Tuberculosis infection control program - CDC guidelines
Download as PPTX, PDF7 likes2,068 views
Administrative Controls Environmental Controls Respiratory-protection Controls care units (ICUs) 1. The document outlines the key components of a TB infection control (TB-IC) program, including assigning responsibility, conducting risk assessments, developing written TB-IC plans, implementing administrative, environmental and respiratory controls, and managing TB patients with considerations for special settings like emergency departments. 2. It describes conducting prompt triage of TB patients, initiating airborne precautions, using airborne infection isolation rooms, discontinuing precautions based on diagnostic testing, and managing infectious patients. 3. Recommendations are provided for a variety of healthcare settings depending on the expected risk of encount
![Managing TB Patients: Considerations
for Special Settings
Settings in Which Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Infectious Tuberculosis (TB) Disease are not Expected to be Encountered
Setting
Administrative Controls
Triage only: Initial evaluation of •
patients who will transfer to
another setting
•
•
Environmental Controls
Implement a written
infection-control plan for
triage of patients with
suspected or confirmed
TB disease. Update
annually.
Settings in which patients
with suspected or confirmed
TB disease are rarely seen
and not treated do not need
an airborne infection
isolation (AII) room.
Promptly recognize and
transfer patients with
suspected or confirmed
TB disease to a facility
that treats persons with
TB disease.
Place any patient with
suspected or confirmed TB
disease in an AII room if
available or in a separate
room with the door closed,
away from others and not in
a waiting area.
Before transferring the
patient out of this setting,
hold the patient in an area
separate from health-care
workers (HCWs) and other
persons.
Air-cleaning technologies
(e.g., high efficiency
particulate air [HEPA]
filtration and ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation [UVGI]
can be used to increase the
number of equivalent air
changes per hour [ACH]).
Respiratory-protection
Controls
Settings in which patients
with suspected or
confirmed TB disease are
rarely seen and not
treated do not need a
respiratory-protection
program.
If the patient has signs or
symptoms of infectious TB
disease (positive acid-fast
bacilli [AFB] sputum
smear result), consider
having the patient wear a
surgical or procedure
mask (if possible) during
transport, in waiting
areas, or when others are
present.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tb-icprogramcdcgl-140107203740-phpapp01/85/Tuberculosis-infection-control-program-CDC-guidelines-44-320.jpg)
![Managing TB Patients: Considerations
for Special Settings
Setting
Bronchoscopy suites††
Administrative Controls
Environmental Controls
•
•
Use a dedicated room to
perform bronchoscopy
procedures.
•
If a patient with suspected
or confirmed infectious TB
•
disease must undergo
bronchoscopy, schedule
the procedure when a
minimum number of
HCWs and other patients
•
are present, and schedule
the patient at the end of
the day.
•
Do not allow another
procedure to be
performed in the
bronchoscopy suite until
sufficient time has
elapsed for adequate
removal of M.
tuberculosis–
contaminated air.
•
Bronchoscopy suites should •
meet requirements for an AII
room to be used for patients
with suspected or confirmed
infectious TB disease.
Air-cleaning technologies
(e.g., HEPA filtration and
UVGI) can be used to
increase the number of
equivalent ACH.
Closing ventilatory circuitry
and minimizing opening of
such circuitry of intubated
and mechanically ventilated
patients might minimize
exposure.
Keep patients with
suspected or confirmed
infectious TB disease in the
bronchoscopy suite until
coughing subsides.
•
Respiratory-protection
Controls
For HCWs present during
bronchoscopic procedures
of a patient with suspected
or confirmed infectious TB
disease, at least N95
disposable respirators
should be worn. Protection
greater than an N95 (e.g., a
full-facepiece elastomeric
respirator or powered airpurifying respirator [PAPR])
should be considered.
If the patient has signs or
symptoms of infectious TB
disease (positive AFB
sputum smear result),
consider having the patient
wear a surgical or
procedure mask, if
possible, before and after
the procedure.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tb-icprogramcdcgl-140107203740-phpapp01/85/Tuberculosis-infection-control-program-CDC-guidelines-52-320.jpg)
Tuberculosis infection control program - CDC guidelines
- 1. TB Infection Control (2) Dr. Tong Ka Io 2013.07
- 4. TB-IC Program 1. Assign supervisory responsibility and authority (TB risk assessment, TB-IC policies, training of HCWs) Train the persons responsible Designate TB resource person 2. Develop written TB-IC plan 1. Prompt recognition and airborne precautions of patients 3. Conduct problem evaluation 4. Perform contact investigation
- 5. TB-IC Program 5. Collaborate with the health department to develop administrative controls 5. 6. Risk assessment, TB-IC plan, patient management, screening of HCWs, coordination … Implement environmental controls 5. AII room … 7. Implement respiratory-protection program 8. Perform training and education of HCWs 9. Plan for accepting patients transferred from another setting
- 6. TB Risk assessment Persons at Highest Risk for Exposure to and Infection with M. tuberculosis Persons Whose Condition is at High Risk for Progression From LTBI to TB Disease Characteristics of a Patient with TB Disease That Increase the Risk for Infectiousness Environmental Factors That Increase the Risk for Transmission of M. tuberculosis Risk for Health-Care–Associated Transmission of M. tuberculosis
- 7. Environment Infectiousness Health care Transmission of M. tuberculosis Exposure © Tong Ka Io 2013 Progression
- 8. Persons at Highest Risk for Exposure to and Infection with M. tuberculosis Close contacts – persons who share the same air space in a household or other enclosed environment for a prolonged period (days or weeks) with a person with pulmonary TB disease Foreign-born persons from geographic areas with a high incidence of TB disease Residents and employees of congregate settings that are high risk (e.g., correctional facilities, long-term–care facilities, and homeless shelters) HCWs who serve patients who are at high risk HCWs with unprotected exposure to a patient with TB disease before the identification and correct airborne precautions of the patient Certain populations who are medically underserved, have low income, and have an increased incidence, as defined locally Infants, children, and adolescents exposed to adults in high-risk categories
- 9. Persons Whose Condition is at High Risk for Progression From LTBI to TB Disease Persons infected with HIV Persons infected with M. tuberculosis within the previous 2 years Persons with any of the following clinical conditions or other immunocompromising conditions Infants and children aged <4 years Persons with a history of untreated or inadequately treated TB disease, including persons with chest radiograph findings consistent with previous TB disease Persons who use tobacco or alcohol, illegal drugs, including injection drugs and crack cocaine silicosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, certain hematologic disorders (leukemias and lymphomas), other specific malignancies (e.g., carcinoma of the head, neck, or lung), body weight ≥10% below ideal body weight, prolonged corticosteroid use, other immunosuppressive treatments, organ transplant, end-stage renal disease, and intestinal bypass or gastrectomy
- 10. Characteristics of a Patient with TB Disease That Increase the Risk for Infectiousness Presence of cough Cavitation on chest radiograph Failure to cover the mouth and nose when coughing Incorrect, lack of, or short duration of antituberculosis treatment; and Undergoing cough-inducing or aerosol-generating procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy, sputum induction, and administration of aerosolized medications) Positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear result Respiratory tract disease with involvement of the larynx Respiratory tract disease with involvement of the lung or pleura
- 11. Environmental Factors That Increase the Risk for Transmission of M. tuberculosis Exposure to TB in small, enclosed spaces Inadequate local or general ventilation that results in insufficient dilution or removal of infectious droplet nuclei Recirculation of air containing infectious droplet nuclei Inadequate cleaning and disinfection of medical equipment Improper procedures for handling specimens
- 12. Risk for Health-Care–Associated Transmission of M. tuberculosis Setting Occupational group Prevalence of TB in the community Patient population Effectiveness of TB infection-control Measures Aerosol-generating procedures
- 13. Hierarchy of IC
- 14. Administrative controls 1. Assigning responsibility for TB-IC in the setting 2. Conducting a TB risk assessment of the setting 3. Developing and instituting a written TB-IC plan to ensure prompt detection, airborne precautions, and treatment of persons who have suspected or confirmed TB disease 4. Ensuring the timely availability of recommended laboratory processing, testing, and reporting of results to the ordering physician and IC team 5. Implementing effective work practices for the management of patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease
- 15. Administrative controls 6. Ensuring proper cleaning and sterilization or disinfection of potentially contaminated equipment 7. Training and educating HCWs regarding TB, with specific focus on prevention, transmission, and symptoms 8. Screening and evaluating HCWs who are at risk for TB disease or who might be exposed to M. tuberculosis 9. Applying epidemiologic-based prevention principles, including the use of setting-related IC data 10. Using appropriate signage advising respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette 11. Coordinating efforts with the local or state health department
- 16. Environmental controls Primary environmental controls Controlling the source of infection by using local exhaust ventilation (e.g., hoods, tents, or booths) Diluting and removing contaminated air by using general ventilation Secondary environmental controls Controlling the airflow to prevent contamination of air in areas adjacent to the source (AII rooms) Cleaning the air by using high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration or UVGI
- 25. Respiratory-Protection Controls Implementing a respiratory-protection program Training HCWs on respiratory protection Training patients on respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette procedures
- 26. TB risk classification Potential ongoing transmission Medium risk • Settings in which HCWs will possibly be exposed to persons with TB disease or to clinical specimens that might contain M. tuberculosis Low risk © Tong Ka Io 2013 • Settings in which person-to-person transmission of M. tuberculosis has occurred during the preceding year • Settings in which persons with TB disease are not expected to be encountered
- 29. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of M. tuberculosis Clusters of TST or BAMT conversions HCW with confirmed TB disease Increased rates of TST or BAMT conversions Unrecognized TB disease in patients or HCWs Recognition of an identical strain of M. tuberculosis in patients or HCWs with TB disease identified by DNA fingerprinting
- 30. Managing TB Patients: General Recommendations Prompt triage TB airborne precautions AII room practices Diagnostic procedures Initiation of treatment
- 31. Prompt triage – Think TB Primary TB risk to HCWs is patient with undiagnosed or unrecognized infectious TB Promptly initiate AII precautions and manage or transfer patients with suspected or confirmed TB Ask about and evaluate for TB Check for signs and symptoms Mask symptomatic patients Separate immunocompromised patients
- 34. Initiating TB airborne precautions any patient who has symptoms or signs of TB disease, or who has documented infectious TB disease and has not completed antituberculosis treatment
- 35. Airborne Infection Isolation (AII) Room Should be single-patient rooms in which environmental factors and entry of visitors and HCWs are controlled All HCWs who enter should wear at least N95 disposable respirators Visitors may be offered respiratory protection (i.e., N95) and should be instructed by HCWs on the use Have specific requirements for controlled ventilation, negative pressure, and air filtration Should have a private bathroom
- 41. Discontinuing TB airborne precautions When infectious TB disease is considered unlikely and either 1. another diagnosis is made that explains the clinical syndrome or 2. the patient has three consecutive, negative AFB sputum smear results Each of the three sputum specimens should be collected in 8–24-hour intervals, and at least one specimen should be an early morning specimen
- 42. Discharge to Home with positive AFB sputum smear results A specific plan exists for follow-up care with the local TB-control program The patient has been started on a standard multidrug antituberculosis treatment regimen, and DOT has been arranged No infants and children aged <4 years or persons with immunocompromising conditions are present in the household All immunocompetent household members have been previously exposed to the patient The patient is willing to not travel outside of the home except for health-care–associated visits until the patient has negative sputum smear results
- 43. Return to work criteria for symptomatic individuals TB disease is ruled out based on physical exam, chest xray, and bacteriology (if indicated); or TB disease is diagnosed and treated, and the individual is determined to be non-infectious as defined below: Had three negative AFB sputum smears obtained 8-24 hours apart, with at least one being an early morning specimen; and Responded to antituberculosis treatment that will probably be effective, based on susceptibility results; and Had been determined to be noninfectious by a physician knowledgeable and experienced in managing TB disease.
- 44. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Settings in Which Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Infectious Tuberculosis (TB) Disease are not Expected to be Encountered Setting Administrative Controls Triage only: Initial evaluation of • patients who will transfer to another setting • • Environmental Controls Implement a written infection-control plan for triage of patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease. Update annually. Settings in which patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease are rarely seen and not treated do not need an airborne infection isolation (AII) room. Promptly recognize and transfer patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease to a facility that treats persons with TB disease. Place any patient with suspected or confirmed TB disease in an AII room if available or in a separate room with the door closed, away from others and not in a waiting area. Before transferring the patient out of this setting, hold the patient in an area separate from health-care workers (HCWs) and other persons. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., high efficiency particulate air [HEPA] filtration and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation [UVGI] can be used to increase the number of equivalent air changes per hour [ACH]). Respiratory-protection Controls Settings in which patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease are rarely seen and not treated do not need a respiratory-protection program. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive acid-fast bacilli [AFB] sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask (if possible) during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 46. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Inpatient Settings in Which Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Infectious TB Disease are Expected to be Encountered Setting Administrative Controls • Perform an annual risk assessment for the setting. • Implement a written infection-control plan for the setting and evaluate and update annually. • Provide TB training, education, and screening for HCWs as part of the infectioncontrol plan. • Establish protocols for problem evaluation. • When possible, postpone nonurgent procedures that might put HCWs at risk for possible exposure to M. tuberculosis until patients are determined to not have TB disease or are noninfectious. • Collaborate with state or local health departments when appropriate. Environmental Controls • In settings with a high volume of patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease, at least one room should meet requirements for an AII room. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. • • Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, (e.g., if patient is not using a breathing circuit) during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 47. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Patient rooms Administrative Controls • Place patients with • suspected or confirmed TB disease in an AII room. • Persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or who have other immunocompromising • conditions should especially avoid exposure to persons with TB disease. Environmental Controls At least one inpatient • room should meet requirements for an AII room to be used for patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. • Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, (e.g., if patient is not using a breathing circuit) during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 48. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Emergency departments Administrative Controls Environmental Controls • Implement a written infection-control plan for triage of patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease. Update annually. • Patients with signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease should be moved to an AII room as soon as • possible. (EDs) • In settings classified as • medium risk or potential ongoing transmission, at least one room should meet requirements for an AII room to be used for patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB • disease. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, (e.g., if patient is not using a breathing circuit) during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 49. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Intensive care units (ICUs) Administrative Controls • Environmental Controls Place patients with • suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in an AII room, separate from HCWs and other patients, if possible. • In settings with a high volume of patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease, at least one room should meet requirements for an AII room to be used for such patients. • Bacterial filters should be • used routinely in breathing circuits of patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease and should filter particles 0.3 μm in size in unloaded and loaded situations with a filter efficiency of ≥95%. Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease and is suspected of being contagious (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible (e.g., if patient is not using a breathing circuit) during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 50. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Surgical suites Administrative Controls • Schedule a patient with suspected or confirmed TB disease for surgery when a minimum number of HCWs and other patients are present, and as the last surgical case of the day to maximize the time available for removal of airborne contamination. For postoperative recovery, place patients in a room that meets requirements for an AII room. Environmental Controls • If a surgical suite has an operating room (OR) with an anteroom, that room should be used for TB cases. • If surgery is needed, use a room or suite of rooms that meet requirements for AII rooms. • If an AII or comparable room is not available for surgery or postoperative recovery, aircleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. • If the health-care setting has an anteroom, reversible flow rooms (OR or isolation) are not recommended by the American Institute of Architects or American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. • Bacterial filters should be used routinely in breathing circuits of patients with suspected or confirmed TB disease and should filter particles 0.3 μm in size in an unloaded and loaded situation with a filter efficiency of ≥95%. Respiratory-protection Controls • For HCWs present during surgery of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators, unvalved, should be worn. • Standard surgical or procedure masks for HCWs might not have fitting or filtering capacity for adequate protection. • If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, before and after the procedure. • Valved or positive-pressure respirators should not be used because they do not protect the sterile surgical field.
- 51. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Laboratories** Administrative Controls Environmental Controls • Conduct a laboratoryspecific risk assessment. • • In general, biosafety level (BSL)-2 practices, procedures, containment equipment, and facilities are required for nonaerosol-producing manipulations of clinical specimens. BSL-3 • practices, procedures, and containment equipment might be necessary for certain aerosol-generating or aerosol-producing manipulations. Environmental controls • should meet requirements for clinical microbiology laboratories in accordance with guidelines by Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) and the AIA. Perform all manipulation of clinical specimens that could result in aerosolization in a certified class I or II biosafety cabinet (BSC). Respiratory-protection Controls For laboratory workers who manipulate clinical specimens (from patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease) outside of a BSC, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn.
- 52. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Bronchoscopy suites†† Administrative Controls Environmental Controls • • Use a dedicated room to perform bronchoscopy procedures. • If a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB • disease must undergo bronchoscopy, schedule the procedure when a minimum number of HCWs and other patients • are present, and schedule the patient at the end of the day. • Do not allow another procedure to be performed in the bronchoscopy suite until sufficient time has elapsed for adequate removal of M. tuberculosis– contaminated air. • Bronchoscopy suites should • meet requirements for an AII room to be used for patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. Closing ventilatory circuitry and minimizing opening of such circuitry of intubated and mechanically ventilated patients might minimize exposure. Keep patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in the bronchoscopy suite until coughing subsides. • Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs present during bronchoscopic procedures of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. Protection greater than an N95 (e.g., a full-facepiece elastomeric respirator or powered airpurifying respirator [PAPR]) should be considered. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, before and after the procedure.
- 53. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Sputum induction and Administrative Controls • Implement a written infection-control plan in the setting. Update annually. • Use a dedicated room to perform sputum induction and inhalation therapy. • Schedule sputum induction and inhalation therapy when a minimum number of HCWs and other patients are present, and schedule the patient at the end of the day. Environmental Controls inhalation therapy rooms • • Perform sputum induction • and inhalation therapy in booths with special ventilation, if possible. If booths are not available, sputum induction or inhalation therapy rooms should meet requirements for an AII room to be used for patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease. • Do not perform another procedure in a booth or room where sputum induction or inhalation therapy on a patient with suspected or • confirmed infectious TB disease was performed until sufficient time has elapsed for adequate removal of M. tuberculosis-contaminated air. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent • ACH. Keep patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in the sputum induction or inhalation therapy room after sputum collection or inhalation therapy until coughing subsides. Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs present during sputum induction and inhalation therapy of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, a respirator with a level of protection of at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. Respiratory protection greater than an N95 (e.g., a full-facepiece elastomeric respirator or PAPR) should be considered. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, before and after the procedure.
- 54. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Autopsy suites Administrative Controls • • Environmental Controls Ensure proper • coordination between attending physician(s) and pathologist(s) for proper infection control and specimen collection • during autopsies performed on bodies with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease. Allow sufficient time to elapse for adequate removal of M. tuberculosiscontaminated air before performing another procedure. • • Autopsy suites should meet ACH requirements for an AII room to be used for bodies with suspected or confirmed TB disease . Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. Consider using local exhaust ventilation to reduce exposures to infectious aerosols and vapors from embalming fluids. • Respiratory-protection Controls For those present during autopsy on bodies with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, a respirator with a level of protection of at least an N95 should be worn. Protection greater than an N95 (e.g., a full-facepiece elastomeric respirator or PAPR) should be considered, especially if aerosol generation is likely. If another procedure cannot be delayed until sufficient time has elapsed for adequate removal of M. tuberculosis-contaminated air, staff should continue wearing respiratory protection while in the room.
- 55. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Outpatient Settings§§ in Which Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Infectious TB Disease are Expected to be Encountered Setting Administrative Controls Environmental Controls Respiratory-protection Controls • For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others • Perform an annual risk • Environmental controls entering an AII room of a patient assessment for the should be implemented with suspected or confirmed setting. based on the types of infectious TB disease, at least activities that are N95 disposable respirators • Develop and implement a should be worn. performed. written infection-control plan for the setting and evaluate and update annually. • Provide TB training, education, and screening for HCWs as part of the infection-control plan. • Establish protocols for problem evaluation. • Collaborate with state or local health departments when appropriate. • Patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease requiring transport should be transported as discussed below under Emergency Medical Services (EMS). • If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible (e.g., if patient is not using a breathing circuit), during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present. • If risk assessment indicates that respiratory protection is needed, drivers or HCWs who are transporting patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in an enclosed vehicle should wear at least an N95 disposable respirator. The risk assessment should consider the potential for shared air.
- 56. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting TB treatment facilities¶¶ Administrative Controls • • Environmental Controls • Physically separate immunosuppressed patients from those with suspected or confirmed • infectious TB. Schedule appointments to avoid exposing HIVinfected or other severely • immunocompromised persons to M. tuberculosis. If patients with TB disease are • treated in the clinic, at least one room should meet requirements for an AII room. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. Perform all cough-inducing or • aerosol-generating procedures by using environmental controls (e.g., booth) or in an AII room. • Keep patients in the booth or AII room until coughing subsides. • Do not allow another patient to enter the booth or AII room until sufficient time has elapsed for adequate removal of M. tuberculosis contaminated air. Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 57. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Medical offices and ambulatory-care settings Administrative Controls • Implement a written infection-control plan in the setting. Update annually. Environmental Controls • In medical offices or • ambulatory care settings where patients with TB disease are treated, at least one room should meet requirements for an AII room to be used for patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB • disease . Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs in medical offices or ambulatory care settings with patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 59. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Dialysis units Administrative Controls • Schedule dialysis for • patients with TB disease when a minimum number of HCWs and other patients are present and at the end of the day to maximize the time • available for removal of airborne contamination. Environmental Controls Respiratory-protection Controls • Perform dialysis for patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in a room that meets requirements for an AII room. • Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. • For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present. If risk assessment indicates the need for respiratory protection, drivers or HCWs who are transporting patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in an enclosed vehicle should wear at least an N95 disposable respirator. The risk assessment should consider the potential for shared air.
- 60. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Dental-care settings Administrative Controls • If possible, postpone • dental procedures of patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease until the patient is determined not to have TB disease or to be • noninfectious. Environmental Controls Treat patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in a room that meets requirements for an AII room. Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. Respiratory-protection Controls • For dental staff performing procedures on a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn.
- 61. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Nontraditional Facility-Based Settings Setting Administrative Controls Environmental Controls • Perform an annual risk assessment for the setting. • Develop and implement a written infection-control plan for the setting and • evaluate and update annually. • Provide TB training, education, and screening for HCWs as part of the infection-control plan. • Establish protocols for problem evaluation. • Collaborate with state or local health departments when appropriate. • Environmental controls should be implemented based on the types of activities that are performed. • Patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease requiring transport should be • transported as discussed in the EMS section. Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs, visitors,¶ and others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible (e.g., if patient is not using a breathing circuit), during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 62. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting EMS Administrative Controls • Environmental Controls • Include exposed emergency medical HCWs in the contact investigation of patients with TB disease if administrative, environmental, and respiratory-protection controls for TB infection control were not followed. • Patients with suspected or • confirmed infectious TB disease requiring transport should be transported in an ambulance whenever possible. The ambulance ventilation system should be operated in the nonrecirculating mode, and the maximum amount of outdoor air should be provided to facilitate dilution. If the vehicle has a rear exhaust fan, use this fan during transport. Airflow should be from the cab (front of vehicle), over the patient, and out the rear exhaust fan. • If an ambulance is not used, the ventilation system for the vehicle should bring in as much outdoor air as possible, and the system should be set to nonrecirculating. If possible, physically isolate the cab from the rest of the vehicle and have the patient sit in the back. Respiratory-protection Controls If risk assessment indicates the need for respiratory protection, drivers or HCWs who are transporting patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in an enclosed vehicle should wear at least an N95 disposable respirator. The risk assessment should consider the potential for shared air. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 63. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Medical settings in Administrative Controls • correctional facilities • Follow recommendations for inpatient and outpatient settings as appropriate. In waiting rooms or areas, follow recommendations for TB treatment facilities. Environmental Controls • At least one room should • meet requirements for an AII room. • Air-cleaning technologies (e.g., HEPA filtration and UVGI) can be used to increase the number of equivalent ACH. If possible, postpone transporting patients with • suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease until they are determined not to have TB disease or to be noninfectious. When transporting patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in a vehicle (ideally an ambulance), if possible, physically isolate the cab (the front seat) from rest of the vehicle, have the patient sit in the back seat, and open the windows. • Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs or others entering the AII room of a patient with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 64. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Home-based health-care Administrative Controls • and outreach settings • • Patients and household • members should be educated regarding the importance of taking medications, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette procedures, and proper medical evaluation. If possible, postpone transporting patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease until they are determined not to have TB disease or to be noninfectious. Certain patients can be instructed to remain at home until they are determined not to have TB disease or to be noninfectious. Environmental Controls • Do not perform coughinducing or aerosolgenerating procedures unless appropriate environmental controls are in place, or perform those procedures outside, • if possible. • Respiratory-protection Controls For HCWs entering the homes of patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease, at least N95 disposable respirators should be worn. For HCWs transporting patients with suspected or confirmed infectious TB disease in a vehicle, consider at least an N95 disposable respirator. If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 65. Managing TB Patients: Considerations for Special Settings Setting Long-term–care settings (e.g., hospices and skilled nursing facilities) Administrative Controls • Patients with suspected or • confirmed infectious TB disease should not be treated in a longterm– care setting, unless proper administrative and environmental controls and a respiratoryprotection program are in place. Environmental Controls Do not perform coughinducing or aerosolgenerating procedures unless appropriate infection controls are in place, or perform those procedures outside, if possible. Respiratory-protection Controls • If the patient has signs or symptoms of infectious TB disease (positive AFB sputum smear result), consider having the patient wear a surgical or procedure mask, if possible, during transport, in waiting areas, or when others are present.
- 67. TB Screening Procedures for Settings (or HCWs) Classified as Low Risk Symptom screen TST or BAMT Chest radiograph Baseline Upon hire Upon hire If baseline positive or newly positive TST or BAMT or documentation of treatment for LTBI or TB disease Repeat Not necessary unless an exposure occurs Not necessary unless an exposure occurs Not needed unless symptoms or signs of TB disease develop or unless recommended by a clinician
- 68. TB Screening Procedures for Settings (or HCWs) Classified as Medium Risk Symptom screen TST or BAMT Chest radiograph Baseline Upon hire Upon hire If baseline positive or newly positive TST or BAMT or documentation of treatment for LTBI or TB disease Repeat Annually Annually if baseline negative Not needed unless symptoms or signs of TB disease develop or unless recommended by a clinician
- 69. TB Screening Procedures for Settings (or HCWs) Classified as Potential Ongoing Transmission Symptom screen TST or BAMT Chest radiograph Baseline Upon hire Upon hire If baseline positive or newly positive TST or BAMT or documentation of treatment for LTBI or TB disease Repeat Every 8–10 weeks until lapses in IC have been corrected, and no additional evidence of ongoing transmission is apparent Not needed unless symptoms or signs of TB disease develop or unless recommended by a clinician
- 72. Special Issues
- 73. TB-IC in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment Persons with undiagnosed, untreated and potentially contagious TB are often seen in HIV care settings TB is the most common opportunistic infection and a leading cause of death in persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA)
- 74. TB-IC in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment In high TB burden settings, up to 10% of persons with HIV infection may have previously undiagnosed TB at the time of HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), persons without TB disease at the time of HIV diagnosis may still develop TB in later years, between 30% and 40% of PLWHA will develop TB in their lifetime PLWHA may become infected or re-infected with TB if they are exposed to someone with infectious TB disease. They can progress rapidly from TB infection to disease – over a period of months rather than a period of years as is common for persons with a normal immune system They will then be at risk of spreading M. tuberculosis in the community as well as to fellow patients, healthcare workers, and staff at their HIV care clinics and in community programs
- 75. Administrative controls Infection control plan Administrative support for procedures in the plan, including quality assurance Training of staff Education of patients and increasing community awareness Coordination and communication with the TB program
- 76. IC plan 1. Screening patients to identify persons with symptoms of TB disease or who report being under investigation or treatment for TB disease 2. Providing face masks or tissues to persons with symptoms of TB disease (“TB suspects”) or who report being under investigation or treatment for TB disease (“TB suspects or cases”), and providing waste containers for disposal of tissues and masks 3. Placing TB suspects and cases in a separate waiting area 4. Triaging TB suspects and cases to the front of the line to expedite their receipt of services in the facility
- 77. IC plan 5. Referring TB suspects to TB diagnostic services and confirming that TB cases are adhering with treatment 6. Using and maintaining environmental control measures 7. Educating staff periodically on signs and symptoms of TB disease, specific risks for TB for HIV-infected persons, and need for diagnostic investigation for those with signs or symptoms of TB 8. Training and educating staff on TB, TB control, and the TB-IC plan 9. Monitoring the TB-IC plan’s implementation