Doorsdarshan and All India Radio Summer Training
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The document provides information about in-plant training at Doordarshan. It discusses various components of the television production process including: [1] the TV studio with cameras, lighting, audio equipment and vision mixer; [2] the earth station that receives signals from satellites; and [3] TV transmitters and antennas that broadcast the signals. The document also summarizes the functions of different departments at Doordarshan like awareness, knowledge and entertainment and the hierarchy of production centers from national to regional to local levels.
Doorsdarshan and All India Radio Summer Training
- 1. IN-PLANT TRAINING SUBMITTED BY: NIBEDAN BHAWSINKA 09BEC039 BTECH-ECE
- 2. PROGRAMMES / SERVICES • Awareness by means of – krishi darshan, Kalyani, etc. • Knowledge by means of – Hello Doctor, Ama raosi, etc. • Entertainment by means of – Jhankaar & live Coverage of other activities, etc.
- 3. CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • TV STUDIO • VISION MIXER • AUDIO/ VIDEO CHAINS • MSR • EARTH STATION • TV Tx • ANTENNAS & SATELLITES
- 4. INTRODUCTION To Broadcasting • A process of sending information to a distant place is called Broadcasting. • Means of Broadcasting in India: 1. Terrestrial 2. Satellite 3. Internet • Both AIR & DD make use of both Terrestrial & satellite.
- 5. For Indian footprint, suitable range of slots is 45 deg to 110 deg. Earlier, available slots : 74, 83, 95 deg After, ISRO got additional slots: 48, 55, 111.5 deg Basic Principal: Signal from earth station of one channel should not affect the broadcasting of other channels.
- 6. cont... • DD national has 1500 Transmitters and 70 Production centers across the Country. • These centers are divided in 3 levels- 1. -National centers 2. -Regional centers 3. -Local centers • transmission started on 20th sep. 1987.
- 7. TV STUDIO • A television studio is an installation in which television or video productions take place .
- 8. COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO • Camera • Lighting • Microphones • Vision mixer and Audio consoles • MSR • VTR • Acoustics • Post production and video effects • Supporting services like AC, UPS
- 9. CAMERA 3 parts: • Lens and Optics • Transducers • Electronics Depending on the variation of the focal length, 18x, 24x Normal DD programs 55x, 70x In-field production ( cricket match )
- 10. 2 filters used: • ND filter- To neutralize the density, i.e. it reduces the light intensity. - ND-1: 15% - ND-2: 30% - ND-3: 50% • CC filter- Color correction 4 modes: 1. F1- 3200K (in studio- gives a partial orange light) 2. F2- 4600K (cloudy weather) 3. F3- 5600K (outdoor/sunny) 4. F4- Opaque
- 11. VISION MIXER • A vision mixer (also called video switcher, video mixer or production switcher) is a device used to select between several different video sources and in some cases mix video sources together and add special effects. • It has many input sources such as cameras, VCR/ server, Graphics/Character Generators,etc. • Sources can be changed as cut to cut, dissolve, wipe and other special effects.
- 13. SOUND WAVES Source SOUND WAVE of Sound MOLECULES Region of High Pressure (Compression) and Region of low pressure (Rarefaction)
- 14. Audio Compression 100 dB 0 dB 1 KHz Threshold of silence
- 15. Compression is done by removing the components in threshold of silence , thus removing some redundancy. This is done by : • MASKING • SUB-BAND CODING • TRANSFORM CODING MP3( MPEG-1 LAYER 3) uses both sub-band and transform coding.
- 17. TYPICAL VIDEO CHAIN Earth station through Optical Fiber Sources Vision Mixer LOGO Distributor Generator STL Link TYPICAL AUDIO CHAIN Earth station through Optical Fiber Analog to AES Converter Sources Audio Console Distributor STL Link
- 18. MSR • It is the heart of the studio. • Most of the switching electronics is kept e.g. camera base stations, switcher main frame, SPG, Satellite receivers, MW link, DDA & most of the patch panels. • Signal is routed through MSR. • Signal can be Monitored at various stages
- 19. EARTH STATION • Earth Station is a very important part of satellite communication system for broadcasting of signals. • It is an uplink center from which the signals are fed to Satellite for distribution in a specified area covered by the Satellite. • The signal is up-linked from the Earth Station and received by many down link centers in TV broad casting via PDA. • Two Types: 1) Analog, 2) Digital • Digital Earth Stations are widely used because of various advantages over analog.
- 20. R 270Mbps G QPSK B 135 Mbps Video 3- 15 Mbps Audio ENCODER Normal - 5 Mbps Sports - 7 Mbps News - 3-3.5 Mbps
- 21. Major Components of Digital Earth Station Up- HPA Convertor 70 MHz Modulator QPSK Convolution RS-Coding Interleaver coding
- 22. Types of TV Transmitters • VLPT - Very Low Power Transmitter • LPT - Low Power Transmitter • HPT - High Power Transmitter LPT is used in the less populated areas Of ODISHA, like sonapur, koraput, etc. HPT is used in the highly populated areas like BBSR, cuttack, sambalpur, etc.
- 23. Antennas & Satellites • An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa. Transmitting Antenna Electrical signal Electromagnetic wave Receiving Antenna
- 24. TYPES • Isotropic antenna (idealized)- o Radiates power equally in all directions. • Dipole antennas- o Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna) o Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna) • Parabolic Dish / Reflective Antenna
- 25. SET-TOP EARTH BOX ` STATION T.V
- 26. Uplink Frequency : 6 GHz Downlink Frequency: 4 GHz Uplink frequency is greater than downlink frequency coz we need narrow beam to reach the satellite and a wider footprint while downlink. LNBC: It amplifies the received signal before sending it to the set-top box.
- 27. Scalable video Decode according to required QoS or available hardware resources. Encode once Quality ~ deployed hardware resources
- 28. ALL INDIA RADIO HPA 6 GHz Up- Convertor FM 70 MHz (IF) Audio Signal
- 29. Basic Components of a Radio Production studio
- 30. Thank You