Types of descriptive research
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The document describes different types of descriptive research methods: descriptive-survey, descriptive-normative survey, descriptive-status, descriptive-analysis, descriptive-classification, descriptive-evaluative, descriptive-comparative, correlational survey, and longitudinal survey. Each method is defined and an example is provided to illustrate how that particular method would be applied in a research study.
Types of descriptive research
- 1. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH JEANNIFER B. VILLANUEVA 11-MPMG-011
- 2. Descriptive-survey This type is suitable wherever the subjects vary among themselves and one is interested to know the extent to which different conditions and situations are obtained among these subjects. The word SURVEY signifies the gathering of data regarding present conditions. A survey is useful in: (1) providing the value of facts, and (2) focusing attention on the most important things to be reported. In this type of survey, it is necessary to determine the psychological and social aspects of research by way of application or implementation of evidence to recognize between facts and influence.
- 3. Example of Descriptive-survey A researcher wants to determine the Job-Related Problems and Job-Performance of Staff Nurses in Private and Government Hospitals in the City and Province of Iloilo. He uses a questionnaire as his research instrument and each item in the questionnaire for job-related problems may be rated according to 4 levels to be chosen by the subjects or respondents namely: 4- very serious problem, 3 – serious problem, 2 –fairly serious problem, and 1- not a problem at all. From the data gathered, the researcher tabulates, analyses, and interprets data. Then he proves the fact gathered area of value to the researcher in particular and to the subjects in general. He should then focus his attention to the most serious job-related problems met by the staff nurses.
- 4. Descriptive-normative survey • Good and Scates (1972) stressed that “the term NORMATIVE is sometimes used because surveys are frequently made to ascertain the normal or typical condition for practice, or to compare local test results with a state or national norm”. • In the descriptive-normative surveys, the results/findings of the study should be compared with the norm.
- 5. Example of Descriptive-normative survey A researcher wishes to conduct a study on the English achievement of fourth year secondary students at the state colleges and universities in Region 7 (Central Visayas). An achievement test is the instrument used to gather the data. The results of the test are then compared with the regional norm. if the achievement of the students is one standard deviation above (+1SD) the mean, this means their achievement is very satisfactory; if within the mean, satisfactory; and one standard deviation below (-1SD) the mean, unsatisfactory and they need improvement.
- 6. Descriptive-status This approach to problem solving seeks to answer questions to real facts relating to existing conditions. This is a technique of quantitative description which determines the prevailing conditions in a group of cases chosen for study. Several studies stress the current conditions with the assumption that things will change. They cover many traits or characteristics of the group.
- 7. Example of Descriptive-status A researcher wishes to conduct a study on the socio- economic status and performances of instructors and professors of state universities and colleges in Region 9 (Western Mindanao). He uses a questionnaire as instrument to gather data and requests the subjects of the study to answer it. Based on the responses, the researcher can determine the socio-economic status and performance of SUC’s universities and professors in Region 9 whether the higher the socio- economic status is, the higher the performance will be; or the lower the socio-economic status is, the lower the performance will be.
- 8. Descriptive-analysis This method determines or describes the nature of an object by separating it into its parts. Its purpose is to discover the nature of things. The researcher should determine the composition, structure, sub-structure that occurs as units with the larger structure.
- 9. Example of Descriptive-analysis A researcher wishes to conduct a study on the job analysis of personnel in government and private hospitals in Region 6 (Western Visayas). He devises a questionnaire to analyze the job of the subjects of similar positions, functions and responsibilities and with the same salary.
- 10. Descriptive classification • This method is employed in natural sciences subjects. The specimens collected are classified from phylum to species. To illustrate: • An investigator wishes to conduct a taxonomic study of sea urchins in the municipal waters of Zamboanga del Norte. He collects from different research stations and then identifies and classifies them according to classes and species.
- 11. Descriptive-evaluative • This design is to appraise carefully the worthiness of the current study. To illustrate: • The researcher wishes to conduct a study on evaluation of an implementation of WOW (War on Wastes) in the Division of Zamboanga del Norte. He devises a questionnaire which evaluates the implementation of WOW and requests the division and district supervisors, principals, head teachers, and teachers as subjects of the study to respond on it.
- 12. Descriptive-comparative This is a design where the researcher considers two variables (not manipulated) and establishes a formal procedure to compare and conclude that one is better than the other if significant difference exists.
- 13. Example of Descriptive-comparative A researcher wishes to conduct a study on the effectiveness of teaching English using rhetoric and content-based approaches to Bachelor of Computer Technology students at the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College. He uses tests as research instrument. All things are held constant, except on the approaches of teaching used. The two variables are rhetoric and content-based approaches. The statistical tool used is the z-test. If significant difference exists it means an approach is better than the other. With no significant difference, the two approaches are almost the same.
- 14. Correlational survey This is designed to determine the relationship of two variables (X and Y) whether the relationship is perfect, very high, high, marked or moderate, slight or negligible. Perfect positive correlation with a value of 1.0 seldom happens, same with perfect negative correlation. In perfect positive correlation, all the individual performances in X and Y have the same positions. If he tops in test X he also tops in test Y; if he is lowest in test X he is likely lowest in test Y. in perfect negative correlation, all the individual performances in X and Y have the opposite positions. If he tops in test X, he is lowest in test Y; if he is lowest in test X, he tops in test Y.
- 15. Example of Correlational survey The researcher wishes to correlate the performance between English (X) and mathematics (Y) of freshmen nursing students in the College of Nursing at the Central Philippine University, Iloilo City. He uses tests as research instrument in gathering the data and Scattergram as the statistical tool used to determine the correlation between X and Y.
- 16. Longitudinal survey • This involves much time allotted to investigation of the same subjects of two or more points in time. To illustrate: • A researcher wishes to set up a Mathematics achievement pattern to secondary students, ages 13 to 16. He takes a group of thirteen-year-old boys and girls and records their Mathematics achievement over regular intervals (i.e. every grading period). The researcher follows up this work until they reach 16 years old. Based on the data gathered, the investigator sets up the Mathematics achievement pattern from the same group of students investigated over a long period of time.
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