating complement by the classical pathway causing an acute local inflammatory reaction. Dosage [1.5] The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so. The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. For injection dosage forms: Adults, children, and infants 6 weeks of age and older—One dose is given at your first visit, then a second dose is given four to eight weeks later. Depending on the product given, you may receive a third dose four to eight weeks after the second dose, and a fourth dose six to twelve months after that; or you may receive a third dose six to twelve months after the second dose. Everyone should receive a booster dose every ten years. The doses are injected under the skin or into a muscle. In addition, if you get a wound that is unclean or hard to clean, you may need an emergency booster injection if it has been more than 5 years since your last booster dose. Common Side effect Include [1.6] Mild Fever Joint Pain Muscle aches Nausea Tiredness Genral ill feeling Toxoid vaccine commercially available in Market
- 6. Reference 1. https://www.who.int/immunization/policy/position_papers/pp_tetanus_2017_presentation.pdf?ua =1 [1] 2. https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-52860/tetanus-toxoid-injection/details [1.2] 3. https://slideplayer.com/slide/10816128/ [1.3 &1.4] 4. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/tetanus-toxoid-intramuscular-route-injection- route/proper-use/drg-20066243?fbclid=IwAR0gYT4_SMkwbJvScWRpk6mKqtW4HmSU- IcjKD8uCe9dT8BUlWt5qWwIRks [1.5] 5. https://www.rxlist.com/tetanus-toxoid-adsorbed-side-effects-drug-center.htm [1.6]