TRIAS eGovernment introduction

eGOV: Introduction Monica Palmirani CIRSFID – University of Bologna Law Faculty

CIRSFID – School of Law CIRSFID is an interdisciplinary center of research of the University of Bologna – Italy It was funded in 1986 inside School of Law by prof. Enrico Pattaro Very active in European and national research projects – TRIAS, LEFIS Strong attitude to promote and organize undergraduate, post-graduate courses Training for legal operators – lifelong-learning Tribunals (judges, clerks) Public Administrations (directors, employees, politician) Legal professionals (advocates, consultants) Legislative operators (parliament, region, municipality clerks)

CIRSFID’s courses in Legal Informatics and ICT Law 1989 - Two Doctorates : ICT Law and Bioethics 2002 - Master’s course of Legal Informatics and ICT Law at the Bologna University School of Law, in coordination with EULISP ( European Legal Informatics Study Programme ) 2003 – founded the Three-year Undergraduate Programme Computer Science and Law of Bologna University School of Law 2004 - founded the Two-year Undergraduate Programme eGovernance at the Ravenna Division of the Bologna University School of Law

Outline Part I: Content – 1,5 hour Break Part II: Methodology – 0,5 hour Part III: Card Sorting – 1,15 hour Break

Objective Present the organisation of the eGov module Discuss the content and identify the missing topics Use Topics Map for navigating the content in the wiki platform Ask your contributions for grouping the topics

Table of content The table of content of the EGov module is organised in three sub-modules: eGov I - From the eCommerce to the Egovernment eGov II - From eGovernment to eGovernance eGov III - ICT Enabling eGovernment eGov IV – National Legal Framework

Table of content Table of content http://wiki.triastelematica.org/index.php/Education:EGovernment_I http://wiki.triastelematica.org/index.php/Education:EGovernment_II http:// wiki.triastelematica.org / index.php / Education : EGovernment_III

eGOV: part I Monica Palmirani CIRSFID – University of Bologna Law Faculty

eCommerce definition We can define informally electronic commerce when there is communication of information dealing with business topics including in the term business all the steps of the Porter-Miller value chain from inbound logistics to customer service and customer relationship management The e-commerce uses online tools but also telecommunication instruments, therefore a telephone order or a fax message are eCommerce process Raw Materials Logistics Transfor-mation Marketing & Sales Distribution After-sales & Customer service Porter-Miller value chain model

Economic Bubble of the e-commerce in 2001 The dot-com bubble of the end of 2001 affected the e-commerce phenomena who did not re-engineer the back-office was affected by the financial disaster You can see all the .com enterprise that failed the e-commerce goal in the web site http:// disobey.com/ghostsites/mef.shtml

From eCommerce to eGovernment … e-government : using the tools of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the management of public administrations and the quality of the services e-commerce has been a “preparatory” phenomenon and a “pushing” factor the Internet accelerated the process of phasing ICTs into the public administration, a process dating back to the 1980s In comparison with e-commerce, e-government has to deal with a much more complex, constraining, and regimented legal framework

Diversification points Rules and Law : Business processes in the private sector can be freely redesigned. In the public sector t he rule becomes a constraint, an engine, an object, a pwerful tool for implementing the administrative innovation Institutional role: Duties toward citizens and toward other administrations operating under the rule of law and protecting this rule: Justice, transparency, good government, protection of citizens’ rights (Reference to Batini C. e G. Santucci (editors), Information systems for the Public Administration: methodologies and techniques, Presidency of the Cabinet, Upper School of the Public Administration, Rome, 2005)

Diversification point 3: political role Political role of good governance openness and communicability – plain and clear language participation – enabling all social, economic, and political forces to play a role in the process responsibility – every public administration must clearly define its institutional role and become more accountable for its behaviour efficiency – the policies adopted by the public administration must be responsive to the pace and practices of the socioeconomic environment in which they will be implemented consistency – the actions of the public administration must be consistent with the assumed responsibilities and the stated policies (From:White paper on European Governance, COM(2001) 428/final)

Similar but institutionally different in the motivations.. eGovernment policy Support for the enterprises On-line public services Socio-cultural growth Growth of democracy Process Simplification Reduction of government spending

Challenges facing Europe's public sector § 2.1 Responding to a changing world “ The public sector is challenged to play a key role in modernising Europe’s economy and society , so that Europe becomes more competitive and dynamic, with sustainable growth capable of creating more and better jobs while providing for greater social cohesion. These are the Lisbon targets for 2010.” (From: COM(2003) 567 final, Brussels, 26/9/2003)

Challenges facing Europe's public sector “ Government revenues add up to 45% of the EU's GDP. The public sector is the single largest purchaser in the economy. Public consumption amounted to 20.6% of GDP in 2002, up from 19.9% in 1998. Public administrations are also a major provider of services to business, influencing enterprises' ability to compete, and of services to citizens, enabling them to obtain education and training and to find jobs .” (From: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, COM(2003) 567 final, Brussels, 26/9/2003)

eGovernment … for eCommerce eGovernment is necessary to support eCommerce and the new challenges of the net-economy: to guarantee services for the enterprises, within the time constraints required by eCommerce quick, efficient, flexible, high-quality to avoid needless redirecting from one office or administrative body to another to facilitate access to information and knowledge to simplify access channels to new markets to provide adequate infrastructures

eGovernment definition eGovernment means the usage of information and communication technology tools with the purpose to improve the management of internal and external processes of the public administration and to favour the supply of services and information to citizen and enterprises Actors: Public bodies Users: citizens, enterprises, other public bodies Object: Government is a term from the political sciences that concerns the management of the administrations Means: all the information and telecommunication technologies and especially INTERNET

Definition of the domain of activity G2C – government to citizen G2B – government to business G2G – government to government G2E – government to employees These definitions has been adapted to broader enlargement to new categories Not citizens Not enterprises Local public administration bodies

Definition by the EU “ eGovernment is the use of information and communication technologies in public administration, combined with organizational change and new skills in order to improve public services and democratic processes and strengthen support to public policies. ” (From: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, COM(2003) 567 final, Brussels, 26/9/2003)

eGovernment is innovation: A holistic approach The concept of eGovernment is enriched by meanings that surpass the basic definition of an application of technology to the public sector including other important sectors in a holistic vision: Regulations and Best practices Organization and processes Technology and contents Knowledge and human capital Communication and accessibility Social aspects

Whitepaper on International Collaboration on eGovernment Research (From: Joint Meeting between the EU and US Delegations at the NSF’s Fifth National Digital Government Conference dg.o 2004, eattle, May 23, 2004)

eGovernment is ICT Technology Infrastructures : broadband, national public administration backbone Enabling technologies : certified email, electronic signatures, online protocol, document management system, CRM, KMS, data-warehouse, semantic Web, workflow, Web 2.0 Functional technologies : front-office: software application to provide users with online services - Portals (laws on accessibility) back-office: software applications to support the procedures internal to an administrative agency transversal: crosswise communication among different public administrations and administrative agencies

eGovernment is communication Interface methods and metaphors Life events: planning and grouping services according to the flows of events in everyday life; the same goes for the enterprises. Brain map: discover the goal by decision tree. Multi-channel access the Web mobile phones call centres one-stop shops earth digital television

eGovernment knowledge and education Human capital : E-gov enhances the experience of its participants, thus increasing the value of the information systems KMS (Knowledge Management Systems) Encouraging and enabling the sharing of experiences: information + experience + results = knowledge Knowing when and how to retrieve and use appropriate information for more-effective problem solving ( best practices )

eGovernment is citizen-centricity Citizens and civil servants are the focus of E-gov innovation, since the customer is of central concern to the enteprises CRM - citizen relationship management as a tool by which to improve communication between the public administration and users (citizens, enterprises, non-citizens, non-enterprises) Long-life-learning - education in change : Regulations, laws, and organizations change, and we must therefore learn to adapt to changing organization and law. E-learning involves: Explaining innovation to civil servants and citizens Offering ongoing, continuing education Giving training in the use of the relevant technologies Overcoming the digital divide

eGovernment is political strategy We too often tend to forget that eCommerce models do not simply transfer to eGovernment Governance in the public administrations is not the same thing as corporate governance In addition to traditional strategic, tactical, and operational elements found in business, eGovernment also includes a political process The political layer influences the policies below it Citizen satisfaction can be a factor in political strategy Without a strong involvement of the political layer the eGov is unsuccessful

Il ruolo della norma nell’e-gov Crf. Monica Palmirani, “The role of legal knowledge from e-government to e-governance”, ICAIL2003 proceeding – vedi materiali

From eGovernment to eGovernance eGovernance consists in using ICTs to facilitate good policy-making, while e-government is concerned with automating procedures, mainly for the administrative area ( tactical level), as a way to carry out the policies framed in deliberation eGovernance brings together a set of ICTs solutions for better democratic processes: The problem is “how to govern” (strategic level) so as to engage the participation of those making up the socioeconomic fabric of the territory in which a public administration operates toward a federated e-governance and an integration among structures

Governance “ managing a country through actively involving all of its people, at all levels, through systems which allow them to express their needs and rights openly and freely. Governance includes the complex mechanisms, processes and institutions the citizens and the groups utilize to articulate their interests, mediate their differences and exercise their rights . ” Good Governance participatory transparent accountable equitable promotes the rule of law (From:United Nations Development Program, www.undppogar.org/publications/governance/aa/goodgov.pdf)

Governance “ Governance includes the State but transcends it by taking into account the private sector and civil society . All three are critical for development. ” http://www.unpan.org/

The elements of eGovernance Actors: Public administrations, local authorities, administrative agencies, private entities, associations, organized groups of citizens, non-citizens , enterprises, and non-enterprises Users: All the actors who use the system and its tools Point: Governance involves the participation of governing and opposition groups working together to frame strategic policies with which to effectively and collaboratively manage a territory Tools: Computer and Web technologies Objective: To facilitate the democratic process , achieve broad participation in framing policies and activities, foster social cohesion, and set up new governance models making it possible for the different actors to have a role in decision-making and compare views and solutions in that process The digital divide : Overcome the divide and enable access for all - eInclusion

Technology enabling the eGov Processes Applications and Services Framework and Data Infrastructure Interoperability

Technology Processes Back-office Front-office Life-events orther interface metaphor BPR – business process reengineering Ontology Benchmarking Quality assurance

Technology Applications and services Portals – web application GIS – geographic information system E-procurement One-stop-shop e-learning e-Tax e-Justice e-document Legal Information System DSS - Decision Support System

Technology Framework tools Workflow Document management system Content management system KM – Knowledge management system CRM – Citizen relationship system CWSC – computer supported cooperative work- groupware Security Identification

Technology Data level Web services Open Source XML& C. Accessibility – standard WAI -Web Data mining NL – natural language AI – artificial intelligence IR – information retrieval Logic programming

Technology Infrastructure Large Band Security Cryptography Protocolls ePayment Multi-channal Identity management eID Biometric Smart Card Token Profiling Single sing-on Digital signature Blind signature

Citizen-Centricity model from gov3 http://public.gov3.net/public_pages/limited/expertise/citizen-centric_public_services/@citizen-centric_public_services.htm

Benchmarking and measurement: How to measure the eGov? eGovernment Economics Project ( eGEP )

Some recent data about the expenditure in EU for eGOV

Interoperability and coordination: a common eGov agenda in any level

Which future for the eGov in EU: Main milestones eEurope – An Information Society for All eEurope2002 - Feira 2000 eEurope2005 - Siviglia 2002 The European Commission's 2006 Annual Progress Report on Growth and Jobs - 2006 i2010 - Iniziative 2007

The current eGov Agenda Brussels, 30.3.2007, COM(2007) 146 final , i2010 - Annual Information Society Report 2007 “ In 2007 the ICT PSP will focus on the role of the public sector as a user and will address three main themes: efficient and interoperable eGovernment services; ICT for accessibility, ageing and social integration; and, ICT for sustainable and interoperable health services .”

The current eGov Agenda Brussels, 25.04.2006, COM(2006) 173 final “i2010 eGovernment Action Plan: Accelerating eGovernment in Europe for the Benefit of All” No citizen left behind: eInclusion Making efficiency and effectiveness a reality – user satisfaction, transparency, accountability, efficiency Implementing high-impact key services for citizens and businesses - eProcurement Putting key enablers in place - eID Strengthening participation and democratic decision-making – eDemocracy and ePartecipation in the decision-making

The current eGov Agenda Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Progamme (CIP) ICT Policy Support Programme open call 23/10/2007 THEME 1: EFFICIENT AND INTEROPERABLE EGOVERNMENT SERVICES Objective 1.1: Enabling EU-wide public eProcurement Objective 1.2: Towards pan-European recognition of electronic IDs ( eIDs ) Objective 1.3: Innovative solutions for inclusive and efficient eGovernment a) Mutual recognition and interoperability of eDocuments b) Accessible and inclusive eGovernment services c) Combined delivery of social services Objective 1.4: Experience sharing and consensus building (reuse)

Web 2.0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gmP4nk0EOE Dr. Michael Wesch , assistant professor of cultural anthropology at Kansas State University

eGOV: part II Monica Palmirani CIRSFID – University of Bologna Law Faculty

How organise all these material? Module Wiki Categories Topic map

How organise all these material? Module Pros: hierarchy structure, the student can follow the plan easily, the roadmap is clear Cons: fixed roadmap, no customised learning path, no possibility to have thematic clustering/grouping, relationships are not expressible

How organise all these material? Category : Pros: wiki categories are objective element in the structure not depending to the semantic Cons: they are fixed by the wiki structure, not talk about the content (semantic), relationships are not expressible

How organise all these material? Topic map: Relationships between topics are modelled, customised roadmap is possible, the end-user can see all the topic in a visual way and decide Cons: Visualization is yet difficult, the author should make each TM to share with the other authors

What is a TM? Topic Map is a standard for developing ontology in the semantic web - ISO 13250-2003 A Topic Map ontology is “ the set of privileged topics and their characteristics, including associations between them ” [Grønmo, 2006] It is an alternative to RDF/OWL but it is possible to convert a TM into RDF –> XTM = XML for TM It is oriented to the concepts rather than to the object oriented approach It is more fitted for human discipline modeling

Topic Map Model - ISO 13250-2003 T opic – any relevant concept A ssociation – relationships between concpets O ccurence – link to the information resources Conceptual map Topics of the lesson Learning associations part_of complementar_to secification_of equivalence_to similar_to opposite_of connection_to used_by propedeuthical_to URL of the wiki page

eGOV Topic Map – more over of 60 Topics

Graphic visualization of the eGOV TM

Card sorting What is card sorting? It is a HCI technique for collecting the user requirements about topic’s order in a web site How to do? The list of the topics + few top-categories are assigned to the individual users or group of users We ask to you : to group the topics in middle-categories, to assign the name to the middle-categories, to organise all in a tree structure, to justify the choice Reporter : inside of each group there is a reporter of the discussion

Categories Organisation and Processes Management Communication Technology Human resources Legal issues Social issues

Thank you for your attention Monica Palmirani – University of Bologna CIRSFID [email_address]

TRIAS eGovernment introduction

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TRIAS eGovernment introduction