Trichoderma
- 1. TRICHODERMA
- 2. BIO-CONTROL • According to Baker and Cook’s (1974) “Biological control is the reduction of inoculum or disease producing activity of a pathogen accomplished by or through one or more organisms other than man.” • Antagonistic microorganisms like species of Trichoderma, Penicillium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas etc.
- 3. 2 Trichoderma spp. 360 109 35 24 49 12 Metarrhizium anisopliae. Verticillium lecanii Beauveria bassiana Bacillus spp. NPV Pseudomonas spp. 22 Commercial Products Based on Biopesticides Registered with Central Insecticides Board & Registration Committee, Faridabad, INDIA Trichoderma has taken vast lead
- 4. HISTORY • 1671 – First found in Germany • 1794 – Identified by Persoon • 1927 – Gilman and Abbott recognized four species based on colour, shape of conidia and colony appearance • >75 years ago the potential use of Trichoderma by Weindling (1932) and first to demonstrate the parasitic activity in wilt of Pigeon pea
- 6. TRICHODERMA • Free living fungus common in soil and root ecosystem • Highly interactive in root, soil and foliar environment • Suppresses the pathogen by different mechanism of biocontrol
- 7. Colonies of Trichoderma strains on PDA plate (dorsal view) and conidiophore with conidia. T. virens (IMI-392430),T. pseudokoningii (IMI-392431),T. harzianum (IMI-392432),T. harzianum (IMI- 392433) and T. harzianum (IMI-392434).
- 9. GENERAL CHARACTERS • Cultures are fast growing at 25-30 C • Conidia forming within on week in compact or loose tufts in shades of green or yellow or less frequently white • Yellow pigment may be secreted into the agar, specially on PDA • A characteristic sweet or ‘coconut’ odour is produced by some species
- 10. CONIDIOPHORE CHARACTERS • Highly branched, difficult to define or measure • Loosely or compactly tufted • Main branches of the conidiophores produce lateral side branches • The branches may rebranch, with the secondary branches and longest secondary branches being closest to the main axis
- 11. CONIDIA • Typically appear dry but in some species they may be held in drops of clear green or yellow liquid (e.g. T. virens, T. flavofuscum) • Round to oval in shape
- 13. COMPETITION • For space and nutrients under specific condition do not get substrate • Suppress growth of pathogen population • E.g: Soil treatment with Trichoderma harzianum spore suppressed infestation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and F . oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Perveen and Bokhari, 2012)
- 14. MYCOPARASITISM • Antagonist fungi parasitize other pathogenic fungi • Hyphae of Trichoderma either grow along the host hyphae or coil around it • E.g. : T. harzianum and T. hamatum were mycoparasite of both Sclerotium rolfsii and R. solani
- 15. Mycoparasitism of Trichoderma virens (T) on Rhizoctonia solani (R). a. Attraction, b. attachment, c. coiling, d. lysis of host hyphae
- 16. ANTIBIOSIS • It is the condition in which one or more metabolites excreted by an organism have harmful effect on one or more other organisms • E.g: Trichoderma secreted Trichodermin, viridine, Trichothecin, Sesqiterpine etc.
- 18. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER • Trichoderma strains solubilize phosphates and micronutrients • The application of Trichoderma strains in rhizosphere of plants increases the number of deep roots, there by increasing the plants ability to resist drought
- 19. WHERE DO THEY CAN ISOLATE?
- 21. MASS MULTIPLICATION • Mix 30 gm molasses and 6gm Brewer’s yeast in 1 litre of water. Distribute 60 ml in each conical flask &Autoclave • Inoculate 8mm mycelial discs of Trichoderma in medium • Incubate for 10 days at room temperature • Use for multiplication in the fermentor • Prepare 50 lit of molasses + yeast medium and sterilize for 30 min in the fermentor • Transfer aseptically 1 lit of Trichoderma
- 22. • Incubate for 10 days • using haemocytometer (108 /ml spore) • 500 ml of fungal biomass + 1 kg of talc powder • Air dry add carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) + sticker 5 gm / kg • Store in polythene bag
- 25. METHODS OF APPLICATION • Seed treatment: Mix 6 - 10 g of Trichoderma powder per Kg of seed before sowing. • Nursery treatment: Apply 10 - 25 g of Trichoderma powder per 100 m2 of nursery bed. Application of neem cake and FYM before treatment increases the efficacy. • Cutting and seedling root dip: Mix 10g of Trichoderma powder along with 100g of well rotten FYM per litre of water and dip the cuttings and seedlings for 10 minutes before planting
- 26. • Soil treatment: Apply 5 Kg of Trichoderma powder per ha after turning of sun hemp or dhaincha into the soil for green manuring Or Mix 1kg of Trichoderma formulation in 100kg of farmyard manure and cover it for 7 days with polythene. Sprinkle the heap with water intermittently. Turn the mixture in every 3-4 days interval and then broadcast in the field. • Plant Treatment: Drench the soil near stem region with 10g Trichoderma powder mixed in a litre of water
- 27. ADVANTAGES • Enhances yield along with quality of produce • Boost germination rate • Increase in shoot & Root length • Solubilising various insoluble forms of Phosphates • Augment Nitrogen fixing • Promote healthy growth in early stages of crop • Increase Dry matter Production substantially • They can promote nutrient uptake and enhance plant growth • Provide natural long term immunity to crops and soil.
- 28. PRECAUTIONS • Don't use chemical fungicide after application of Trichoderma for 4-5 days. • Don't use Trichoderma in dry soil. Moisture is a essential factor for its growth and survivability. • Don't put the treated seeds in direct sun rays. • Don't keep the treated FYM for longer duration
- 29. COMPATABILITY • Compatible with Organic manure, biofertilizers like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Mycorrhizae, Azotobacter, Bacillus Subtilis and Phosphobacteria, Gliocladium virens, Pseudomonas fluorescens • Trichoderma can be applied to seeds treated with Metalaxyl or Captan, Carboxin, Carbendazium but not Mercurials. Kulkarni and Sagar, 2007
- 30. Let us nurture the nature for our future by ECO- SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Using Bio-control THANK YOU