Tracer Technology Modeling The Flow Of Fluids 1st Edition Octave Levenspiel Auth
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- 7. FLUID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 96 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Series Editor: R. MOREAU MADYLAM Ecole Nationale Supe ´rieure d’Hydraulique de Grenoble Boıˆte Postale 95 38402 Saint Martin d’He `res Cedex, France Aims and Scope of the Series The purpose of this series is to focus on subjects in which fluid mechanics plays a fundamental role. As well as the more traditional applications of aeronautics, hydraulics, heat and mass transfer etc., books will be published dealing with topics which are currently in a state of rapid development, such as turbulence, suspensions and multiphase fluids, super and hypersonic flows and numerical modeling techniques. It is a widely held view that it is the interdisciplinary subjects that will receive intense scientific attention, bringing them to the forefront of technological advancement. Fluids have the ability to transport matter and its properties as well as to transmit force, therefore fluid mechanics is a subject that is particularly open to cross fertilization with other sciences and disciplines of engineering. The subject of fluid mechanics will be highly relevant in domains such as chemical, metallurgical, biological and ecological engineering. This series is particularly open to such new multidisciplinary domains. The median level of presentation is the first year graduate student. Some texts are monographs defining the current state of a field; others are accessible to final year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5980
- 8. Octave Levenspiel Tracer Technology Modeling the Flow of Fluids
- 9. Octave Levenspiel Chemical Engineering Department Gleeson Hall, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331–2702, USA levenspo@peak.org ISSN 0926-5112 ISBN 978-1-4419-8073-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-8074-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8074-8 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940834 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
- 10. Preface To tell how a vessel will behave as a heat exchanger, absorber, reactor, or other process unit, we need to know how fluid flows through the vessel. In early engineering practice, the designer assumed either plug flow or mixed flow of the fluid through the vessel. But these idealized assumptions are often not good, sometimes giving a volume wrong by a factor of 100 or more, or producing the wrong product in multiple reactions systems. The tracer method was then introduced, first to measure the actual flow of fluid through a vessel, and then to develop a suitable model to represent this flow. Such models are used to follow the flow of fluid in chemical reactors and other process units, in rivers and streams, and through solid and porous structures. Also, in medicine they are used to study the flow of chemicals, harmful or not, in the blood streams of animals and man. This book shows how we use tracers to follow the flow of fluids and then we develop a variety of models to represent these flows. This activity is called Tracer Technology. Corvallis, OR, USA Octave Levenspiel v
- 12. Contents 1 The Tracer Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 The Mean and Variance of a Tracer Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 t̄ and s2 from Experimental Pulse–Response Data................. 5 2.2 t̄ and s2 from Step–Response Data ................................. 8 Problems .................................................................. 10 3 The E and Eu Curves from Pulse and Step Tracer Experiments. . . . 11 3.1 The Pulse Experiment and the E Curve ............................ 11 3.2 Dead Spaces, Stagnancies, and Adsorption of Tracer on Surfaces ............................................... 12 3.2.1 Comments ................................................... 14 3.3 The Step Experiment and the F Curve ............................. 15 3.4 Relationship Between the E and F Curves ......................... 16 3.5 Two or More Immiscible Flowing Streams (G/L, G/S, L/L, L/S, S/S) ........................................... 17 3.6 Two or More Streams Either Enter or Leave the Vessel........... 18 Problems .................................................................. 24 4 Two Ideal Flow Models: Plug Flow and Mixed Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1 Plug Flow ........................................................... 27 4.2 Mixed Flow ......................................................... 27 4.3 Hybrid Plug-Mixed Model.......................................... 29 4.4 Dead or Nearly Stagnant Regions .................................. 30 Problems .................................................................. 33 5 Compartment Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.1 Tracer Curves ....................................................... 35 5.1.1 Hints, Suggestions, and Possible Applications ............. 39 Problems .................................................................. 43 vii
- 13. 6 The Dispersion Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.1 Longitudinal Dispersion ........................................... 47 6.2 Small Deviation from Plug Flow, D/uL < 0.01, s2 < 0.02, or s2 t < 0:02t 2 ..................................................... 48 6.2.1 Comments .................................................. 50 6.3 Large Deviation from Plug Flow, D/uL 0.01 ................... 51 6.3.1 Comments .................................................. 53 6.4 Step Input of Tracer................................................ 56 6.4.1 Comments .................................................. 58 6.5 Experimental Values for Axial Dispersion ........................ 59 6.5.1 Extensions and Comments................................. 63 Problems ................................................................. 68 References................................................................ 70 7 Intermixing of Flowing Fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 7.1 Conclusions ........................................................ 74 Problems ................................................................. 77 References................................................................ 80 8 The Tanks-in-Series Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 8.1 The RTD from Pulse Response Experiments and the Tanks-in Series Model .................................... 81 8.1.1 Comments .................................................. 82 8.2 Tanks-in-Series, with Recycle and Dead Spaces.................. 86 8.3 Tanks-in-Series: F Curve .......................................... 87 Problems ................................................................. 93 References................................................................ 97 9 Convection Model for Laminar Flow in Pipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9.1 Pulse Response Experiment for Newtonians and the E Curve for Flow in Pipes................................. 101 9.2 Step Response Experiment and the F Curve for Newtonians ..................................................... 103 9.2.1 Comments .................................................. 105 9.3 Non-Newtonians and Noncircular Channels ...................... 106 Problem .................................................................. 112 References................................................................ 112 10 Batch Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 10.1 Regime (a) tpass tcirc ........................................... 113 10.2 Regime (b) tpass tcirc............................................ 113 10.3 Regime (c) tpass tcirc ............................................ 116 10.4 Regime (d) tpass tcirc............................................ 116 10.5 Rapid Recirculation with Throughflow .......................... 116 Problems ................................................................. 118 References................................................................ 118 viii Contents
- 14. 11 The Stirred Tank: Mixing Time and Power Requirement. . . . . . . . . 119 11.1 Applying the Correlations ........................................ 122 Nomenclature ............................................................ 124 Problems ................................................................. 124 References................................................................ 125 12 Meandering Flow and Lateral Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 References................................................................ 133 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Contents ix
- 16. About the Author Octave Levenspiel is Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering at Oregon State University, with primary interests in the design of chemical reactors. He was born in Shanghai, China in 1926, where he attended a German grade school, an English high school and a French Jesuit university. He started out to be an astronomer, but that was not in the stars, and he somehow found himself in chemical engineering. He studied at U. C. Berkeley and at Oregon State where he received his Ph.D. in 1952. xi
- 17. His pioneering book, “Chemical Reaction Engineering” was the very first in the field, has numerous foreign editions and has been translated into 13 foreign lan- guages. His other books are, “The Chemical Reactor Omnibook”, “Fluidization Engineering” (with co-author D. Kunii), “Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange”, and “Understanding Engineering Thermo”. He recently gathered his notes and musings together and self-published “Rambling Through Science and Technology”. He has received major awards from A.I.Ch.E. and A.S.E.E., and three honorary doctorates, from Nancy, France; from Belgrade, Serbia; from the Colorado School of Mines; and he has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering. Of his numerous writings and research papers, two have been selected as Citation Classics by the Institute of Scientific Information. But what pleases him most is being called the “Doctor Seuss” of chemical engineering. xii About the Author
- 18. Chapter 1 The Tracer Method To tell how a vessel will behave as a heat exchanger, absorber, reactor, or other process unit, we need to know how the materials flow through the vessel. To do this exactly we have to measure the fluctuating velocity of flowing material at all points in the vessel and then analyze the results. This is an impractically complex procedure (Fig. 1.1). In early engineering practice, the designer assumed either plug flow or mixed flow of the fluid to represent the real vessel (Fig. 1.2). But these idealized assumptions are often not that good, so the tracer method was introduced to give better predictions for design. In the tracer method, we introduce a tracer into the entering flow stream which exactly follows the flowing fluid (for example, blue ink into water). Fig. 1.1 Flow through real vessels Fig. 1.2 The two simplest flow models O. Levenspiel, Tracer Technology, Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 96, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8074-8_1, # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 1
- 19. We then measure when the tracer leaves the vessel, and then analyze and interpret the results. For linear processes, such as what happens in heat exchangers, absorbers, etc., and reactors processing first-order chemical reactions, this information is all that is needed to properly represent the behavior of the unit – no need to study the fluctuating velocity field within the vessel. For second-order reactions and other nonlinear reactions, this procedure some- times gives a reasonable approximation to the expected behavior (Fig. 1.3). The questions we ask of the tracer experiments are the following: • Are there any dead, stagnant, or unused regions in the vessel? • Is there any channeling or bypassing of fluid in the vessel? • Is there any circulation of fluid within the vessel or out of and back into the vessel? • Can we develop a reasonable flow model to represent the flow? To answer these questions we introduce tracer in one of a number of ways • As a pulse (drop a glassful of red wine into flowing water) • As a step input (switch from hot to cold water) • As a periodic input • As a random input (Fig. 1.4). The results from the pulse and step experiments are simpler to analyze and interpret while the periodic or random are much more difficult. So, in this volume, we focus on the pulse and step experiment. We start with a pulse experiment. Here, we introduce a pulse of tracer into the fluid entering the vessel, and record when it leaves (Fig. 1.5). Fig. 1.4 Ideal tracer injection methods Fig. 1.3 Same of todays flow models 2 1 The Tracer Method
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- 21. of Eternal Punishment—Jonathan Edwards on the Happiness of Believing Husbands whose Wives are in Hell—The Liberty of Eating and Sleeping—Water in Fever—Soil and Climate necessary to the production of Genius—Against Annexing Santo Domingo—Descent of Man— Conclusion ABOUT FARMING IN ILLINOIS. (1877.) To Plow is to Pray; to Plant is to Prophesy, and the Harvest Answers and Fulfills—The Old Way of Farming—Cooking an Unknown Art-Houses, Fuel, and Crops—The Farmer's Boy—What a Farmer should Sell—Beautifying the Home—Advantages of Illinois as a Farming State— Advantages of the Farmer over the Mechanic—Farm Life too Lonely-On Early Rising—Sleep the Best Doctor—Fashion—Patriotism and Boarding Houses—The Farmer and the Railroads—Money and Confidence— Demonetization of Silver-Area of Illinois—Mortgages and Interest—Kindness to Wives and Children—How a Beefsteak should be Cooked—Decorations and Comfort—Let the Children Sleep—Old Age WHAT MUST WE DO TO BE SAVED? (1880.) Preface—The Synoptic Gospels—Only Mark Knew of the Necessity of
- 22. Belief—Three Christs Described—The Jewish Gentleman and the Piece of Bacon—Who Wrote the New Testament?—Why Christ and the Apostles wrote Nothing—Infinite Respect for the Man Christ—Different Feeling for the Theological Christ—Saved from What?—Chapter on the Gospel of Matthew—What this Gospel says we must do to be Saved—Jesus and the Children—John Calvin and Jonathan Edwards conceived of as Dimpled Darlings—Christ and the Man who inquired what Good Thing he should do that he might have Eternal Life—Nothing said about Belief—An Interpolation—Chapter on the Gospel of Mark—The Believe or be Damned Passage, and why it was written—The last Conversation of Christ with his Disciples—The Signs that Follow them that Believe —Chapter on the Gospel of Luke—Substantial Agreement with Matthew and Mark—How Zaccheus achieved Salvation—The two Thieves on the Cross—Chapter on the Gospel of John—The Doctrine of Regeneration, or the New Birth—Shall we Love our Enemies while God Damns His?—Chapter on the Catholics—Communication with Heaven through Decayed Saints—Nuns and Nunneries—Penitentiaries of God should be Investigated—The Athanasian Creed expounded—The Trinity and its Members—Chapter on the
- 23. Episcopalians—Origin of the Episcopal Church— Apostolic Succession an Imported Article—Episcopal Creed like the Catholic, with a few Additional Absurdities—Chapter on the Methodists —Wesley and Whitfield—Their Quarrel about Predestination—Much Preaching for Little Money—Adapted to New Countries—Chapter on the Presbyterians—John Calvin, Murderer—Meeting between Calvin and Knox— The Infamy of Calvinism—Division in the Church—The Young Presbyterian's Resignation to the Fate of his Mother—A Frightful, Hideous, and Hellish Creed—Chapter on the Evangelical Alliance—Jeremy Taylor's Opinion of Baptists—Orthodoxy not Dead—Creed of the Alliance— Total Depravity, Eternal Damnation—What do You Propose?—The Gospel of Good-fellowship, Cheerfulness, Health, Good Living, Justice—No Forgiveness—God's Forgiveness Does not Pay my Debt to Smith—Gospel of Liberty, of Intelligence, of Humanity—One World at a Time —Upon that Rock I Stand
- 24. VOLUME II.--LECTURES DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. PREFACE. SOME MISTAKES OF MOSES. SOME REASONS WHY ORTHODOXY. MYTH AND MIRACLE.
- 25. DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. SOME MISTAKES OF MOSES. (1879.) Preface—I. He who endeavors to control the Mind by Force is a Tyrant, and he who submits is a Slave—All I Ask— When a Religion is Founded—Freedom for the Orthodox Clergy—Every Minister an Attorney—Submission to the Orthodox and the Dead— Bounden Duty of the Ministry—The Minister Factory at Andover—II. Free Schools—No Sectarian Sciences—Religion and the Schools— Scientific Hypocrites—III. The Politicians and the Churches—IV. Man and Woman the Highest Possible Titles—Belief Dependent on Surroundings—Worship of Ancestors—Blindness Necessary to Keeping the Narrow Path—The Bible the Chain that Binds—A Bible of the Middle Ages and the Awe it Inspired—V. The Pentateuch—Moses Not the Author—Belief out of which Grew Religious Ceremonies—Egypt the Source of the Information of Moses—VI. Monday—Nothing, in the Light of Raw Material—The
- 26. Story of Creation Begun—The Same Story, substantially, Found in the Records of Babylon, Egypt, and India—Inspiration Unnecessary to the Truth —Usefulness of Miracles to Fit Lies to Facts—Division of Darkness and Light—VII. Tuesday—The Firmament and Some Biblical Notions about it—Laws of Evaporation Unknown to the Inspired Writer—VIII. Wednesday—The Waters Gathered into Seas—Fruit and Nothing to Eat it—Five Epochs in the Organic History of the Earth—Balance between the Total Amounts of Animal and Vegetable Life—Vegetation Prior to the Appearance of the Sun—IX. Thursday—Sun and Moon Manufactured— Magnitude of the Solar Orb—Dimensions of Some of the Planets—Moses' Guess at the Size of Sun and Moon—Joshua's Control of the Heavenly Bodies—A Hypothesis Urged by Ministers—The Theory of Refraction—Rev. Henry Morey—Astronomical Knowledge of Chinese Savants—The Motion of the Earth Reversed by Jehovah for the Reassurance of Ahaz—Errors Renounced by Button—X. He made the Stars Also—Distance of the Nearest Star—XI. Friday—Whales and Other Living Creatures Produced— XII. Saturday—Reproduction Inaugurated—XIII. Let Us Make Man—Human Beings Created in the Physical Image and Likeness of
- 27. God—Inquiry as to the Process Adopted—Development of Living Forms According to Evolution—How Were Adam and Eve Created?—The Rib Story—Age of Man Upon the Earth—A Statue Apparently Made before the World—XIV. Sunday—Sacredness of the Sabbath Destroyed by the Theory of Vast Periods—Reflections on the Sabbath—XV. The Necessity for a Good Memory—The Two Accounts of the Creation in Genesis I and II—Order of Creation in the First Account—Order of Creation in the Second Account—Fastidiousness of Adam in the Choice of a Helpmeet—Dr. Adam Clark's Commentary—Dr. Scott's Guess—Dr. Matthew Henry's Admission—The Blonde and Brunette Problem—The Result of Unbelief and the Reward of Faith—Give Him a Harp—XVI. The Garden—Location of Eden—The Four Rivers—The Tree of Knowledge— Andover Appealed To—XVII. The Fall—The Serpent—Dr. Adam Clark Gives a Zoological Explanation—Dr. Henry Dissents—Whence This Serpent?—XVIII. Dampness—A Race of Giants—Wickedness of Mankind —An Ark Constructed—A Universal Flood Indicated—Animals Probably Admitted to the Ark—How Did They Get There?—Problem of Food and Service—A Shoreless Sea Covered with Innumerable Dead—Drs. Clark and Henry on the
- 28. Situation—The Ark Takes Ground—New Difficulties—Noah's Sacrifice—The Rainbow as a Memorandum—Babylonian, Egyptian, and Indian Legends of a Flood—XIX. Bacchus and Babel—Interest Attaching to Noah— Where Did Our First Parents and the Serpent Acquire a Common Language?—Babel and the Confusion of Tongues—XX. Faith in Filth—Immodesty of Biblical Diction—XXI. The Hebrews—God's Promises to Abraham—The Sojourning of Israel in Egypt—Marvelous Increase—Moses and Aaron—XXII. The Plagues—Competitive Miracle Working—Defeat of the Local Magicians—XXIII. The Flight Out of Egypt—Three Million People in a Desert—Destruction of Pharaoh ana His Host—Manna —A Superfluity of Quails—Rev. Alexander Cruden's Commentary— Hornets as Allies of the Israelites—Durability of the Clothing of the Jewish People—An Ointment Monopoly—Consecration of Priests—The Crime of Becoming a Mother—The Ten Commandments—Medical Ideas of Jehovah— Character of the God of the Pentateuch—XXIV. Confess and Avoid—XXV. Inspired Slavery—XXVI. Inspired Marriage-XXVII. Inspired War-XXVIII. Inspired Religious Liberty—XXIX. Conclusion. SOME REASONS WHY.
- 29. (1881.) I—Religion makes Enemies—Hatred in the Name of Universal Benevolence—No Respect for the Rights of Barbarians —Literal Fulfillment of a New Testament Prophecy—II. Duties to God—Can we Assist God?—An Infinite Personality an Infinite Impossibility-Ill. Inspiration—What it Really Is—Indication of Clams— Multitudinous Laughter of the Sea—Horace Greeley and the Mammoth Trees—A Landscape Compared to a Table-cloth—The Supernatural is the Deformed—Inspiration in the Man as well as in the Book—Our Inspired Bible— IV. God's Experiment with the Jews—Miracles of One Religion never astonish the Priests of Another—I am a Liar Myself—V. Civilized Countries—Crimes once regarded as Divine Institutions—What the Believer in the Inspiration of the Bible is Compelled to Say—Passages apparently written by the Devil—VI. A Comparison of Books— Advancing a Cannibal from Missionary to Mutton—Contrast between the Utterances of Jehovah and those of Reputable Heathen—Epictetus, Cicero, Zeno, Seneca—the Hindu, Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius—The Avesta—VII. Monotheism—Egyptians before Moses taught there was but One God
- 30. and Married but One Wife—Persians and Hindoos had a Single Supreme Deity—Rights of Roman Women—Marvels of Art achieved without the Assistance of Heaven—Probable Action of the Jewish Jehovah incarnated as Man—VIII. The New Testament—Doctrine of Eternal Pain brought to Light—Discrepancies—Human Weaknesses cannot be Predicated of Divine Wisdom—Why there are Four Gospels according to Irenæus—The Atonement—Remission of Sins under the Mosaic Dispensation—Christians say, Charge it—God's Forgiveness does not Repair an Injury—Suffering of Innocence for the Guilty—Salvation made Possible by Jehovah's Failure to Civilize the Jews—Necessity of Belief not taught in the Synoptic Gospels—Non-resistance the Offspring of Weakness—IX. Christ's Mission—All the Virtues had been Taught before his Advent—Perfect and Beautiful Thoughts of his Pagan Predecessors—St. Paul Contrasted with Heathen Writers—The Quality of Mercy—X. Eternal Pain—An Illustration of Eternal Punishment—Captain Kreuger of the Barque Tiger—XI. Civilizing Influence of the Bible—Its Effects on the Jews—If Christ was God, Did he not, in his Crucifixion, Reap what he had Sown?—Nothing can add to the Misery of a
- 31. Nation whose King is Jehovah ORTHODOXY. (1884.) Orthodox Religion Dying Out—Religious Deaths and Births—The Religion of Reciprocity—Every Language has a Cemetery— Orthodox Institutions Survive through the Money invested in them—Let us tell our Real Names—The Blows that have Shattered the Shield and Shivered the Lance of Superstition—Mohammed's Successful Defence of the Sepulchre of Christ—The Destruction of Art—The Discovery of America—Although he made it himself, the Holy Ghost was Ignorant of the Form of this Earth—Copernicus and Kepler—Special Providence— The Man and the Ship he did not Take—A Thanksgiving Proclamation Contradicted—Charles Darwin—Henry Ward Beecher—The Creeds—The Latest Creed—God as a Governor—The Love of God—The Fall of Man—We are Bound by Representatives without a Chance to Vote against Them—The Atonement—The Doctrine of Depravity a Libel on the Human Race—The Second Birth—A Unitarian Universalist—Inspiration of the Scriptures—God a Victim of his own Tyranny—In the New Testament
- 32. Trouble Commences at Death—The Reign of Truth and Love—The Old Spaniard who Died without an Enemy—The Wars it Brought—Consolation should be Denied to Murderers—At the Rate at which Heathen are being Converted, how long will it take to Establish Christ's Kingdom on Earth?—The Resurrection—The Judgment Day—Pious Evasions—We shall not Die, but we shall all be Hanged—No Bible, no Civilization Miracles of the New Testament—Nothing Written by Christ or his Contemporaries—Genealogy of Jesus—More Miracles— A Master of Death—Improbable that he would be Crucified—The Loaves and Fishes—How did it happen that the Miracles Convinced so Few?— The Resurrection—The Ascension—Was the Body Spiritual—Parting from the Disciples—Casting out Devils—Necessity of Belief—God should be consistent in the Matter of forgiving Enemies—Eternal Punishment— Some Good Men who are Damned—Another Objection—Love the only Bow on Life's dark Cloud—Now is the accepted Time—Rather than this Doctrine of Eternal Punishment Should be True—I would rather that every Planet should in its Orbit wheel a barren Star—What I Believe—Immortality—It existed long before Moses—Consolation—The Promises are so Far Away, and the Dead are so
- 33. Near—Death a Wall or a Door—A Fable—Orpheus and Eurydice. MYTH AND MIRACLE. (1885.) I. Happiness the true End and Aim of Life—Spiritual People and their Literature—Shakespeare's Clowns superior to Inspired Writers—Beethoven's Sixth Symphony Preferred to the Five Books of Moses—Venus of Milo more Pleasing than the Presbyterian Creed—II. Religions Naturally Produced—Poets the Myth-makers —The Sleeping Beauty—Orpheus and Eurydice—Red Riding Hood—The Golden Age—Elysian Fields—The Flood Myth—Myths of the Seasons—III. The Sun-god—Jonah, Buddha, Chrisnna, Horus, Zoroaster—December 25th as a Birthday of Gods—Christ a Sun-God—The Cross a Symbol of the Life to Come—When Nature rocked the Cradle of the Infant World—IV. Difference between a Myth and a Miracle—Raising the Dead, Past and Present—Miracles of Jehovah—Miracles of Christ—Everything Told except the Truth—The Mistake of the World—V. Beginning of Investigation— The Stars as Witnesses against Superstition—Martyrdom of Bruno— Geology—Steam and Electricity—Nature forever the Same—Persistence of Force—Cathedral, Mosque, and Joss House have the same Foundation—
- 34. Science the Providence of Man—VI. To Soften the Heart of God— Martyrs—The God was Silent—Credulity a Vice—Develop the Imagination —The Skylark and The Daisy—VII. How are we to Civilize the World?— Put Theology out of Religion—Divorce of Church and State—Secular Education—Godless Schools—VIII. The New Jerusalem—Knowledge of the Supernatural possessed by Savages—Beliefs of Primitive Peoples— Science is Modest—Theology Arrogant—Torque-mada and Bruno on the Day of Judgment—IX. Poison of Superstition in the Mother's Milk—Ability of Mistakes to take Care of Themselves—Longevity of Religious Lies—Mother's religion pleaded by the Cannibal—The Religion of Freedom—O Liberty, thou art the God of my Idolatry VOLUME III--LECTURES Contents
- 35. DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. SHAKESPEARE ROBERT BURNS.* ABRAHAM LINCOLN VOLTAIRE. LIBERTY IN LITERATURE. THE GREAT INFIDELS.* CONCLUSION. WHICH WAY? ABOUT THE HOLY BIBLE.
- 36. DETAILED CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. SHAKESPEARE (1891.) I. The Greatest Genius of our World—Not of Supernatural Origin or of Royal Blood—Illiteracy of his Parents—Education— His Father—His Mother a Great Woman—Stratford Unconscious of the Immortal Child—Social Position of Shakespeare—Of his Personal Peculiarities—Birth, Marriage, and Death—What we Know of Him—No Line written by him to be Found—The Absurd Epitaph—II. Contemporaries by whom he was Mentioned—III. No direct Mention of any of his Contemporaries in the Plays—Events and Personages of his Time—IV. Position of the Actor in Shakespeare's Time— Fortunately he was Not Educated at Oxford—An Idealist—His Indifference to Stage-carpentry and Plot—He belonged to All Lands—Knew the Brain and Heart of Man—An Intellectual Spendthrift—V. The Baconian Theory—VI. Dramatists before and during the Time of Shakespeare—Dramatic Incidents Illustrated in
- 37. Passages from Macbeth and Julius Cæsar—VII. His Use of the Work of Others—The Pontic Sea—A Passage from Lear—VIII. Extravagance that touches the Infinite—The Greatest Compliment—Let me not live after my flame lacks oil—Where Pathos almost Touches the Grotesque—IX. An Innovator and Iconoclast—Disregard of the Unities—Nature Forgets—Violation of the Classic Model—X. Types—The Secret of Shakespeare—Characters who Act from Reason and Motive—What they Say not the Opinion of Shakespeare—XI. The Procession that issued from Shakespeare's Brain—His Great Women—Lovable Clowns—His Men—Talent and Genius—XII. The Greatest of all Philosophers— Master of the Human Heart—Love—XIII. In the Realm of Comparison —XIV. Definitions: Suicide, Drama, Death, Memory, the Body, Life, Echo, the World, Rumor—The Confidant of Nature—XV. Humor and Pathos—Illustrations—XVI. Not a Physician, Lawyer, or Botanist—He was a Man of Imagination—He lived the Life of All—The Imagination had a Stage in Shakespeare's Brain. ROBERT BURNS. (1878.) Poetry and Poets—Milton, Dante, Petrarch—Old-time
- 38. Poetry in Scotland—Influence of Scenery on Literature—Lives that are Poems—Birth of Burns—Early Life and Education— Scotland Emerging from the Gloom of Calvinism—A Metaphysical Peasantry— Power of the Scotch Preacher—Famous Scotch Names—John Barleycorn vs. Calvinism—Why Robert Burns is Loved—His Reading—Made Goddesses of Women—Poet of Love: His Vision, Bonnie Doon, To Mary in Heaven—Poet of Home: Cotter's Saturday Night, John Anderson, My Jo— Friendship: Auld Lang-Syne—Scotch Drink: Willie brew'd a peck o' maut—Burns the Artist: The Brook, Tam O'Shanter—A Real Democrat: A man's a man for a' that—His Theology: The Dogma of Eternal Pain, Morality, Hypocrisy, Holy Willie's Prayer—On the Bible—A Statement of his Religion—Contrasted with Tennyson—From Cradle to Coffin—His Last words—Lines on the Birth-place of Burns. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (1894.) I. Simultaneous Birth of Lincoln and Darwin—Heroes of Every Generation—Slavery—Principle Sacrificed to Success— Lincoln's Childhood—His first Speech—A Candidate for the Senate against
- 39. Douglass—II. A Crisis in the Affairs of the Republic— The South Not Alone Responsible for Slavery—Lincoln's Prophetic Words—Nominated for President and Elected in Spite of his Fitness—III. Secession and Civil War—The Thought uppermost in his Mind—IV. A Crisis in the North—Proposition to Purchase the Slaves—V. The Proclamation of Emancipation—His Letter to Horace Greeley—Waited on by Clergymen—VI. Surrounded by Enemies—Hostile Attitude of Gladstone, Salisbury, Louis Napoleon, and the Vatican—VII. Slavery the Perpetual Stumbling-block—Confiscation—VIII. His Letter to a Republican Meeting in Illinois—Its Effect—IX. The Power of His Personality—The Embodiment of Mercy—Use of the Pardoning Power— X. The Vallandigham Affair—The Horace Greeley Incident—Triumphs of Humor—XI. Promotion of General Hooker—A Prophecy and its Fulfillment—XII.— States Rights vs. Territorial Integrity—XIII. His Military Genius—The Foremost Man in all the World: and then the Horror Came—XIV. Strange Mingling of Mirth and Tears—Deformation of Great Historic Characters— Washington now only a Steel Engraving—Lincoln not a Type—Virtues Necessary in a New Country—Laws of Cultivated Society—In the Country is the Idea
- 40. of Home—Lincoln always a Pupil—A Great Lawyer— Many-sided—Wit and Humor—As an Orator—His Speech at Gettysburg contrasted with the Oration of Edward Everett—Apologetic in his Kindness —No Official Robes—The gentlest Memory of our World. VOLTAIRE. (1894.) I. Changes wrought by Time—Throne and Altar Twin Vultures—The King and the Priest—What is Greatness?—Effect of Voltaire's Name on Clergyman and Priest—Born and Baptized—State of France in 1694—The Church at the Head—Efficacy of Prayers and Dead Saints— Bells and Holy Water—Prevalence of Belief in Witches, Devils, and Fiends—Seeds of the Revolution Scattered by Noble and Priest— Condition in England—The Inquisition in full Control in Spain—Portugal and Germany burning Women—Italy Prostrate beneath the Priests, the Puritans in America persecuting Quakers, and stealing Children—II. The Days of Youth—His Education—Chooses Literature as a Profession and becomes a Diplomat—In Love and Disinherited—Unsuccessful Poem Competition—Jansenists and Molinists—The Bull Unigenitus—Exiled to Tulle— Sent to the Bastile—Exiled to England—Acquaintances made there
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