Trditional begg /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
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History:

Dr. P. Raymond Begg was graduated in dentistry from
the University of Melbourne, Australia in 1923. He
became interested in orthodontics almost immediately
and attended Dr. Edward H. Angle's courses in
Pasadena, California from March 1924 to November
1925. Dr. Begg returned to Adelaide and started a
practice of orthodontics utilizing the edgewise
technique.
Some time after 1927 Dr. Begg broke away from his Angle background.
He began to extract teeth as an integral concept of the treatment of
malocclusions and he discarded the edgewise mechanism in favor of the
light round archwire technique which he developed. His technique has
changed the ideas and beliefs of many practitioners all over the world
about orthodontics and dentistry.


History:

He knew from experience and his appreciation of the role, attrition is
meant to play in the development of man’s dentition that seeks
reduction was often necessary to permit the proper repositioning of
the teeth to enhance Function, Stability & Esthetics.
Dr.Begg realized that edgewise mechanism was not designed to rapidly
close extraction spaces and for quickly reducing deep overbites.
To facilitate such changes, he began using .020inch round platinized gold
rather than rectangular arch wire in 1929.
In 1931/32 he started using .018inch round stainless steel wire bending the
vertical loops, intermaxillary circles right into the arch wire. However he soon
realizes that if round arch wires were engaged in edgewise brackets,
indiscriminate and often undesired root moving forces could be created.

Begg’s Philosophy:
Dr.Begg described a treatment approach based on the following
hypotheses which were backed to some extent by his own
researches.
They were:

1.Theory of attritional occlusion
2.Theory of differential forces
3.The employment of a modified form of ribbon arch
bracket and light gauge round archwire.


Theory of Attritional Occlusion:
Dr. Begg founded the concept of correct occlusion based on his studies on the
skulls of australian aboriginals..
He found that the dentitions displayed a considerable amount of attrition ,both
occlusally and interproximally.
The dento - alveolar height was maintained by continuous eruption and
proximal contact by mesial tooth migration facilitated by cuspal wear.
The incisor relationship became edge to edge thereby reducing the chance of
lower incisor imbrications through overbite obstruction…
The total reduction in arch length resulting from attrition amounted
approximately to one bicuspid width either side of both dental arches by the
time the aboriginal was 20 years of age…
These findings accord with the studies of miss Corisande smyth with her study
of Anglo-Saxon skulls…
According to sir Arthur keith, in bronze-age Britain, skulls showed edge-toedge incisor relationship was common..

But in the present age, due to the refined and pre-cooked food, less dental
attrition was observed. The absence of attrition along with the presence of
mesial tooth migration does not relieve the dental overcrowding ,particularly in
the lower incisor region where the modern overbite prevents their escape into
edge-to-edge relationship with the uppers.
Dr.Begg used the findings from his study of australian aboriginal occlusions as
a justification to extraction. He argues that if in this present era tooth material
is not lost through attrition ,it would be reasonable to cause a commensurate
reduction artificially through extraction.
However, care should be taken to restrict the employment of extraction within
logical limits..
Thus the extraction approach in orthodontic treatment came into existence .
Surely, there will be exceptions to the extraction approach just as there were to
the non-extraction approach

Normal occlusion in young adult of
present day

Normal occlusion in primitive times.


Theory of differential forces
The theory of differential forces in it’s original form was described by
Dr.Begg in an article AJO{1956} his observation was based to a large
extent on the work of Storey and Smith.
The range of light pressures which would cause the teeth to move at an
optimum rate with minimal disturbance of the supporting tissues.
Pressures below this range would produce a slow rate of response while
those above incurred a reaction within the bone support, referred as
“undermining resorption”.
Applying these principles to the Begg technique, the force of the
intermaxillary elastics used inn stage I of treatment ,was kept light so that
the upper labial segment was retracted while the lower anchor molars has
negligible mesial movement. later, if it was required that the residual
extraction spaces should be closed largely by the mesial movement of the
posterior teeth, the elastic forces are increased so that the anterior
segment with their relatively small root area received an excess of force
sufficient to delay their movement, while the posteriors moved forward.

Judo principle in orthodontics:
Judo is based on “using the opponents greater strength and weight to his
disadvantage”
Since root tipping is a high resistance movement and crown tipping
encounter less resistance, if root tipping force is applied, the roots tend to tip
in one direction and the crowns tend to tip in the other.
Movements include
Net distal movement of the molars
Net distal movement of mesially inclined lower second molar
Braking springs for up righting excessively tipped molars
Braking springs in cuspids in lower cuspids and premolars in non
extraction cases
Braking springs on one or more teeth
An auxiliary wire incorporating torque loops to rest against one or more
teeth
double back arch wire
the udder arch

Advantages of Begg’s appliance:
Efficiency of treatment , because many corrective tooth movements occur
simultaneously with relative little appliance adjustment
Minimal patient discomfort and minimal trauma to the hard and soft tissues
as a result of the use the light and continuous force
Rapid esthetic improvement, achieved by early reduction of overjet and
alignment of anterior teeth
Early correction and overcorrection of rotations, possibly reducing relapse
after treatment
Short treatment time resulting from the rapidity of the tooth movement


Disadvantages:
Patient cooperation is critical for successful treatment with Begg technique
Distortion of the light arch wires by mastication of tough foods or biting
hard objects
Difficulty may be encountered in accomplishing detailed finishing
procedure
Auxiliary used in stage III constitute a hazard to maintenance of oral
hygiene
Tissue trauma is thought to occur ot the alveolar crest as a result of tipping
& root resorption from excessive tipping of the apices of maxillary incisors
Steepening of an existing high mandibular plane angle may occur as a
result of Class II intermaxillary traction
The Begg technique does not lend itself to the intrusion of maxillary incisors
when a deep overbite is associated with over eruption of the maxillary incisors
Unpleasing flattening of the lips may occur during Stage I and Stage II

Lack of understanding of the complex dynamics of force

Difference between Begg and Edge wise Appliance:
In an Edge wise when the rectangular arch wire is held to each tooth by
being engaged in its bracket that accurately fits the arch wire, force is
immediately exerted that moves the ROOT of each tooth
It is impossible to tip crowns when the rectangular arch wires either
Ribbon arch or Edgewise arch, engage their brackets
The light wire differential force technique employs forces which are
most physiologically acceptable to the tissues and move teeth most rapidly
The excessive force delivered by edgewise limits tooth moving efficiency
In edgewise there is simultaneous movement of the anchor & the teeth
to be moved. Periodontal tissues resist high forces; therefore the distance
a teeth can be torqued is relatively small
with edgewise mechanism there is considerable anterior movement of
the dental arch as a whole because of greater mesio distal dimension of
the bracket.
In Begg the small mesio distal dimension of the bracket freely permits
mesial or distal tipping of tooth crowns with less mesial or distal force on
the roots

When the arch wire is engaged in an edgewise bracket
with wide mesiodistal slot, force is transmitted to the root
of the tooth


In the Edgewise arch wire appliance the need for extra oral anchorage is
great in order to counteract the tooth root-moving forces that cause anterior
movement of the dental arches
The light arch wire technique has eliminated the need for extraoral
anchorage


Synergism in Begg appliances:


Case selection criteria for selection of Begg case:
The tooth movements required are such as to demand the forms of
control given by banded appliances and cannot be achieved an adequate
standard
The ultimate stability of treated occlusion is in doubt, unless root
movements accompany repositioning of crowns
The patients interest in his personal appearance and health
Patient interest matches with practical ability to attend regularly at
prescribed intervals over the treatment period
The parent and patient have been given to understand precisely the
nature and duration of proposed treatment and what is required if success
is to be achieved
Clinically:
Low mandibular plane angle
Not excessive incisal show
Adequate thickness of labial cortical bone

Arch wire material:
A.J.Wilcock after years of experimentation developed a wire which is most
suitable for light arch wire technique
The arch wire is a round austenitic stainless steel wire of 0.016” diameter
which is heat treated & cold drawn from a round wire of larger diameter
The wires are highly resilient so that they can produce force for a longer
duration without frequent reactivation.


Bands:
Pinched or preformed bands
preformed bans with prewelded brackets
Do not use preformed band with prewelded bracket unless the gingival
slot is set at a constant height from the incisal edges or the tips of the
buccal cusps and band is fully seated
Preformed bands without attached brackets


Brackets :
The high flange brackets are preferred over the taper flange because high
flange possess a wider wedding surface which makes them less liable to
distortion.
The brackets are manufactured to accept 0.016” diameter arch wire


LOCKPINS:
1.One-point safety lockpin:
 first stage of treatment with .016 inch archwire.
Shoulder on labial surface of the head strikes bracket to prevent
impingement of pin and the archwire.
Beveled undersurface of head leaves adequate space for tipping.
2.Second stage lockpin:
Safety shoulder prevents binding on archwires .
The body of the pin is dimensioned to open 256-500 bracket slot to 0.020
inch to accept larger archwires during stage II.
3.Hook lockpin:
Used on all teeth that do not require mesiodistal up righting during stage III.


Buccal tube:
Flat oval buccal tubes are used with double back round arch wires than
rectangular tubes
Flat oval and double back arch wire is used when second permanent molar is
used as the anchor and also when the lower premolar is missing
Interchangeable type of molar tube permits switching from a double arch wire
to a straight back arch wire without losing mechanical advantages


Elastics:
Elastics (latex or rubber) is used which will exert a force of 60 to 70 gm
when they are new and first placed.
Elastic tie material is used to provide force rotate or erupt teeth.
Elastic thread or elastomeric filament is used for extreme light forces
In clinical practice, elastic force should signify measured force for the
individual patient
E.g.: Class II elastic force 21/2 ounce
Extraction cases class II horizontal, vertical and cross bite elastics
average 2 to 4 ounce
Non extraction cases class II horizontal elastics 11/2 to 21/2 ounce
Size of elastics
Larger diameter for molar extraction cases
small Class Ii elastics in bicuspid extractions
Small horizontal www.indiandentalacademy.com
elastics in Stage II

Types of Elastics:
Anterior Elastics
Used in conjugation with a plain arch wire for closing spaces between
anterior teeth. If Teeth Protrusive Elastic not placed at the commencement of
treatment. Elastic force is 1 to 2 ounce.
Criss cross Elastics
Diagonal Elastics
Zigzag Elastics
Used in Stage II, premolar extraction case, Closure of extraction space
Cross Palate Elastics
Used in Stage III
Class III Elastics
In Class III cases treatment and in overcorrected class II in Stage III to
eliminate edge to edge relationship


Horizontal or intramaxillary elastics in position

Elastic thread tied in figure of ‘8’
pattern


Stage I:

(Usually 4 to 8 months)

Objectives:
Correction of Anterior spaces
Correction of crowding
Overcorrection of rotation of anterior teeth
Overcorrection of Over jet to an edge to edge incisor relation
Overcorrection of Overbite to an edge to edge incisor relation
Correction of Cross bites
Correction of molar relation
Beginning of correction of premolars
Overcorrection of disto occlusion of the buccal segments
Partial correction of midline discrepancies

Correction of Axial inclination of mandibular incisors

STAGE MODELS.
THE IMPORTANCE OF STAGE MODELS AS TOLD BY DR.A ROCKE,:
1.TO CHECK THE ARCH CONTOUR AND WIDTH.
2.TO CHECK THE INCLINATION OF UPPER AND LOWER ANTERIOR
TEETH.
3.SELF-DISCIPLINE TO TO COMPLETE EACH STAGE BEFORE
PROCEEDING TO THE NEXT.
4.TO DETERMINE THE TEETH MOVEMENT.
5.TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO ANCHORAGE MAINTAINED IN THE
TREATMENT.
6.VISUAL AID FOR PATIENTS AND PARENTS.
7.VISUAL AID FOR REFERRING DENTISTS THE POSSIBILITY OF
ANTERIOR TORQUING..

Bracket Placement:
Brackets are centered mesio distally on the labial or buccal surface with
the base of the arch wire slot 4mm from the incisal edge of cusp tips.
Only exception is maxillary lateral incisor where 3.5mm from the incisal
edge is placed.


Lingual Button:
Placed directly opposite to to the areas of engagement of the archwire on
the opposite side of the teeth. This is to permit free mesio distal tipping or
uprighting of the teeth.
If the lingual button is placed incisal or occlusal to the level of base of
arch wire the steel ligature would loosen or tighten during mesio distal
uprighting.


Buccal Tube:
Molar tubes should be parallel to the occlusal surface when viewed from
buccal and parallel with a line bisecting the occlusal surface mesiodistally.


Arch wire:
Different diameter of wire is available but the most commonly used one is
0.016” wire
0.016” special

- Looped arch wire in any case

0.016” special

- Plain arch wire in extraction cases or in which 1st and
2nd premolars are extracted

0.018”

- Plain arch wire in molar extraction cases

Initial Arch wire:
The basic shape of the initial archwire depends upon the shape of
malocclusion and although it is similar it isn seldom identical.
The archwire shape is proportional to the width, the form and symmetry
of dental arch.
There may be localized modifications of archwire in the vertical and
horizontal plane and these are called Offset bends.

Offset bends:
In Anterior segment
Vertical offset

- To Intrude or Extrude

Horizontal offset

- to Expand, contract and rotate

In posterior segment
Gingival offset

- to avoid occlusal distortion and
interference with bicuspids


Shape of Anterior segment:
The anterior curve of the initial arch wire is usually a compromise between
the shape of the malocclusion and that of normal occlusion.
E.g.: If anterior segment is narrow and protrusive the arch wire is made
slightly broader in the cuspid region and flatter opposite to central incisors.


Intermaxillary Hooks:
Routinely bent into the arch wire for both the upper and lower arches and are
positioned 1mm mesial to the cuspid brackets.
The coil Pattern is usually a small helical loop 2 to 2.5mm of outside diameter.
The helical Intermaxillary hook two primary and two secondary advantages
Archwire is stiffer and aids in overbite correction
Wire is stiffer in horizontal plane and aids in correction of arch form,
width
and symmetry
Helical hook can be formed quickly
Helical hook is seldom distorted or broken
If Boot shaped loops are used they are angulated buccaly away the vertical in
order to avoid any possibility if wedging of distal arm of loop into slot.


Vertical Loops:
Used to supply local increased arch flexibility or used for space opening or
closing, stops, rotation or root torque.
The most vertical loops to allign six anterior teeth are five, one in each
interproximal area.
Generally loops are made 6 to 8mm long but greater the length of the loop,
the more gentle the force on the tooth .
The Loop between the maxillary central incisors should be avoided, when
indicated the loop is made shorter because
1) Avoid irritation to the labial frenum
2) Loop in midline causes arch wire to assume “V” shape when contracted
by placement in the molar tube


Horizontal bracket area for severly
lingually placed tooth is bent 1mm further
gingivally than plane of arch wire to
prevent elongation of tooth as it tips
labially

Contraction Loop in midline with
incisor stops to tip crowns of upper
centrals

Vertical loops bent in case of
high frenum attachment

Molar anchorage bends:
Placed immediately posterior to the 2nd premolar bracket
Bent opposite so that when inserted into the buccal tubes the anterior
section of the archwire lies in the buccal sulci
Amount of bend varies from case to case
The leverage force incorporated on the incisors should be around 65mg
Greater force tend to eventually cause lingual rolling and distal tilting of
molars
Increase of excessive leverage the mesial marginal ridge of the molars
are is seen to raise above the occlusal level
the purpose of anchor bend in upper arch is to prevent mesial migration
of the molars; In lower is to supply bodily control of the lower molars as
these are moved forward by action of Class II elastics

Anchorage bend opposite
to molar premolar contact
point
Labial portion lying in
buccal sulci


Bayonet bends:
It is inadvisable to use bayonet bends for active correction, because of the
tendency for round archwire to rotate within bracket slots causing the bayonet
bend to become ineffective or supply movement in wrong plane
Commonly used passively to retain overrotation brought about via
previously looped arch.
They should be small and offset section is 5 degrees to the line of main arch.


Pinning and ligation of arch wires:
The pins used in the opening stages of treatment should be safety lock
design which will automatically obviate friction between pinhead and
archwire.
In the StageI of treatment of ClassII all the teeth are pinned except
The second premolars
Teeth initially so far displaced
Upper laterals which are lingual to centrals
Rotated Buccal teeth.


Placement of Elastics:
It is impossible for the arch wire to function properly without the proper
elastics.
In order to determine the size of the elastics the tension gauge is used.
The Class II elastics are engaged around the distal ends of the molar
tubes or molar hooks and stretched anteriorly to engage the maxillary
Intermaxillary hook mesial to the maxillary cuspid.
In Class III elastics are worn from the maxillary molars to the intermaxillary
hook mesial to the mandibular cuspid bracket.
No horizontal (intramaxillary) elastics are applied during stage I


Class II elastics pulling 2 to 3
ounce at the beginning

Class III elastics

Horizontal (intramaxillay) elastic


Check list for stage I:
Check for desired movements
Overbite and over jet improvement
Anterior alignment progressing
Dental arch width particularly the molar width
Dental arch form being maintained
Antero - posterior relation of cuspids and molars being maintained
Individual molar positions being maintained
Check for undesired movements or manifestations
Failure to wear elastics at all times
Poor hygiene
Vertical loops impinging on tooth or tissues
Arch wire distortion
contraction or expansion of arch width


Problems encountered during the first stage:
1) Bite not opening
Patients not wearing elastics
Patient biting out bite opening bends
Failure to place proper amount of bite opening bends when arches were placed
Anchor molars out of occlusion
Loose molar band
Improper angulations of buccal tube or entire band
2) Molar width narrowing (usually mandibular molars)
Vertical component of Class II elastic force
Prolonged wearing of posterior cross elastics to widen opposing molars
Distolingually rotated cuspids
Bicuspid rotational elastic tie on the lingual from the bicuspid to the molar
Rolling of distal ends of archwire, causing anchor bend to turn into rotational force on
molar
3) Adverse tipping of anchor molars
No anchor bends
Too much anchor bend
Proper amount of anchor bends, but in place for too long time

Loose molar band
Excessive elastic force
Improper placement of elastics on tooth
Oversize arch wire
4) No appreciable changes
Not wearing elastics
Arch wires bent out of shape
Oral habits present that counteract force of appliances
Patient seen too soon
5) Vertical loops buried in gingiva
Original Looped arch wire left in the mouth too long
Maladjustment in the proper direction of vertical loops when the arch wire was placed
6) Elastics which break or do not stay on
May just be an excuse for not wearing elastics
Elastic will not stay in Intermaxillary circle
Distal end archwire too short or imbedded in the gingiva
7) Lock pin lost
occlusal incisal forces
If missing randomly throughout the mouth, probably patient is picking at them

8) Extremely mobile molars
Clenching of teeth
Intermittent wearing of elastics
Pathology
Excessive force applied to molar
No apparent cause
9) Lower anterior teeth tipping labially
May be an optical illusion with the roots actually moving lingually
Binding of the archwire in bicuspid brackets
binding of ends arch wire inside distal ends of buccal tube
10) Anterior Open bite not Closing
Patient not wearing anterior vertical elastics
Persistent Tongue-thrust or adverse habbits
Too much anchor bends
11) Tooth not rotating
Not enough space
Not enough activation in bracket area of arch wire
Elastic threads slipping over the top of the tooth
12) Midline discrepancy

Asymmetrical tipping of anterior teeth

Stage II:

( usually 1 to 4 months)

Completion of extraction space closure
1. By continuing retraction of anterior teeth
2. Correction of premolar rotations
Completion of correction of midline discrepancies
Maintenance of all anterior and posterior overcorrection achieved in stage I
Continued correction of Open Bite


Arch wire:
The Archwire pattern is basically that of Stage I treatment
0.016” gauge of wire is used
0.018” is used when there is frequent arch wire distortions or unilateral
space closure
Anchor bend is made 1mm mesial to the molar, premolar contact point.
The pressure supplied by the anchor bends to the molars and incisors is
slightly reduced from that employed during Stage I
Because Intermaxillary elastics tend to rotate molars slight toe in bends are
made in the molar areas to prevent molar rotation
Intermaxillary hooks are incorporated in both archwire immediately mesial
to the cuspid brackets and in contact or very near contact with them
The hooks in upper arch has to bear two elastics which is somewhat
difficult for
ring pattern. A ‘Z’ shaped hook makes it easier for the patient
to apply two rubbers
to the hook
The 2nd premolar is bypassed from pinning as in Stage I, The wire is held in position
by bypass clamp or steel ligature

The bypass clamp in position of the bracket
in premolar

Slight horizontal offsets are formed distal to canines to maintain correct buccolingual
position of the premolars and canines


Inter & Intramaxillary elastics:
Lateral Cephalogram is taken and from cephalometric evaluation it is determined
whether the anteriors are to be retracted or posteriors are moved for closure of space.
The Space – closing elastic ( esp. the maxillary) stretching from the Intermaxillary hook
to the molar hook against molar lies against the gingiva and irritates the gingiva, to
overcome this elastic is twisted one half turn when it is placed


Wearing of horizontal elastics try to rotate the molars distobuccaly and this should be
counteracted by the toe – in bends of the arch wire. If rotation aggravates after giving
toe in bends the elastics can be engaged on the lingual hooks. Care should be taken of
the second premolar so it doesn’t tip when elastic crosses it occlusally.


Correction of Midline discrepancy:
Midline must be determined by reference to the center of face, whether the
discrepancy is confined to one arch or in both
If one arch is involved shifts more than 2mm is major; lesst han 2mm is a minor
problem.
The application of intramaxillary elastic will complete closure on the side to which
midline is shifted; The intramaxillary elastic on the side which closes first can be
discontinued
Minor discrepancies are self correcting

Diagonal elastics for correction of midline
in both the arches

Correction by movement of
www.indiandentalacademy.comindividual units or small group
after distal tipping of canine

Auxiliaries in stage II:
The auxiliaries used are passive mesio distal root uprighting springs on the
mandibular canines and the lower anterior braking arches.
The function of of these types of auxiliaries is to establish two point contact
between teeth and archwire and prevent free tipping movement of the
anteriors.

Lower braking auxiliary on the four
Anteriors

Check list for stage II:
Check the teeth and appliances berfore treatment progress for
Loosened bands
Loosened brackets
Patient co-operation in elastic wearing
Compare the positions of the teeth on the second stage model with those in
mouth
Check for desired movements
Check for undesired movements or manifestations such as
Failure to wear elastics at all times
Poor oral hygiene
Arch wire projecting out and causing impingement
Contraction or expansion of the arch
Asymmetry of dental arch
Molars rotating mesiolingually due to use of single elastic on the buccal
Anterior class III relation developing
Excessive anterior open bite
Anchorage bend coming into close proximity
Midline is maintainedwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Problems encountered during stage II:
1) Anterior bite opening
Not enough bite opening bends placed in the arch
Bite opening bends bitten out or arch wires distorted
Patient not wearing Intermaxillary elastics
Anchor molars out of occlusion
2) Anterior teeth assuming Class III relationship
Excessive wearing of class II elastics
Determine if anterior bite is truly open
3) Spaces developing between anterior teeth
Failure to tie with steel ligature from Intermaxillary hook distal to cuspids
Intermaxillary circles formed too apart
4) Anchor molars rotating distobuccaly
Toe – out on arch wire
Too much force from horizontal elastic

5) Cuspid roots bulging on labial plate of alveolar bone
Normal distal tipping
Poor arch form
Poor bracket placement
6) Posterior spaces not closed
Patient not wearing elastics
Arch wire not free to slide through the buccal tube
Arch wire pinned or caught in bicuspid bracket slot
Patient placing tongue or pencil in space
Occlusal interference
Anterior teeth not free to tip distally
Anteriors cannot tip distally owing to tongue habits
7) Second premolars tipping mesially in extraction caseof 1st premolar
Slight expected mesial movement of anchor molars
Abnormal loss of anchorage, if second premolars are tipping excessively

8) Mandibular anterior teeth achieving desired lingual inclination before
posterior spaces are closed completely
Inexperienced orthodontic skill
Careful preservation of anchorage
Excess space at beginning of treatment


CONCLUSION:
The development of Begg’s different way of orthodontic
therapy was not the result of a single discovery but rather
,the product of a long tedious ,well-organized trial and error
process.
When correctly applied, his light archwire technique can
produce universal tooth movement with light optimum
forces, least discomfort to patients ,minimum loosening of
teeth and least injury to tooth investing tissues.
Dr.Begg theory does not depend upon cephalometrics to
establish angulations nor does it require complicated
engineering formulae for moving teeth.
Because the Begg technique, requires shorter time, it does
not mean that it is a “snap” method requiring less
orthodontic skill or ingenuity..

References:
The Begg orthodontic theory and technique – Kesling 3rd edition
Begg appliance and technique – Fletcher
Current orthodontic concepts and technique – Graber and Swain
New vistas of orthodontics – Lysle E Johnston
AJO 1975 may volume 67 – George R Cadman
AJO 1973 Jan volume 63 – Doyle W Baldbridge
AJO 1963 oct volume 49 – George V Newman


Trditional begg /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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Trditional begg /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy