Transmission of cryptic text using rotational visual cryptography
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The document proposes a hybrid approach for secure data transmission combining cryptography, steganography, and rotational visual cryptography. The approach involves encrypting data using DES encryption with a session key generated via Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The encrypted data is then hidden in the least significant bits of cover image pixels to create a stego image. The stego image is rotated by a specific angle during transmission. At the receiver, the image is de-rotated, the encrypted data extracted from the image, and decrypted using the session key to obtain the original data. The approach aims to provide improved security over traditional methods through multiple layers of encryption, data hiding, and image transformation.
![IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 345
TRANSMISSION OF CRYPTIC TEXT USING ROTATIONAL VISUAL
CRYPTOGRAPHY
P. R. Sushma Priya1
, P. Vijaya Bharati2
1
student, 2
Asst.Prof.,Department of CSE, Vignan’s Institute of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,
India, sushmapriya_pr3135@yahoo.co.in, pvijayabharati@gmail.com
Abstract
Today security is an important thing when we need to transmit data from one location to another safely. In this paper we are
proposing an empirical model of secure data transmission technique with a hybrid approach of Cryptography, Stegnography and
rotational analysis. In the initial phase, data is encrypted with DES algorithm with the help of Session key which is generated by the
Diffie-Hellman Key exchange Algorithm. In the second phase Cipher Data is hidden into the cover image’s LSB to form the stego
image, by considering security as the optimal security parameter. In the third phase, the Stego image is rotated with specific angle. At
the receiver end, the image is de-rotated and the cipher information from the LSB is retrieved and the cipher information is decrypted
with session key. This scheme achieves lossless recovery and is difficult to decrypt by the attackers.
Keywords: Cryptography, Stegnography, Visual Cryptography, DES, Diffie-Hellman Algorithm, Session Key
---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Cryptography is the method that allows information to be sent
in a secure form in such a way that the only receiver is able to
retrieve the information. Now-a-days, cryptography has many
commercial applications. It provides high level of privacy for
individuals and groups. However, the main purpose of the
cryptography is not only to provide confidentiality but also
provide solutions for other problems like: data integrity,
authentication, non-repudiation. Presently continuous
researches on the new cryptographic algorithms are going on.
However, it is very difficult to find out the specific algorithm
they must consider various factors like: security, the features
of algorithm, the time complexity and space complexity.
Visual Cryptography (VC) is a new technique of
cryptographic scheme, which can decrypt encrypted images
without any mathematical computations but with the help of
Human Visual System (HVS). Visual cryptography scheme
has many applications like secret sharing scheme, Copyright
protection, Halftoning process and Watermarking. There are
various schemes of Visual Cryptography. Visual
Cryptography scheme can also be used for authentication and
identification process (visual authentication and
identification)[11].
Steganography is the art and science of invisible
communication. This is accomplished through hiding
information in other information, thus hiding the existence of
the communicated information. The word steganography is
derived from the Greek words “stegos” meaning “cover” and
“grafia” meaning “writing” , defining it as “covered writing”.
In image steganography the information is hidden exclusively
in images [8].
The main feature of the encryption/decryption process
implementation is the generation of the encryption key. Our
hybrid approach achieves the optimal security during the
transmission of data over the network. Due to three levels of
security, cipher text cannot be decrypted and the time required
to break the cipher to plain is more.
Our approach follows the conversion of plain text to cipher
text, hiding the cipher information in the image pixels and
rotating the image with the required or specific angle to
prevent the unauthorized access over the network [5].
The main difference between Cryptography and stegnography
is, Cryptography is a process of converting a plain text to
cipher text where as Stegnography is a process of hiding the
data into the cover medias [3]. Image rotation enhances our
security feature by integrating with our previous stegnography
because of the noise factors we regularized our approach to
few specific angles of rotation of pixels in the image.
2. RELATED WORK
As our initial research starts with the different types of attacks,
mainly classified as Active attacks (Interruption, modification,
fabrication) and passive attacks(Interception) during the
transmission of data, Cryptography introduced to convert the
formatted text to unformatted text through the various
cryptographic algorithms[1][2].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/transmissionofcryptictextusingrotationalvisualcryptography-160805072253/85/Transmission-of-cryptic-text-using-rotational-visual-cryptography-1-320.jpg)
![IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 346
Now-a-days hackers and attackers are also very familiar with
cryptanalysis(cracking of ciphers or unformatted texts),so
cryptography may not resolve the problem of security, later
stegnography is introduced for hiding the data into the image,
which is a simple implementation issue and human eye
undetectable changes are seen. In this process we consider
these two parameters i.e., cover image and the message are
embedded and form the stego image. Even though various
cryptography and stegnographic approaches are developed,
security is still an importantant research issue in the field of
network security [6][7].
Here we are introducing a new approach that uses image
rotational analysis along with the cryptographic and
Stegongraphic techniques.
In the traditional process of visual cryptography, data can be
added to the Cover image to convert it into stego image and
the stego image can be divided into number of shares, to
retrieve the data, we need to combine the shares, there is a
noise issue during the data retrieval. In our approach there is
no issue of noise during the stego image conversion or during
image rotation.
3. PROPOSED MODEL
We are proposing a hybrid approach with both cryptography
and rotational visual cryptography for secure data transmission
over the network. In our approach, initially the sender converts
the plain text to cipher text with Data Encryption Standard
(DES) algorithm. The reason to choose DES and Diffie-
Hellman algorithms in our paper is, DES is most certified
algorithm than the many traditional cryptographic algorithms.
Implementation of DES is not complex and it is fast in
hardware and relatively fast in software. But the DES requires
a 56-bit session key for the process of encryption and
decryption, which can be achieved by the Diffie-Hellman key
exchange protocol. After the session key generation, the
sender converts the plain text to cipher text by DES algorithm
with the key generated by the key exchange protocol (Diffie-
Hellman)[10]. It is one of the most efficient Symmetric key
approach. No individual user can create the session key,
without using the other half part of the receiver or sender.
Diffie-Hellman ephemeral key exchange provides perfect
forward secrecy. Computational complexity is low during the
key calculations and not much expensive. The cover image is
selected and is converted into binary format and the cipher text
is embedded into the LSB of the binary format of the image
which forms the stego image. The stego image is rotated by
some specific angle and is sent to receiver. The reverse
process is done at the receiver end. The receiver receives the
rotated image and the encrypted angle with the same session
key exchanged by Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. The
entire process is shown in architectural Fig-1.
Fig-1: Architecture
4. LSB APPROACH
LSB (Least Significant Bit) substitution is the process of
adjusting the least significant bit pixels of the carrier image. It
is a simple approach for embedding message and the image.
The Least Significant Bit insertion varies according to number
of bits in an image. For an 8 bit image, the least significant bit
i.e., the 8th bit of each byte of the image is changed with the
bit of cipher text. For a 24 bit image, the colors of each
component like RGB (red, green and blue) are changed. LSB
is effective in using BMP images since the compression in
BMP is lossless [4].
5. ROTATIONAL ANALYSIS
Rotational Analysis is a new approach where the image is
rotated with an angle instead of sending it directly. In our
approach, after hiding the data in the image, it is rotated with a
specific angle by the sender and is sent to the receiver. The
angle is transmitted in encrypted format using the session key
generated by Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Algorithm. In the
reverse process, receiver decrypts the angle and than of
900,1800,2700, de-rotates the image with the same angle,
extracts the cipher information from the stego image (i.e., least
significant bits of the pixels of image) then converts the cipher
information to plain text with the DES algorithm followed by
the key generated with Diffie- Hellman Key Exchange.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/transmissionofcryptictextusingrotationalvisualcryptography-160805072253/85/Transmission-of-cryptic-text-using-rotational-visual-cryptography-2-320.jpg)
![IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 347
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
Fig-2 shows the plain text , Fig-3 shows the cipher text, Fig-4
shows the binary text, Fig-5 shows the cover image before
embedding data into it, Fig-6 shows the stego image (i.e., after
data embedding) and Fig-7 shows the rotated image as follows
While in the reverse process, we derotate the image with the
specific angle and retrieve the cipher information from the
LSBs of the stego image to retrieve the final cover image and
plain text.
CONCLUSIONS
We are concluding our research issue with empirical approach
of data hiding through rotational visual cryptography. Our
experimental result shows an efficient performance results
than the traditional approach with hybrid mechanism of
cryptography, stegnogrpahy and rotational visual
cryptography.
FUTURE SCOPE
• We can enhance our approach by using the advanced
cryptographic algorithms like AES, but
Computational complexity is the major issue with the
advanced algorithms.
• We designed our architecture with some specific
static angles, we can enhance our system by
providing the flexibility of rotation of image with any
angle.
• We can also enhance our approach with elliptic curve
key exchange Algorithm for more secure session key
generation.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Forouzan.,: " Cryptography and Network Security ",
First Edition. McGraw-Hill, (2007), USA.
[2] R Hamamreh., M Farajallah., " Design of a Robust
Cryptosystem Algorithm for Non-Invertible Matrices Based
on Hill Cipher ". International Journal of Computer Science
and Network Security, (2009): Vol (9), pp: 12-21.
[3] J Hoffstein., et al, "An Introduction to Mathematical
Cryptography ", First Edition. Springer Science & Business
Media, (2008):, Germany.
[4] H.Kenneth, “Elementary Number Theory and Its
Applications " Third Edition. Addison-Wesley, (1992):
Germany.
[5] M.Lucas, “Thomas Jefferson wheel cipher ", Monticello
Research Department, Thomas Jefferson Foundation,
Charlottesville, (1995):, VA.
[6] Steganography and steganalysis-Robert Krenn, Internet
Publication, March 2004
[7] Steganographic Techniques and their use in an Open-
Systems Environment- Bret Dunbar, The Information Security
Reading Room, SANS Institute 2002
[8] Steganography Primer - Ruid, Computer Academic
underground,2004
[9] Image Compression and Discrete Cosine Transform - Ken
Cabeen and Peter Gent,Math 45 College of the
Redwoods,1998
[10] Practical Data Hiding in TCP/IP - Kamran Ahsan and
Deepa Kundur Multimedia and Security Workshop at ACM
Multimedia,
Juan-les-Pins, France, Friday, Dec 6th, 2002
[11] "Rotation Visual Cryptography Using Basic (2, 2)
Scheme", International Journal of Computing Science and
Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 2, Jan. 2011.
(ISSN 0974-3375) ,1B. Dinesh Reddy, 2V. Valli Kumari,
3KVSVN Raju, 4Y.H. Prassanna Raju 1Vignan Institute of
Information Technology.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/transmissionofcryptictextusingrotationalvisualcryptography-160805072253/85/Transmission-of-cryptic-text-using-rotational-visual-cryptography-3-320.jpg)
Transmission of cryptic text using rotational visual cryptography
- 1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 345 TRANSMISSION OF CRYPTIC TEXT USING ROTATIONAL VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY P. R. Sushma Priya1 , P. Vijaya Bharati2 1 student, 2 Asst.Prof.,Department of CSE, Vignan’s Institute of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, sushmapriya_pr3135@yahoo.co.in, pvijayabharati@gmail.com Abstract Today security is an important thing when we need to transmit data from one location to another safely. In this paper we are proposing an empirical model of secure data transmission technique with a hybrid approach of Cryptography, Stegnography and rotational analysis. In the initial phase, data is encrypted with DES algorithm with the help of Session key which is generated by the Diffie-Hellman Key exchange Algorithm. In the second phase Cipher Data is hidden into the cover image’s LSB to form the stego image, by considering security as the optimal security parameter. In the third phase, the Stego image is rotated with specific angle. At the receiver end, the image is de-rotated and the cipher information from the LSB is retrieved and the cipher information is decrypted with session key. This scheme achieves lossless recovery and is difficult to decrypt by the attackers. Keywords: Cryptography, Stegnography, Visual Cryptography, DES, Diffie-Hellman Algorithm, Session Key ---------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION Cryptography is the method that allows information to be sent in a secure form in such a way that the only receiver is able to retrieve the information. Now-a-days, cryptography has many commercial applications. It provides high level of privacy for individuals and groups. However, the main purpose of the cryptography is not only to provide confidentiality but also provide solutions for other problems like: data integrity, authentication, non-repudiation. Presently continuous researches on the new cryptographic algorithms are going on. However, it is very difficult to find out the specific algorithm they must consider various factors like: security, the features of algorithm, the time complexity and space complexity. Visual Cryptography (VC) is a new technique of cryptographic scheme, which can decrypt encrypted images without any mathematical computations but with the help of Human Visual System (HVS). Visual cryptography scheme has many applications like secret sharing scheme, Copyright protection, Halftoning process and Watermarking. There are various schemes of Visual Cryptography. Visual Cryptography scheme can also be used for authentication and identification process (visual authentication and identification)[11]. Steganography is the art and science of invisible communication. This is accomplished through hiding information in other information, thus hiding the existence of the communicated information. The word steganography is derived from the Greek words “stegos” meaning “cover” and “grafia” meaning “writing” , defining it as “covered writing”. In image steganography the information is hidden exclusively in images [8]. The main feature of the encryption/decryption process implementation is the generation of the encryption key. Our hybrid approach achieves the optimal security during the transmission of data over the network. Due to three levels of security, cipher text cannot be decrypted and the time required to break the cipher to plain is more. Our approach follows the conversion of plain text to cipher text, hiding the cipher information in the image pixels and rotating the image with the required or specific angle to prevent the unauthorized access over the network [5]. The main difference between Cryptography and stegnography is, Cryptography is a process of converting a plain text to cipher text where as Stegnography is a process of hiding the data into the cover medias [3]. Image rotation enhances our security feature by integrating with our previous stegnography because of the noise factors we regularized our approach to few specific angles of rotation of pixels in the image. 2. RELATED WORK As our initial research starts with the different types of attacks, mainly classified as Active attacks (Interruption, modification, fabrication) and passive attacks(Interception) during the transmission of data, Cryptography introduced to convert the formatted text to unformatted text through the various cryptographic algorithms[1][2].
- 2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 346 Now-a-days hackers and attackers are also very familiar with cryptanalysis(cracking of ciphers or unformatted texts),so cryptography may not resolve the problem of security, later stegnography is introduced for hiding the data into the image, which is a simple implementation issue and human eye undetectable changes are seen. In this process we consider these two parameters i.e., cover image and the message are embedded and form the stego image. Even though various cryptography and stegnographic approaches are developed, security is still an importantant research issue in the field of network security [6][7]. Here we are introducing a new approach that uses image rotational analysis along with the cryptographic and Stegongraphic techniques. In the traditional process of visual cryptography, data can be added to the Cover image to convert it into stego image and the stego image can be divided into number of shares, to retrieve the data, we need to combine the shares, there is a noise issue during the data retrieval. In our approach there is no issue of noise during the stego image conversion or during image rotation. 3. PROPOSED MODEL We are proposing a hybrid approach with both cryptography and rotational visual cryptography for secure data transmission over the network. In our approach, initially the sender converts the plain text to cipher text with Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. The reason to choose DES and Diffie- Hellman algorithms in our paper is, DES is most certified algorithm than the many traditional cryptographic algorithms. Implementation of DES is not complex and it is fast in hardware and relatively fast in software. But the DES requires a 56-bit session key for the process of encryption and decryption, which can be achieved by the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. After the session key generation, the sender converts the plain text to cipher text by DES algorithm with the key generated by the key exchange protocol (Diffie- Hellman)[10]. It is one of the most efficient Symmetric key approach. No individual user can create the session key, without using the other half part of the receiver or sender. Diffie-Hellman ephemeral key exchange provides perfect forward secrecy. Computational complexity is low during the key calculations and not much expensive. The cover image is selected and is converted into binary format and the cipher text is embedded into the LSB of the binary format of the image which forms the stego image. The stego image is rotated by some specific angle and is sent to receiver. The reverse process is done at the receiver end. The receiver receives the rotated image and the encrypted angle with the same session key exchanged by Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. The entire process is shown in architectural Fig-1. Fig-1: Architecture 4. LSB APPROACH LSB (Least Significant Bit) substitution is the process of adjusting the least significant bit pixels of the carrier image. It is a simple approach for embedding message and the image. The Least Significant Bit insertion varies according to number of bits in an image. For an 8 bit image, the least significant bit i.e., the 8th bit of each byte of the image is changed with the bit of cipher text. For a 24 bit image, the colors of each component like RGB (red, green and blue) are changed. LSB is effective in using BMP images since the compression in BMP is lossless [4]. 5. ROTATIONAL ANALYSIS Rotational Analysis is a new approach where the image is rotated with an angle instead of sending it directly. In our approach, after hiding the data in the image, it is rotated with a specific angle by the sender and is sent to the receiver. The angle is transmitted in encrypted format using the session key generated by Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Algorithm. In the reverse process, receiver decrypts the angle and than of 900,1800,2700, de-rotates the image with the same angle, extracts the cipher information from the stego image (i.e., least significant bits of the pixels of image) then converts the cipher information to plain text with the DES algorithm followed by the key generated with Diffie- Hellman Key Exchange.
- 3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 347 6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT Fig-2 shows the plain text , Fig-3 shows the cipher text, Fig-4 shows the binary text, Fig-5 shows the cover image before embedding data into it, Fig-6 shows the stego image (i.e., after data embedding) and Fig-7 shows the rotated image as follows While in the reverse process, we derotate the image with the specific angle and retrieve the cipher information from the LSBs of the stego image to retrieve the final cover image and plain text. CONCLUSIONS We are concluding our research issue with empirical approach of data hiding through rotational visual cryptography. Our experimental result shows an efficient performance results than the traditional approach with hybrid mechanism of cryptography, stegnogrpahy and rotational visual cryptography. FUTURE SCOPE • We can enhance our approach by using the advanced cryptographic algorithms like AES, but Computational complexity is the major issue with the advanced algorithms. • We designed our architecture with some specific static angles, we can enhance our system by providing the flexibility of rotation of image with any angle. • We can also enhance our approach with elliptic curve key exchange Algorithm for more secure session key generation. REFERENCES [1] A. Forouzan.,: " Cryptography and Network Security ", First Edition. McGraw-Hill, (2007), USA. [2] R Hamamreh., M Farajallah., " Design of a Robust Cryptosystem Algorithm for Non-Invertible Matrices Based on Hill Cipher ". International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, (2009): Vol (9), pp: 12-21. [3] J Hoffstein., et al, "An Introduction to Mathematical Cryptography ", First Edition. Springer Science & Business Media, (2008):, Germany. [4] H.Kenneth, “Elementary Number Theory and Its Applications " Third Edition. Addison-Wesley, (1992): Germany. [5] M.Lucas, “Thomas Jefferson wheel cipher ", Monticello Research Department, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Charlottesville, (1995):, VA. [6] Steganography and steganalysis-Robert Krenn, Internet Publication, March 2004 [7] Steganographic Techniques and their use in an Open- Systems Environment- Bret Dunbar, The Information Security Reading Room, SANS Institute 2002 [8] Steganography Primer - Ruid, Computer Academic underground,2004 [9] Image Compression and Discrete Cosine Transform - Ken Cabeen and Peter Gent,Math 45 College of the Redwoods,1998 [10] Practical Data Hiding in TCP/IP - Kamran Ahsan and Deepa Kundur Multimedia and Security Workshop at ACM Multimedia, Juan-les-Pins, France, Friday, Dec 6th, 2002 [11] "Rotation Visual Cryptography Using Basic (2, 2) Scheme", International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 3, NO. 2, Jan. 2011. (ISSN 0974-3375) ,1B. Dinesh Reddy, 2V. Valli Kumari, 3KVSVN Raju, 4Y.H. Prassanna Raju 1Vignan Institute of Information Technology.
- 4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 348 BIOGRAPHIES P. R. Sushma Priya received the M.C.A degree from JNTU, Hyderabad in 2007. She is pursuing the M. Tech( Computer Science Engineering ) degree from JNTU, Kakinada. She worked as an assistant professor in Vignan’s Institute of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. P. Vijaya Bharati received the M.Sc degree in Computer Science from Gitam University in 2004, Visakhapatnam and the M.Tech degree in Computer Science from Vignan University in 2009. She is pursuing her Ph.D from Gitam University, Visakhapatnam. Presently, she is working as an Assistant Professor in Vignan’s Institute of Engineering for Women. Her research interests in areas of Computer Networks, Mobile Computing, DSP, MATLAB, Data Mining, Sensor Networks. She attends so many Workshops and National & International Conferences.