Trigeminal Nerve and its applied aspects

TRIGEMINAL NERVE AND ITS
APPLIED ASPECTS
1
Dr. Ambar Khan
1st year MDS student
Dept. of Public Health Dentistry
Divya Jyoti College of Dental
Sciences and Reasearch,
Modinagar

CONTENTS:
• Introduction
• Trigeminal nerve
• Trigeminal Nuclei
• Functional Components
• Course and Distribution
• Trigeminal ganglion
• Divisions of Trigeminal Nerve
• Applied Anatomy
• Summary
• References
2

INTRODUCTION:
CRANIAL NERVES:
• Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain .
• Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the
body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.
• 12 pairs
1. Olfactory nerve 7. Facial nerve
2. Optic nerve 8. Vestibulocochlear nerve
3. Occulomotor nerve 9. Glossopharyngeal nerve
4. Trochlear nerve 10. Vagus nerve
5. Trigeminal nerve 11. Accessory nerve
6. Abducens nerve 12. Hypoglossal nerve
• The cranial nerves are considered as a component of the peripheral
nervous system.
3

TRIGEMINAL NERVE:
Anatomically, the Trigeminal nerve can be studied under the following:
• Trigeminal nuclei
• Trigeminal ganglion
• Trigeminal nerve and its branches
5

TRIGEMINAL NERVE:
• The largest cranial nerve.
• It is a mixed nerve; i.e. contains both sensory and motor nerve
fibres.
• Sensory to – Skin of face
Mucosa of cranial viscera
Except base of tongue and pharynx
• Motor to – Muscles of Mastication
Tensor velli palatine, Tensor tympani
Anterior belly of digastric
Mylohyoid muscle
6

TRIGEMINAL NUCLEI:
• A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (grey matter) in
the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves.
• Axons carrying information to and from the cranial nerves from a
synapse first at these nuclei.
• Lesions occurring at these nuclei can lead to effects resembling
those symptoms which are seen in severing of the nerve(s) they are
associated with.
8

1. Mesencephalic
nuclie
Cell body of Pseudounipolar neuron
Relay proprioception from muscles of
mastication, Extra ocular muscles,
situated in midbrain, just lateral to the
Aqueduct.
SENSORY NUCLEI:
9

2. Principal sensory
nucleus (Nucleus
principalis nervi
trigemini)
Lies in Pons lateral to Motor nucleus.
Relays touch sensation.
11

3. Spinal
nucleus
Extends from caudal end of principal
sensory Nucleus in pons to 2nd or 3rd
spinal segment.
It relays Pain and Temperature sensation.
12

MOTOR NUCLEUS:
• Innervates muscles of mastication and Tensor tympani and Tensor
velli palatine.
• Derived from the first Branchial arch.
• Located in Pons medial to principle sensory nucleus.
13

FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS:
• SENSORY ROOT
• MOTOR ROOT
15

COURSE AND DISTRIBUTION:
• Both motor and sensory root are attached ventrally to the junction of
pons and middle cerebellar peduncle with motor root lying ventro-
medially to the sensory root.
• Pass anteriorly in the middle cranial fossa to lie below the Tentorium
cerebelli in Cavum trigeminale, here motor root lies inferior to
sensory root.
19

• Sensory root is connected to postero-medial concave border of the
Trigeminal ganglion.
• Convex antero-lateral margin of the ganglion gives attachment to the
3rd division of the Trigeminal nerve.
20

• Motor root turns further anterior with sensory component of V3 to
emerge out of Foramen ovale as Mandibular nerve.
• Opthalmic and Maxillary divisions emerges through Superior
orbital fissure and Foramen rotundum respectively.
21

TRIGEMINAL GANGLION
24
TRIGEMIN
ALGANGLI
ON

THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION:
• SEMILUNAR or GASSERIAN GANGLION.
• Cresent in shape with convexity antero-laterally.
• Contains cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons.
• LOCATION: lies in a bony fossa at the apex of the petrous
temporal bone on the floor of middle cranial fossa, just lateral to the
posterior part of lateral wall of the Cavernous sinus.
25

• COVERINGS: covered by the dural pouch; i.e. MECKLE’S
CAVE or CAVUM TRIGEMINALE, a cave lined by pia and
arachnoid mater, thus the ganglion is bathed in CSF.
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY: Ganglionic branch of Internal Carotid
artery, Middle Meningeal artery and Accessory Meningeal
artery
27

28
TRIGEMINA
L
GANGLION
LOCATION OF THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION: At the apex
of the petrous temporal bone on the floor of middle cranial fossa

RELATIONS:
• SUPERIORLY: *Superior petrosal sinus
*Free margin of Tentorium cerebelli
• INFERIORLY: *Motor root
*Greater petrosal nerve
*Petrous apex
*Foramen lacerum
• MEDIALLY: *Posterior part of lateral wall of Cavernous sinus
*Internal Carotid Artery with its sympathetic plexus
• LATERALLY: *Uncus of Temporal lobe
*Middle Meningeal artery and vein
*Nervous spinosum
29

30
RELATIONS OF THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION:

DIVISIONS OF TRIGEMINAL
NERVE:
1. Ophthalmic nerve
2. Maxillary nerve
3. Mandibular nerve
31

32
DIVISIONS OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE

OPTHALMIC NERVE:
• Smallest division
• Sensory only
• Supplies: Eyeballs, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, mucosa of nose and
paranasal sinuses, skin of forehead, eyelid and nose.
34

COURSE:
Emerges from the Trigeminal ganglion
Lateral wall of the Cavernous sinus
Gives off 3 branches in the anterior part of the Cavernous sinus
Lacrimal, Nasociliary and Frontal
Superior Orbital fissure
ORBIT
36

38
BRANCHES OF OPHTHALMIC NERVE:

Gives off 3 branches:
• Lacrimal nerve : shortest branch
• Frontal nerve : Divides into
1. Supratrochlear nerve
2. Supraorbital nerve
• Nasociliary nerve: gives off 5 branches
1. Short ciliary nerve
2. Long ciliary nerve
3. Posterior ethmoidal nerve
4. Infratrochlear nerve
5. Anterior ethmoidal nerve
39

LACRIMAL NERVE:
• Smallest of the 3 branches.
• Passes into orbit through lateral compartment of the Superior orbital
fissure outside the tendinous ring.
• Receives communicating branch from the Trochlear nerve branch of
the Ophthalmic nerve.
40

• Receives branch from Zygomaticotemporal nerve branch of the
Maxillary nerve.
• Sensory to lateral conjunctiva, upper lid and lacrimal gland.
• Post synaptic parasympathetic fibers from Pterygopalatine ganglion
to lacrimal gland (parasympathetic secretomotor)
41

FRONTAL NERVE:
• Largest of the 3 branches.
• Enters orbit through lateral part of the Superior orbital fissure outside
the tendinous ring.
• Passes forward between the roof of the orbit and Levator Palpebral
Superioris.
• Divides midway into : 1. Supratrochlear nerve
42

S U P R AT R O C H L E A R N E R V E
• Smaller nerve
• Medial branch
• Receives communicating
branches from Infratrochlear
nerve
• Curves around superomedial
margin of orbit
S U P R A O R B I TA L N E R V E
• Larger nerve
• Lateral branch
• Passes through
Supraorbital notch
• Divides in medial and
lateral branches
43

S U P R AT R O C H L E A R N E R V E
• Supplies : median
conjunctiva, upper lid and
lower part of the forehead
• Lies between the frontalis
and corrugator
superciliary muscles.
S U P R A O R B I TA L N E R V E
• Supplies : conjunctiva,
scalp upto the vertex,
mucous membrane of the
frontal sinus.
• Lies beneath frontalis
muscle.
44

NASOCILIARY NERVE:
• Purely Sensory.
• Passes through middle part of the Superior orbital fissure within the
tendinous ring.
• Runs along medial wall of orbit between Superior oblique and Medial
rectus.
• Divides into : Anterior Ethmoidal and External Nasal.
• Gives off 5 branches in the orbit.
46

1. Short Ciliary Nerves : Fibres reach the eyeball and also contain
fibres from the ciliary ganglion.
2. Long Ciliary Nerves : 2 or 3 in number. Supplies to the iris and
cornea.
3. Posterior Ethmoidal Nerve : Passes through the Posterior
ethmoidal foramen to supply the Ethmoid and Sphenoid PNS.
4. Infratrochlear Nerve : Appears on the face above the median angle
of the eye. Supplies to the skin of the lacrimal sac and caruncle.
47

5. Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve:
Larger terminal branch.
COURSE:
Anterior ethmoidal foramen and canal
Into Anterior cranial fossa on superior surface of the cribriform plate
Through a slit lateral to the crista galli into the nasal cavity
Medial internal nasal branch Lateral internal nasal branch
Supplies anterior nasal septum Supplies anterior part of the
lateral nasal cavity emerges
nasal nerve to the skin of
ala, vestibule and tip of nose
48

49
BRANCHES OF NASOCILIARY NERVE

50

• After leaving the Foramen rotundum, it moves anteriorly in the
uppermost part of the pterygopalatine fossa.
• As it passes through the pterygopalatine fossa, it also gives branches
to shenopalatine ganglion, posterior superior alveolar nerve and
zygomatic branches.
52

• It then moves laterally and moves in a groove on the posterior
surface of the maxilla.
• Then enters the orbit through the infra orbital fissure and moves
through the infra orbital groove where it is called as the Infraorbital
nerve and emerges on face from the infraorbital foramen.
53

BRANCHES
Within cranium In pterygopalatine fossa In infraorbital canal On face
MAXILLARY NERVE
Middle meningeal
nerve
 Inferior palpebral
 Lateral nasal
 Superior labial
 MSA
(middle superior
alveolar nerve)
ASA
(anterior superior
alveolar nerve)
Zygomati
c
PSA
(posterior
superior
alveolar)
Pterygopalatine
Zygomatico
temporal
zygomatico
facial
Orbital
Nasal
Palatine
Pharyngeal
55

• Middle Meningeal
nerve: Travels along the
middle meningeal artery
and provides sensory
innervation to the cranial
duramater.
56
BRANCHES:
In middle cranial fossa (within cranium):

In Pterygopalatine fossa:
1. Ganglionic branches:
Arises as 2 trunks. Trunks join to form single root within the pterygopalatine
ganglion.
Gives Orbital branches, Palatine branches, Pharyngeal branches and Nasal
branches.
Gives postganglionic secretomotor fibres to the lacrimal gland via the
zygomaticotemporal and lacrimal.
57

PTERYGOPALATINE NERVE:
These are communications between pterygopalatine
ganglion & maxillary nerve
PTERYGOPALATI
NE
NERVE

1. Orbital branch: Supplies periosteum of orbit
2. Nasal branch: Supplies to mucosa of superior and inferior
conchae, posterior ethmoidal sinus and posterior portion of nasal
septum. It also includes Nasopalatine branch.
It passes across the roof of the nasal cavity downwards and forwards lying
between mucosa and periosteum of nasal septum.
Reaches to the floor of nasal cavity and give branch to the anterior part of
the nasal septum and floor of the nasal cavity.
Enters Incisive canal and enters oral cavity through the Incisive foramen
It provides sensation to the palatal mucosa of the premaxilla region.
59

3 Palatine branch: Arises as Greater Palatine (anterior) and Lesser
Palatine (middle and posterior)
Greater Palatine nerve descends through pterygopalatine canal from the
ganglion and emerges from Greater palatine foramen of the hard palate.
Middle palatine and Posterior palatine emerges from the Lesser palatine
foramen and supply the soft palate and the tonsillar region respectively.
61

5. Pharyngeal branch: It leaves the posterior part of the pterygopalatine
ganglion and passes through the pharyngeal canal.
It is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of pharynx,
posterior to the Eustachian tube.
63
Pharyngeal branch

POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
ALVEOLAR NERVE:
• It arises from the main trunk of the maxillary nerve in the
pterygopalatine fossa just before the nerve enters the inferior orbital
canal.
• Usually arises as 2 trunks.
• Passes downwards and crosses the pterygopalatine fossa reaching
the infratemporal surface of maxilla.
• 1st trunk continues downwards on the posterior surface of maxilla
and provides sensory innervation to the buccal gingiva in the
maxillary molar region and the adjacent facial mucosal surface.
64

• 2nd trunk enters maxilla through the PSA canal to travel to the
posterolateral wall of maxillary sinus, providing sensory innervation to
the sinus mucosa. Continuing downwards, this also provides sensory
innervation to the alveoli, PDL and pulp of the molar teeth.
65

POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
ALVEOLAR NERVE
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE:

ZYGOMATIC NERVE:
Enters orbit through
inferior orbital
fissure ,
It gives 2 branches
within inferior orbital
fissure
ZYGOMATIC
NERVE

ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL NERVE
- Runs along lateral orbital wall
- Appears in infratemporal region
- Supplies skin of temporal region after
piercing temporal fascia 2 cm above the
zygoma.
- Gives communicating branch to lacrimal
nerve.
- Supplies parasympethetic Secretomotor
fibres to lacrimal gland.

ZYGOMATICOFACIAL NERVE
Appears on face through foramen in the zygomatic bone
Supplies the skin over prominence of cheek.

ZYGOMATIC NERVE:
Z Y G O M A T I C O F A C I A L
N E R V E
• Appears on the face
through foramen in the
zygomatic bone.
• Supplies skin on the
prominence of cheek.
Z Y G O M A T I C O T E M P O R A L
N E R V E
• Appears in infratemporal region
through foramen in the zygomatic
bone.
• Supplies skin of temporal region
after piercing the temporal fascia 2
cm above the zygoma
• Gives communicating branch to
the Lacrimal nerve, supplying
parasympathetic secretomotor
fibres to the lacrimal gland.
70

1. Middle Superior
Alveolar nerve:
• Runs along the lateral
wall of maxilla.
• Participates in the
Superior Dental plexus.
• Innervates the premolars
71
IN THE INFRAORBITAL CANAL:

2. Anterior Superior Alveolar nerve:
Runs in the anterior wall of maxilla = CANALII SINOSUS.
It gives off Dental as well as nasal branches.
DENTAL BRANCHES NASAL BRANCHES
Joins Superior dental plexus Lateral wall of the inferior meatus
To supply canines Opening of the maxillary sinus
72

Anterior superior alveolar
nerve
ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE:

FACIAL BRANCHES:
1. Inferior Palpebral nerve – pierces Orbicularis oculi and supplies skin
of the lower eyelid.
2. Lateral Nasal nerve – supplies skin of the lateral wall, nose and mobile
parts of the septum.
3. Superior labial nerve – forms the Infraorbital plexus.
Supplies skin and mucous membrane of the upper lip, cheek and the
labial glands.
75

ON FACE
1. INFERIOR
PALPEBRAL
2. LATERAL
NASAL
3. SUPERIOR
LABIAL

MANDIBULAR NERVE:
• Largest branch of the Trigeminal nerve.
• Mixed nerve (both sensory and motor)
• Nerve of the 1st Branchial arch.
78

BRANCHES:
• Trunk (undivided)
• Nervous spinosus
• Nerve to medial pterygoid
• Anterior division:
• Massetric nerve
• Deep temporal nerve
• Nerve to lateral pterygoid
• Buccal nerve
81

• Posterior division:
• Auriculotemporal nerve
• Inferior alveolar nerve
• Lingual nerve
82

BRANCHES FROM THE TRUNK
• Before dividing into anterior and posterior division it gives 2
branches during its path of 2-3 mm.
• Nervous spinosus or Meningeal branch of Mandibular nerve:
• It re-enters the cranial cavity through foramen spinosus along with
the middle meningeal artery.
• Supply duramater of middle cranial fossa and mastoid air sinus.
• Nerve to medial pterygoid:
• Supplies medial pterygoid.
• Through Otic ganglion without interruption to:
1) Tensor tympani
2) Tensor palitini
83

BRANCHES FROM THE ANTERIOR
DIVISION:
The anterior division is significantly smaller than the posterior division.
After dividing from the main trunk. It runs anteriorly and below the
lateral pterygoid muscle to over its upper border. After this, the
nerve is called Buccal nerve. It reaches its external surface by either
passing through 2 heads or winding.
1. NERVE TO LATERAL PTERYGOID: It enters the deep surface
of the muscle. It may arise as independent branch or may arise in
common with the buccal nerve.
84

1. MASSETERIC NERVE: Emerges at the upper border of the
lateral pterygoid just infront of the TMJ. Passes laterally through
mandibular notch along with the masseteric vessels, and enters the
deep surface of masseter, also supplies the TMJ.
2. BUCCAL NERVE: is the only sensory branch of anterior
division. Travels between 2 heads of the lateral pterygoid and
emerges in cheek at the anterior border of the masseter.
Supplies skin and mucous membrane of cheek.
3. DEEP TEMPORAL NERVE: These are anterior and posterior
deep temporal nerves. Passes between skull, and enters deep
surface of the temporalis. Anterior is often a branch of buccal
nerve and the posterior branch is placed at the back of the temporal
fossa, and sometimes arise in common with the masseteric nerve.
85

87
BRANCHES OF
POSTERIOR
DIVISION

BRANCHES OF POSTERIOR DIVISION:
1. Auriculotemporal nerve
2. Inferior alveolar nerve
3. Lingual nerve
88

AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE:
Arises from 2 roots which run backwards and encircle the Middle
meningeal artery and form single trunk
The trunk passes posterior to the lateral pterygoid between neck of the
mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament superior to the 1st part
of the maxillary artery
Lies behind the TMJ close to the parotid gland.
Ascends behind the superficial temporal vessels and then in the
temporal region divides into superior temporal branches.
89

90
SUPERFICIAL RELATIONS OF THE SPHENOMANDIBULAR
LIGAMENT SEEN AFTER THE REMOVAL OF LATERAL PTERYGOID

BRANCHES OF AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE:
• AURICULAR BRANCHES: Supplies Tragus, upper part of auricle, roof
of External auditory meatus, anterosuperior part of tympanic membrane.
• SUPERIOR TEMPORAL BRANCHES: Supplies skin of temple. It also
gives sensory and secretomotor supply to Parotid gland.
• ANTERIOR BRANCHES: Supplies the TMJ.
91

INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE:
• It is a mixed nerve.
• Runs vertically downwards medial to lateral pterygoid and
lateroposterior to the lingual nerve. Then moves between the
Sphenomandibular ligament and medial surface of mandibular
ramus.
• Enters mandible through mandibular foramen to run in a bony canal
below the teeth.
92

BRANCHES:
1. MYLOHYOID NERVE: Arises just before the nerve enters the
mandibular foramen.
It pierces the Sphenomandibular ligament along with the
mylohyoid muscle and runs in the mylohyoid groove.
Supplies to the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric.
It is also sensory to the skin of inferior and anterior surfaces of the
mental protruberance.
It may provide sensory innervation to the mandibular incisors.
There is also evidence that the mylohyoid nerve supply to the
mesial root of the mandibular first molar.
2. BRANCHES TO THE LOWER TEETH AND GINGIVA.
3. MENTAL NERVE: It exits the canal and divides into 3 branches
innervating the skin of chin, skin and the mucous membrane of the
lower lip.
4. INCISIVE NERVE: It remains within the canal and form a plexus
that innervates the pulpal tissue of 1st premolar and incisors through
its dental branches. 93

95
MANDIBULAR NERVE WITH OTIC GANGLION & ITS CONNECTIONS:

LINGUAL NERVE:
Lies anterior to the Inferior alveolar nerve between the lateral pterygoid
and tensor palatini
Receives the Chorda tympani branch (SVA) of the Facial nerve
Emerges from the Inferior border of the Lateral pterygoid to lie between
the ramus and medial pterygoid in the pterygomandibular space
Moves downwards and forwards deep to the pterygomandibular raphe
between the origins of the superior constrictor and mylohyoid
muscles
.
96

Reach to the side of base of the tongue 1cm below and behind 3rd molar
just below the mucous membrane of the lateral lingual sulcus
Proceeds anteriorly across the muscles of tongue
Looping medially and downwards to the Submandibular duct
Deep surface of Submandibular gland
Breaks into its
TERMINAL BRANCHES
97

98
COURSE OF THE INFRATEMPORAL NERVE

BRANCHES OF LINGUAL NERVE AND ITS
DISTRIBUTION:
1. Chorda tympani
2. Communications with submandibular ganglion
3. Hypoglossal nerve
99

100
RELATIONS OF THE LINGUAL NERVE

INNERVATION:
• Sensory to anterior 2/3rd roof the tongue along with special
sensation.
• Sensory to floor of the mouth and gingiva on lingual side of the
mandible.
101

GANGLIA ASSOCIATED
WITH THE
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
102

1. CILIARY GANGLION:
• Sensory for orbit
104
CILIARY
GANGLION

2. PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLION:
(Synonym: Ganglion Pterygopalatinum, Meckel's ganglion, Nasal
ganglion, Sphenopalatine ganglion) connected to maxillary nerve in
infratemporal fossa.
Sensory to orbital septum, orbicularis and nasal cavity , maxillary sinus ,
palate , nasopharynx.
105

3. OTIC GANGLION:
between trunk of mandibular nerve and tensor palatini
supplies post ganglionic
Parasympethetic secretomotor fibres
to parotid gland.
107
OTIC
GANGLION

108
RELATIONS OF THE OTIC GANGLION

related to lingual nerve,
rests on the hyoglossus muscle
Supplies post ganglionic
Parasympethetic
secretomotor fibres to
submandibular and
sublingual gland.
4. SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION:
109
SUBMANDIBULAR
GANGLION

5. TRIGEMINAL GANGLION:
110
RELATIONS OF THE TRIGEMINAL GANGLION:

CUTANEOUS DISTRIBUTION OF TRIGEMINAL
NERVE:
• Each half of the face is supplied by 13 cutaneous nerves.
• 1 motor nerve and 12 sensory nerves
• Of the 12 sensory : 11 are from the Trigeminal nerve
1 is c2 Greater Auricular nerve
• Branches of Trigeminal nerve:
• 5 from the Ophthalmic nerve:
1. Lacrimal nerve
3. Supratrochlear nerve
4. Infratrochlear nerve
5. External nasal nerve
111

• 3 from the Maxillary nerve:
1. Infraorbital nerve
2. Zygomaticofacial nerve
3. Zygomaticotemporal nerve
• 3 from the Mandibular nerve:
1. Buccal nerve
2. Auriculotemporal nerve
3. Mental nerve
DIVISIONAL SUPPLY:
From lateral canthus to the vertex – Ophthalmic nerve
From angle of mouth to the vertex – Mandibular nerve
Between the 2 areas – Maxillary nerve
112

113
CUTANEOUS DISTRIBUTION OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE

114
EXAMINATION
OF TRIGEMINAL
NERVE

• Motor function:
• Test the patient’s ability to chew and work against resistance
and observe contraction of the massater and temporal
muscles by visual examination and digital palpation.
119

PURPOSE OF TEST:
1. Is there any loss of sensation ????
2. Where the lesion is present ????
- Peripheral branches
- Gasserian ganglion
120

VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF
NERVE BLOCKS
121

Nerves anaesthetized :
• Anterior superior alveolar nerve
• Middle superior alveolar nerve
• Infraorbital nerve
a) Inferior palpebral
b) Lateral nasal
c) Superior labial
LANDMARKS: Supraorbital ridge,
infraorbital ridge, infraorbital notch,
infraorbital depression, pupils of the
eye, Upper 2 premolar or anterior
teeth.
122
INFRAORBITAL NERVE BLOCK:
AREAS ANAESTHETIZED BY
INRAORBITAL NERVE BLOCK

• Assume 10 o’clock position for the
right and left infraorbital nerve block.
• Patient position – supine or
semisupine
• Prepare the tissue at the height of the
mucobuccal fold (usually above the
lateral incisor)
• Retract the lip and insert the needle to
the upper rim of the infraorbital
foramen.
• Insert the needle slowly.
• Aspirate slowly.
• Deposit and withdraw the needle.
123
TECHNIQUE:
INFRAORBITAL NERVE BLOCK

COMPLICATIONS:
• Uncontrolled or prolonged bleeding
• Infection at the site of block
• Artery or vein injury
• Unintentional injection of the anaesthetic into artery or vein
• Haematoma formation – Though rare, identified by discoloration of
the skin below the lower eyelid.
• Nerve damage
• Edema
124

• Nasopalatine nerve during its
path as it emerges from the
anterior palatine foramen,
located on the anterior palate in
the midline.
LANDMARKS: maxillary central
incisor teeth, Incisive papilla in the
midline of the hard palate, location
posterior to the middle of maxillary
central incisors.
125
NASOPALATINE NERVE BLOCK:
NASOPALATINE NERVE BLOCK

• A 25 or 27 gauge short is
recommended.
• AREA OF INSERTION: Palatal
mucosa just lateral to the incisive
papilla.
• Approach the incisive papilla at a 45
degree angle with the orientation of
the bevel towards the palatal tissue.
• Clean and dry the tissue with gauze.
• Apply topical anesthetic lateral to the
incisive papilla for 2 min. After 2 min
move the cotton applicator directly on
the papilla.
• Apply sufficient pressure so that there
is blanching. Place the bevel of the
needle against the blanched soft
tissue at the injection site. 126
TECHNIQUE:
NASOPALATINE NERVE BLOCK

• Direct the syringe into the mouth from the opposite side of the
mouth at the injection site at a right angle to the target area with
orientation of the needle bevel toward the palatal soft tissue.
• Place the bevel of needle gently against the blanched tissue and
apply enough pressure to slightly bow the needle.
• Deposit a small amount of LA.
• Slowly advance the needle approximately 8mm until palatine bone
is contacted.
• Withdraw 1mm and aspirate.
• If negative, inject LA over 30 sec.
• Withdraw the needle and recap.
• Wait 2-3 min before starting the treatment.
127

COMPLICATIONS:
• Palatal ischemia and necrosis of soft tissue
• Haematoma formation is possible.
• Some patients may be uncomfortable if their soft palate becomes
anaesthesized.
• Nerve damage
128

• Anterior superior alveolar nerve
or the Greater palatine nerve as
it leaves the Greater palatine
foramen.
LANDMARKS: Second and third
molars, Gingival margin of the 2nd
and 3rd maxillary molars on palatal
side, midline of the palate, a point
1cm away from the palatal gingival
margin toward the midline of palate
129
GREATER PALATINE (ASA)
NERVE BLOCK:
GREATER PALATINE NERVE BLOCK

• A 25 or 27 gauge short is
recommended.
• Locate the Greater palatine foramen.
• Approach the incisive papilla at a 45
degree angle with the orientation of
the bevel towards the palatal tissue.
• Prepare the tissue at the injection site,
1-2 mm anterior to the Greater
palatine foramen.
• Clean and dry the tissue with gauze.
• Apply topical anesthetic with a cotton
applicator for 2 min.
• Move the cotton applicator
posteriorly so that it is directly over
the GP foramen and supply sufficient
pressure to blanch the tissue for 30
sec. 130
TECHNIQUE:
GREATER PALATINE NERVE
BLOCK

• Apply enough pressure to slowly bow the needle. Deposit a small
amount of anaesthetic.
• Straighten the needle and penetrate the tissue with the needle.
• Continue to apply pressure with the cotton applicator while
injecting,
• Slowly advance the needle towards the incisive foramen while
injecting until the bone is contacted (about 5mm)
• Withdraw the needle 1mm and aspirate. If negative, slowly deposit
the LA.
• Slowly remove the needle and recap.
• Wait for 2-3 min before starting the treatment.
131

COMPLICATIONS:
• Ischemia and necrosis of soft tissue, when highly concentrated
vasoconstricting solution is used for homeostasis over a prolonged
period of time.
• Some patients may be uncomfortable if their soft palte becomes
anaesthesized.
• Nerve damage
• Needle breakage
132

Nerves anaesthetized: Posterior
superior alveolar nerve
Areas anaesthetized:
• Maxillary molar (except
mesiobuccal root of first molar)
• Buccal alveolar bone and soft
tissues
• Lining of the maxillary sinus
corresponding to the molar teeth
LANDMARKS: Mucobuccal fold,
Zygomatic process of maxilla, Infra
temporal surface of maxilla, Anterior
border and coronoid process of the
ramus of the mandible, maxillary
tuberosity.
133
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR
NERVE BLOCK:
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR
NERVE BLOCK

right and left PSA nerve block.
• 25 gauge short needle is
recommended.
• Patient position: Supine or semi
supine.
• Prepare the tissue at the height of the
mucobuccal fold above the maxillary
2nd molar.
• Target area is the PSA nerve which is
posteior, superior and medial to the
posterior border of the maxilla.
134
TECHNIQUE:
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
ALVEOLAR
NERVE BLOCK

• Ask the patient to keep their mouth halfway open as it provides
better accessibility.
• Retract the patient’s cheek. Pull the tissues at the injection site taut.
• Insert the needle slowly in an upward, backward and inward
direction.
• Aspirate
• Deposit and withdraw the needle.
135

COMPLICATIONS:
• Haematoma formation: commonly produced by inserting the
needle too far posteriorly into the Pterygoid plexus of veins. In
addition, the maxillary artery may be perforated. Use of a short
needle minimizes the risk of pterygoid plexus puncture
• Mandibular anaesthesia: The mandibular division (V3) of the
Trigeminal nerve is located lateral to the PSA nerve. Deposition of
LA lateral to the desired location may produce varying degrees of
mandibular anesthesia.
• Trauma to lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, leading to
trismus.
136

• Inferior alveolar nerve
• Mental nerve
• Lingual nerve
• Incisive nerve
LANDMARKS: Mucobuccal fold
and its concavity, Zygomatic process
of the maxilla, infratemporal surface
of the maxilla, anterior border and
coronoid process of the ramus of the
mandible, maxillary tuberosity
137
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK:
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK

right and left IANB nerve block.
• Patient position – supine or
semisupine
• A 25 gauge long needle is
recommended for adult patient.
• AREA OF INSERTION: Medial
ramus, mid-coronoid notch.
• Level with the occlusal plane (1cm
above)
• ¾ posterior from the coronoid notch
to pteryomandibular raphe
• Advance to bone (20-25mm)
138
TECHNIQUE:
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE
BLOCK

COMPLICATIONS:
• Transient hemifacial paralysis: The muscles being supplied by
that side of the facial nerve are affected and cannot contract.
• Occurs due to accidental nerve injury to the Facial nerve while
giving IANB nerve block.
• This results in the loss of muscle action of the affected side of the
face.
• The eyelids cannot be closed by the patient.
• Loss of maintaining of the lip position on the affected side and
drooping of the lips on the affected side.
139

TRANSIENT HEMIFACIAL PARALYSIS
140

• Muscle trismus: It is due to muscle spasm caused when the
injection is given into the medial pterygoid muscle causing tearing
of the muscle fibres. It is called as Medial pterygoid trismus or
Myospasm.
• Haematoma: It is caused when there is an accidental injection to
the blood vessels.
• Mucosal irritation
• Infection at the injection site
• Needle breakage.
141

Nerve to be anaesthetized :
Long Buccal nerve
LANDMARKS: Retromolar
triangle, between the internal and
external oblique ridge of the
mandible.
142
LONG BUCCAL NERVE BLOCK:
AREAS ANAESTHETIZED BY LONG
BUCCAL NERVE BLOCK

• 25 to 27 gauge long needle is
recommended.
• AREA OF INSERTION: Apex of
the retromolar triangle between the
external and internal oblique ridges.
• DIRECTION OF INJECTION :
Parallel to the occlusal plane from the
same side.
• 0.2 ml of anaesthetic solution is
deposited at the apex of the
retromolar triangle between the
external and internal oblique ridge.
143
TECHNIQUE:
LONG BUCCAL NERVE BLOCK

COMPLICATIONS:
• Needle induced nerve damage, resulting in paraesthesia
• Haematoma formation leading to trismus
• Needle breakage (rare)
144

1. TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA – TIC DOULOUREX
DEFINITION:
Sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing, lancinating, recurring
pain the distribution of one or more branches of the Trigeminal (vth)
nerve.
146

TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA –
TIC DOULOUREUX
• Relatively common
• Paroxysm of sudden intense,
shocking, stabbing onset of facial pain.
• Involves one or more areas of
distribution of the Trigeminal nerve.
• Maxillary and Mandibular
divisions are commonly involved.
147

CLINICAL FEATURES:
Symptoms may include one or more of these features:
• Episodes of severe, shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an
electric shock.
• Spontaneous attacks of pain or attacks triggered by daily activities
like touching the face, chewing, speaking or brushing teeth.
• Bouts of pain lasting from a few seconds to several minutes.
• Episodes of several attacks lasting a few days, weeks, months or
longer – some people have periods when they experience no pain.
• Constant burning feeling or aches that may occur before it evolves
into the spasm-like pain.
148

• Pain in the areas supplied by the Trigeminal nerve, including the
cheek, jaw, teeth, gums, lips, or less often the eye and forehead.
• Pain affecting one side of the face at a time, though may rarely
affect both sides of the face.
• Pain focused in one spot or spread in a wider pattern.
• Attacks that become more frequent and intense overtime.
149

Local lesions-
Ophthalmic division : Acute glaucoma
Frontal sinusitis
Maxillary division : Caries
Carcinoma of maxilla
Empyema of maxillary sinus
Mandibular division : Caries
Carcinoma or ulcer of the
tongue
TRIGGER ZONES
150

MEDICATION:
Medications used to treat trigeminal neuralgia are those used for many
other nerve pain syndromes—drugs originally designed to treat
seizures.
These anti seizure agents suppress or entirely block the pain signals
that the trigeminal nerve sends to your brain.
Carbamazepine is to be used as the first-line treatment.
Second line drug treatment is the alternative if carbamazepine is
contraindicated or not tolerated
152

Second-line drug treatments:
Gabapentin
Phenytoin
Lamotrigine
Oxy carbamazepine
Topiramate
Baclofen(Antispasmodic)
Tricyclic antidepressants like Amitriptyline and Imipramine
153

Carbamazepine:
Carbamazepine is to be used as the
first-line treatment.
Start with a low dose and titrate slowly upwards until pain settles or
adverse effects limit further dose increases:
For carbamazepine, start with 100 mg daily and titrate by 100–200 mg
every 1–2 weeks. A dose of 200 mg three or four times a day is
commonly needed, although a maximum of 1600 mg per day can
be used.
While using carbamazepine always check for potential drug
interactions Carbamazepine induces liver microsomal enzymes and
interacts with many drugs (e.g. oral contraceptives).
154

The adverse effects like diplopia, headache, nausea, and vomiting are
common after a dose increase but usually settle in a few days.
Adverse effects are rare but serious. They include decreased platelets or
white blood cells, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, exfoliative
dermatitis, and hepatitis
Check full blood count, liver function tests, and serum creatinine if an
idiosyncratic reaction is suspected.
155

Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Gabapentin is an alternative for first-line
treatment if carbamazepine is
contraindicated or not tolerated
300 to 600 mg tid (300 mg once on day 1, 300 mg bid on day 2, 300 mg
tid on day 3, then increasing dose as needed to 600 mg tid)
Common adverse effects of gabapentin include drowsiness, dizziness,
ataxia, and fatigue.
The clearance of gabapentin is markedly reduced in renal impairment. The
total daily dose should not exceed 1200 mg in someone with mild renal
impairment (common in elderly people).
156

Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
This drug provided sustained relief in 2 small prospective studies.
With concomitant antiepileptic drugs, initiate at 25-50 mg qid for 2 week,
then increase by 25-50 mg/day. Max dosage is 400 mg/day.
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Drug has similar mechanism of action as carbamazepine but is probably
less effective.
The drug has several common adverse effects, which often are
troublesome in older patients
The drug may provide relief as an add-on drug when carbamazepine
monotherapy wanes, as commonly happens after 1 or several years.
157

Topiramate
It is a second-line agent ,the efficacy of which is still to be established
Risk of developing a kidney stone is increased 2-4 times that of
untreated population.
Patients taking topiramate should seek immediate medical attention if
they experience blurred vision or periorbital pain. Continued usage
after symptoms develop can lead to glaucoma.
158

INJECTION THERAPY
When the medicinal therapy does not provide the relief injection of
absolute alcohol and anesthetic solution are used.
Injection Of Anesthetic Solution:
The nerve may be injected with the 2% Xylocaine Hydrochloride
solution to break the pain cycle.
This may be followed by oedema at the site of injection and trismus
The relief may last for few weeks to months and injection can be
repeated when the pain occurs
159

Injection Of Absolute Alcohol:
Injection of absolute alcohol around the nerve trunk or the ganglion
gives good results
It provides the relief for the period of 6 to 12 months .
The injection are given into the maxillary and mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve at the level of the base of skull.
The peripheral alcohol injection are given at the level of infraorbital
foramen, mental foramen and inferior alveolar foramen
160

SURGERY
For patients in whom medical therapy has failed, surgery is a viable and
effective option.
Among patients who develop TN when younger than 60 years, surgery
is the definitive treatment.
Surgery exposes the patient to operative risks and the risk of permanent,
residual facial numbness and dysesthesias.
The primary complications of surgery include permanent anesthesia
over the face or the troubling dysesthetic syndrome of anesthesia
dolorosa.
161

Three operative strategies now prevail:
a) Percutaneous Procedures
b) Gamma Knife Surgery (GSK)
c) Micro vascular decompression (MVD)
162

SURGERY
Pain-free intervals after percutaneous procedures last 1.5-2 years, 3-4
years after another percutaneous procedure, and 15 years commonly
after MVD (Sweet, 1988).
Percutaneous surgeries are usually indicated for older patients with
medically unresponsive TN.
Younger patients and those expected to do well under general
anesthesia should first consider micro vascular decompression–
presently the most cost-effective surgery
163

PERCUTANEOUS SURGERIES
Percutaneous procedures usually can be performed on an outpatient
basis under local or brief general anesthesia at acceptable or minimal
risk of morbidity.
For these reasons, they commonly are performed in debilitated persons
or those older than 65 years.
There are 3 types of procedures:
a) Percutaneous Radiofrequency Trigeminal Gangliolysis (PRTG)
b) Percutaneous Retrogasserian Glycerol Rhizotomy (PRGR)
c) Percutaneous Balloon Microcompression (PBM).
164

In (PRTG) radiofrequency
heating tip sears the
ganglion until the area of
facial pain becomes numb
PRTG has gained wide
acceptance , because the
patient is awake during
the procedure, recovers
quickly, and goes home
the day of the procedure
or the next day.
165
PERCUTANEOUS RADIOFREQUENCY TRIGEMINAL
GANGLIOLYSIS (PRTG)

PERCUTANEOUS RETROGASSERIAN GLYCEROL
RHIZOTOMY (PRGR)
In PRGR, a spinal needle
penetrates the face, this
time to the trigeminal
cistern, at which point a
cisternogram is obtained
with water-soluble
contrast material.
After removing this material,
the surgeon instills
anhydrous glycerol,
asking the patient to
remain seated for an
additional 2 hours to fully
ablate the nerve.
166

GAMMA KNIFE SURGERY
This technique is minimally
invasive, is associated
with a low risk (10%) of
facial paresthesias or
sensory loss, and offers a
high rate (86%) of
significant, initial pain
relief.
 Focuses cobalt radiation
upon TN root producing a
delayed injury to nervous
tissue
167

The pain recurrence rate is low for patients who initially attain complete
relief. It is generally effective, even in patients in whom prior
surgery or medication trials failed. Patients must wait 1 month for
the pain to resolve.
The technique is less technically demanding and less operator-
dependent.
168

MICROVASCULAR DECOMPRESSION (MVD)
Microvascular decompression commonly is performed in younger,
healthier patients, especially those with pain isolated to the
ophthalmic division or in all 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve and
in those with secondary TN.
High initial success rates (>90%) have led to the widespread use of this
procedure. Pain control rate after single MVD at 10 years is 64%
It is generally agreed that MVD provides the longest duration of pain
relief while preserving facial sensation.
169

Skin incision is given behind the
ear and a 3-cm craniectomy is
performed .
After retracting the dura to expose
the trigeminal nerve, arterial
loop compressing the nerve as
it enters the pons is identified .
Then this vascular structure is
padded with Teflon felt.
Recovery is more prolonged than
with percutaneous procedures.
170

PERIPHERAL TRIGEMINAL NERVE BLOCKS,
SECTIONING AND AVULSIONS:
Involves injuring the peripheral portions of TN external to skull to
provide permanent pain relief.
Indicated in older patients, more than 60 years of age.
Used as the last resort, when all other treatments have failed.
17
1

Radiosurgery:
Several reports have documented the efficacy of Gamma Knife
stereotactic radiosurgery for TN
Because radiosurgery is the least invasive procedure for TN, it is a good
treatment option for patients with co-morbidities,
High-risk medical illness or pain refractory to prior surgical
procedures.
172

2. TRIGEMINAL NEUROPATHY
• Often referred to as Trigeminal neuropathic pain.
• It is the sensory loss of facial muscles or weakness of the jaw muscles.
CAUSES:
SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome,
Herpes zoster, Leprosy
Meningioma, Schwanomma,
Wallenberg syndrome,
Vertebral artery occlusion,
Infarction of lateral medulla

SYMPTOMS - ipsilateral facial sensory loss,
ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome,
ipsilateral IX,X,XI palsy
ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia ,
contralateral sensory loss
TREATMENT- Antiepileptic drugs like Carbamezepine. Phenytoin,
Gabapentin
Tricyclic antidepressants like Amitriptyline and Imipramine
Medications rarely provide complete relief but can reduce the severity
of the symptoms
Councelling of the patient as it is a disease with long term effects.
17
4

3. HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS:
About 15% of the cases of Herpes zoster (HHV3/Varicella zoster) involve the
trigeminal nerve.
Most frequently affecting nasociliary branch of the Ophthalmic division.
Gasserian ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve
Supraorbital Nerve. Infraorbital N.
Supratrochlear Nerve.
Infratrochlear Nerve.
Nasal Nerve.

CLINICAL FEATURES:
Pain precedes skin lesion
Clinical feature is
hemifacial unioccular
cutaneous lesions -
Maculopapular rash
Vesicle
Pustules
Crust
Permanent scar

• III, IV, VI th cranial nerve palsy
• Progressive proptosis
• Post herpetic neuralgias
• Keratitis, conjunctivitis, scleritis, iritis, anterior uveitis, retinitis.
• Without antiviral therapy, 50-70% cases develop ocular complications.
Treatment:
• Analgesics
• Anti depressants
• Anti viral therapy for VZV infection
• Trigeminal rhizotomy
• Stellate ganglion block

178
4. CAVERNOUS SINUS SYNDROME:

Potential causes of cavernous sinus syndrome include –
1. Metastatic tumors,
2. Direct extension of nasopharyngeal tumors
3. Meningioma,
4. Pituitary tumors
5. Aneurysms of the intracavernous Carotid artery
6. Cavernous-Carotid arteriovenous fistula,
7. Bacterial infection causing cavernous sinus thrombosis,
8. Aseptic thrombosis
9. Fungal infections like rhinocerebellar mucormycosis,
actinomycosis, aspergillosis.

• Multiple cranial neuropathies:
1. Cavernous sinus tumors –
metastatic lesions, pituitary
tumors,cavernous sinus
meningiomas.
2. Cavernous sinus aneurysm
3. Carotid – Cavernous fistulas
4. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
5. Miscellaneous inflammatory
syndrome – Tolosa-Hunt
syndrome, Horner’s syndrome.
• Cavernous sinus syndrome is a
medical emergency, requiring
prompt medical attention, diagnosis,
and treatment

TREATMENT:
1. Cavernous sinus tumors –
• Metastatic lesions – Radiotherapy may offer transient
improvement.
• Pituitary tumors – May improve with oral dopamine agonists
Resection of the tumor
• Cavernous sinus meningiomas – Radiotherapy
Gamma Knife Surgery
2. Cavernous sinus aneurysm – Endovascular balloon occlusion.
3. Carotid-Cavernous fistulas – Endovascular obliteration of fistula
with colis. Some cases can be observationally managed
181

4. Cavernous sinus thrombosis – High-dosage antibiotic therapy
Drainage of any primary site of infection (e.g. abscess, sinusitis)
Anticoagulation in aseptic patients.
5. Miscellaneous inflammatory syndrome –
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome responds well to a course of high dosage
steroid thetrapy for 3 to 6 months, which is slowly tapered off.
182

5. NEUROTROPHIC KERATITIS
Occurs due to partial or complete corneal anaesthesia due to loss of sensory innervation
by the Trigeminal nerve.
There is impaired response to corneal microtrauma as a result of impaired regeneration and
healing of corneal epithelium
CAUSES:
• Bacterial infections – HSV, VZV, Leprosy.
• Traumatic vascular nerve injury
• Ablation of gasserian ganglion
• Chemical burns
• Topical anesthetic abuse,
• Beta blockers
• NSAIDS
• Contact lens wear

SYSTEMIC:
• Diabetes mellitus
• Stroke
• Brainstem hemorrhage
• Aneurysm
• Congenital
TREATMENT:
Mild epithelial defects can be treated with Erythromycin ointment 4-8
times/day. If corneal ulceration has occurred, smears and cultures
are taken to rule out any infections. If culture is sterile, and no
response to ointment is seen, consider a bandage contact lens,
tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane graft or a conjunctival flap.
184

6. GRADENIGO’S SYNDROME:
Petrous bone osteitis due to suppurative otitis
media
Characterized by -
• Ipsilateral Trigeminal Nerve
palsy (Va, Vb)
• Retro orbital pain
• Ipsilateral sixth nerve palsy
• Other symptoms include – photophobia,
excessive lacrimation, fever and reduced
corneal sensitivity.
PETROUS BONE
OSTEITIS

TREATMENT:
The medical treatment is done with antibiotics: Ceftiaxone plus
metronidazole (which covers anaerobic bacteria).
In more severe cases, a parancentesis (aspiration of fluids) or
mastoidectomy may be needed.
186

7. RAEDER’S PARA TRIGEMINAL SYNDROME
Oculosympathetic paresis with pain in distribution of trigeminal Nerve.
Patient with episodic chronic pain
Pain and headache
 Trigeminal hyperasthesia seen in areas supplied by post ganglionic fibers.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Pulling pain over the zygomatic region which may
radiate behind and below the ear.
Pain presents at morning and recurs at night time.
Wooshing & buzzing sound in the ear.
Numbness over the affected side of face.
Blurred vision.
Unable to bite.
Nostrils appear blocked.

TREATMENT:
• Unless intracranial pathology exists, treatment remains
symptomatic.
• For the management of associated pain, antispasmodic drug such as
Baclofen or anticonvulsants such as Carbamazepine, Gabapentin,
Pregabalin and Topiramte may be effective.
• Anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids can also be
effective, and at times narcotic analgesics such as ergotamines may
also be used.
• The efficacy of Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) has also been
demonstrated in some patients.
• Vitamin B supplements can be given as adjuvant therapy.
• Surgery is not indicated in most patients unless a secondary
cause is found which justifies surgical intervention.
189

8. STURGE WEBER SYNDROME/
ENCEPHALO TRIGEMINAL
ANGIOMATOSIS
•Rare congenital neurological & skin disorder
•Often associated with port-wine stains of
the face, glaucoma, seizures and mental
retardation.
•It is diagnosed clinically, based on the
typical cutaneous, central nervous
symptom (CNS), and ocular abnormalities.
•Neurological symptoms include:
1. Developmental delay or intellectual
disability
2. Learning problems
3. Attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD).

• Port-wine stains
• Macrocephaly
• Soft-tissue hypertrophy
• Hemiparesis
• Visual loss
• Ocular manifestations
• hemianopsia
191
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
PORT-WINE STAINS

TREATMENT:
Medical care includes anticonvulsants for seizure control, symptomatic
and prophylactic therapy for headache, glaucoma treatment to
reduce intra-optic pressure, and laser therapy for port-wine stains,
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS: with an efficacy in focal seizures are
preferred. The chance of achieving seizure control with medical
treatment varies from patient to patient.
GLAUCOMA MEDICATION: The goal of treatment is to control
IOP to prevent Optic nerve injury.
• Beta-antagonist eye drops – decrease the production of aqueous
fluid.
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors – also decrease the production of
aqueous fluid.
• Adrenergic eye drops and miotic eye drops – promote drainage of
aqueous fluid
192

DYE LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION: Treatment of cutaneous
type with Dye Laser photocoagulation has been helpful in reducing
the cosmetic blemishes from the cutaneous vascular dilatation.
SURGERY: is desirable in patients who have refractory seizures,
glaucioma, or specific problems related to various disorders
associated with Sturge Weber syndrome like Scoliosis.
193

CONCLUSION:
Trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve and it mainly supplies the regions of
the face, head and neck. The various techniques of local anaesthesia are
all directed towards the Trigeminal nerve. Thus, as a Public Health
Dentist one should know thoroughly about the course and distribution
of the Trigeminal nerve, to diagnose the pathologies associated with the
nerve and their appropriate treatment.
194

REFERENCES:
• Gray’s Anatomy – Henry Gray F. R. S.
• Clinical Anatomy – Richard S. Snell
• Human Anatomy: Head and Neck, Brain – B. D. Chaurasia
• Handbook of Local Anaesthesia – Stanley F Malamed
• Local Anaesthesia and Pain control in Dental Practice – Monheims,
C Richard Bennett.
195

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