Transactional & interactional model
- 2. Lazarus & Folkman’s Transactional model of stress (1984) • Transaction (interaction) occurs between a person & the environment • Stress results from an imbalance between (a) demands & (b) resources • Thus we become stressed when demands (pressure) exceeds our resources (our ability to cope & mediate stress) • Thus the interpretation of the stressful event is more important than the event itself
- 3. Primary Appraisal • Considers whether the person has a personal stake in encounter (are their goals thwarted) • Evaluates the significance of the encounter – which either 1. Has no significance for person 2. Is a benign-positive encounter (desirable) 3. Harmful/ threatening/ challenging
- 4. Primary Appraisal Stressful situations are appraised as involving 1. Harm/ loss - that has occurred (so far) 2. Threats – i.e. potential future harm 3. Challenges – i.e. how can we learn/ gain confidence from this experience Primary appraisal – concerns relevance to our well-being
- 5. Secondary Appraisal • Individual will then engage in secondary appraisal to work out how we can best deal with situation & change undesirable conditions • Evaluate internal/ external coping options as well as more specifically resources to create a more positive environment. 1. Internal options – e.g. will power, inner strength 2. External options – peers, professional health • Thus it may become a reappraisal of stressor and our coping resources Secondary appraisal – concerns coping options
- 6. The Interactional Model of Stress (1982). • In this model, stress as seen as interaction between environment and the individual’s perception of it. • It suggests that the appraisal of the event and of your resources for dealing with it are important in determining the level of stress experienced.
- 7. In this model, stress depends on the individual’s appraisal of :- • A. How threatening an event could be. • B. Whether or not he/she is able to cope with it.
- 8. A. How threatening an event could be • In this process Individual analyses the severity of the Event. • Example, a life event, an exam i.e. Some may see an exam as very threatening and some may see it a challenge, a way to show what they know
- 9. B. Whether or not he/she is able to cope with it. • Primary appraisal- 'Is this a threat?’ • Secondary appraisal - ‘Have I some control and can I cope?’ • Decreasing the threat- increasing coping strategy e.g. stress management may help here. Boosting social support can increase self-efficacy, “of course, you can do it”. Also, increasing information may decrease if a threat is perceived as a result of appraisal and you can cope then the event (threat) is not stressful. • If you cannot cope and have no resources then the threat is stressful.
- 10. Secondary Appraisal • Individual will then engage in secondary appraisal to work out how we can best deal with situation & change undesirable conditions • Evaluate internal/ external coping options as well as more specifically resources to create a more positive environment. 1. Internal options – e.g. will power, inner strength 2. External options – peers, professional health • Thus it may become a reappraisal of stressor and our coping resources Secondary appraisal – concerns coping options
Editor's Notes
- #7: Primary appraisal – what harm has been caused, what harm might occur, and is there a challenge for growth Secondary appraisal: internal: using coping strategies; external: seeking help from peers, professionals. Then we can reappraise the stiuation