This document discusses language testing concepts including cloze procedure, probes, and modality testing.
[1] Cloze procedure involves removing words from a text and having test-takers insert the correct words to complete the passage and show their understanding of vocabulary and grammar. An example cloze procedure test item is provided.
[2] Modality testing examines a writer or speaker's attitude through their use of modal words expressing certainty, possibility, obligation, and other attitudes. Examples of modal test items are given.
[3] Probes are designed as controlled in-depth interviews to help teachers understand how readers engage with text and determine what specific teaching is required. An example of a probes test is requested but
