![Example Authorisation Policy Obligation Policy
inst auth+ facilities { Defines what actions a subject must do
subject guests; Subject based subject interprets policy and
target gym + pool; performs actions on targets
action enter; Event triggered obligation
when time.between (“0900”, “2100”); Actions can be remote invocations or local scripts
}
Can specify sequencing or concurrency of actions
Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 45 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 46
Example Obligation Policy Roles
inst oblig heartmonitor { Group of policies with a common subject
subject s = medicAgent; Defines rights (authorisations) and duties (obligation)
on heartanomaly (symptom); Position in organisation – nurse, surgeon
action s.display (messages [symptom]) -> Mobile ‘visitor’ roles in hotel or shopping mall –
send(alarm, symptom); policies which apply to mobile user in an environment
target cardiacCentre;
Paramedic attending an accident
}
Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 47 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 48](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ubiquitouscomputing-12940572378707-phpapp01/85/Ubiquitous-Computing-12-320.jpg)
Ubiquitous Computing
- 1. Contents Pervasive Computing What is pervasive computing Current technology Mobile computing Context adaptation Intelligent environment Morris Sloman Adaptive architecture Imperial College, Department of Computing Security, privacy and management London UK m.sloman@doc.ic.ac.uk www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mss 4/02/03 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 2 What is Pervasive Computing? Mobility Technology View Mobile computing Computers everywhere – embedded into fridges, washing Computing & communication on the move machines, door locks, cars, furniture, people Mostly voice based or embedded? intelligent environment Mobile portable computing devices Nomadic computing Wireless communication – seamless mobile/fixed Intermittent connectivity User View Usual environment available Invisible – implicit interaction with your environment Mobile agents Augmenting human abilities in context of tasks Mobile code and data Ubiquitous = mobile computing + intelligent environment Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 3 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 4
- 2. Contents Current Technology What is pervasive computing Current technology Current & near term gadgets Wearable computing Mobile computing Context adaptation Intelligent environment Softphone Bluetooth Adaptive architecture Handsfree PDA/mobile www.eleksen.com Security, privacy and management phone Phone/camera Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 5 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 6 Current Technology 2 Wearable Computers Matchbox Web Server computer Best friend Watch phone Watch camera Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 7 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 8
- 3. Wearable I/O Wearable I/O LCD Jacket Sony Glasstron Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 9 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 10 Designer Gear Wearable or luggable? See http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/mithril/index.html Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 11 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 12
- 4. Usability Brainwaves! Common user interface for workstation and mobile device applications Adaptive information display Replicate characteristics of paper-based notebooks for annotatablity, robustness, universality Flexible voice based input-output Voice recognition + text to speech conversion Gesture recognition WAP phone is not a useable computing device!! Remove human from loop – intelligent agents? Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 13 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 14 Contents Mobile Computing Vision Universal connectivity – anywhere, What is pervasive computing anytime Current technology Accommodate heterogeneity of networks and communicators Mobile computing Issues Ubiquitous intelligent environment – Wireless communication embedded computers everywhere Ad-hoc networking Easy user interaction Context adaptation Context independent access to services Intelligent environment + context dependent information Adaptive architecture Security, privacy and management Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 15 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 16
- 5. Mobility Issues Wireless Communication GSM phone 9.6 Kbps, How to integrate mobile communicators into GPRS typical 28Kbps, theoretical 172Kbps max complex information infrastructures? Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11b 200 m range What effect will they have on work and 2.4 Ghz band: 11 Mbps leisure? Bluetooth 10 m range Privacy 2.4 Ghz band: 1 data (700 kbps) & 3 voice channels How to develop and manage adaptable, UMTS – 3G mobile context-aware software systems? 114 kbps (vehicle), 384 Kbps (pedestrian), 2 Mbps (stationary) What support is needed within the network? HIPERLAN & IEEE 802.11a Power supplies 5 Ghz band: currently 20 Mbps eventually 54 Mbps InfraRed – direct line of sight: 4Mbs Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 17 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 18 Wireless Problems Ad-hoc networking Too many similar standards Shortage of spectrum Use low power + multiple base stations with intelligent antenna. Overlapping spectrum usage can cause interference eg Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 Networking with no fixed infrastructure Use other devices as routers Unregulated bands lead to chaos But, security concerns and usage of scarce battery Health risks? power for relaying – possibly more suited to sensor than user networks See http://tonnant.itd.nrl.navy.mil/manet/manet_home.html Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 19 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 20
- 6. Ad-hoc Network Applications Ad-hoc Collaborative Working Sensor networks Support for cooperative working Disaster teams Group management protocols Autonomous robots eg searching buildings, mapping toxic Public and private groups spills Service discovery Meetings – exchange visiting cards and information Dynamic adaptation to other device interfaces Car trains on motorways – 100 KmPH, 2m apart automatic steering and braking Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 21 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 22 Integration of Mobile Systems Contents Not stand alone devices. Need to interact with complex legacy information systems eg What is pervasive computing large databases – merging updates, displaying tables etc. Current technology Systems development Mobile computing Requirements specification for adaptable systems Context adaptation Component composition to meet global QoS, security, reliability & performance requirements. Intelligent environment Mobility models Adaptive architecure Behaviour specification and analysis Security, privacy and management Modelling context aware systems Interaction paradigms Event-based not object invocation or RPC Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 23 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 24
- 7. Context Awareness Context Adaptation Context defined by: Current location Server Need location detection eg GPS or base station Indoors – radio beacon, IR User activity Walking, driving a car, running for a bus – how to What: Compression, filtering, device- detect this? specific transformations, information Ambient environment selection ….. In theatre, alone, in meeting Local resources or services available Where: Server, proxy or client? Device capabilities Proxy Proxy client and server do not Screen, input, processing power, battery life …. change Current QoS availability – particularly for radio links See Armando Fox work at Stanford http://swig.stanford.edu/~fox/ Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 25 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 26 User Selection Map Adaptation Ultimately, users know best proxy transforms as best as it can, but gives users a way to “force” proxy to deliver original content QoS & here, a simple client-side UI enhancement is coupled with context Rich & dynamic proxy-side refinement intelligence adaptation, data, resource Structured data User context monitoring + metadata based selection, Activity Elements: river, road, motorway, buildings deadlines Variants: scale, feature detail, date transformed content local UI refined content Dynamic data: road conditions, weather from Proxy interaction from Proxy From presentation by Armando Fox, Stanford Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 27 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 28
- 8. UbiCare: Ubiquitous Adapting Vector Maps computing for community care Applications Benefits Maps can be… Automated monitoring High lower risk monitoring Split into features and presented in part Implanted devices Mobility for chronically ill Encoded at different scales – Smart clothing Greater out-of-hospital patient different feature detail Swallow/inject intelligent management Selective adaptation can sensors and actuators Predictive care from mass data consider content being Accident and emergency support analysis degraded Patient record access and See http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~dc/ integration Wireless video Camera Pill Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 29 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 30 Contents Smart Dust Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic What is pervasive computing millimeter – “dust motes” Current technology Sensors for temperature, humidity, light, motion …. Mobile computing With bidirectional radio or laser + battery Context adaptation Costs soon < $1 Intelligent environment Typical Applications Adaptive architecture Defense related battlefield sensors, motion detectors etc. Security, privacy and management Inventry control on boxes which communicate with crates, trucks, plane etc to tell you where they are Product quality monitoring – vibration, humidity, overheating Car component monitoring See http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/ Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 31 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 32
- 9. Smart Dust Technology Commercial Motes Manufactured by Crossbow http://www.xbow.com Processor: 4MHz RAM Memory: 128 Kbytes On-Board Flash: 512 K bytes Radio: 916 Mhz, 52K bps Antenna: On-board, optional external TinyOS from Berkeley Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 33 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 34 Future Smart Dust Pervasive Computer Problems What means of communication? Intelligent paper with integrated radio Radio – spectrum shortage replace current displays Light based – very directional Smart paint monitors vibrations and detect intruders or Batteries would be impractical power source for 100K changes colour to react to temperature, lighting etc. processors per person. Intelligent glass can filter sunlight, become opaque Solar cells are not suitable for all environments. no need for curtains Solar cells, fuel cells, body heat power? Smart garments or injectable sensors for people Power not speed is the key issue for future processor monitoring designs. Download design and printable motes for < 1c mote SRI Shoe power: 0.5 W www.media.mit.edu/nanomedia Printable batteries http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/review/2001-02-12-batteries.htm Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 35 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 36
- 10. Scaling factors Intelligent Environment > 100K computers per person Self organising and self configuring Lights, air conditioning, TV automatically switch on and Coherent behaviour from vast numbers of unreliable sensors, off when you enter or leave rooms actuators and comms. devices Sit on your favourite chair and TV switches on to the Need new techniques for interaction maybe based on program you usually watch at this time of the day biological organisms? Use communicator/pda for phone, remote control, keys Exponential Growth? 94,023 payments, passport, health records, authenticator. By 2100 …… billions per Route input from ‘virtual’ keyboard to nearest suitable mm2 display. Automatic detection of new items to control and physical 425,352,958,651, 200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 layout in a room or office, using computer vision. Billions of computers Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 37 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 38 Intelligent Environment? Vision Based Interaction Presence: Is anyone there? Head tracking Location: Where are they? Gaze tracking Identity: Who are they? Lip reading Activity: What are they Face recognition doing? Facial expression Hand tracking Hand gestures Arm gestures From http://research.microsoft.com/easyliving/ Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 39 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 40
- 11. Contents Adaptive Application Architecure What is pervasive computing Current technology Mobile computing Intelligent environment Adaptive architecture Security, privacy and management Remote Sensors Application Clients Local & Network Intermediate Servers Servers Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 41 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 42 Policy Policy Based Adaptive Systems Authorisation policies Rule governing choices in behaviour of the system Derived from trust relationships to define what resources or services clients can access, what Derived from trust relationships, enterprise goals and proxylets or code can be loaded into servers, or Service level agreements what code loaded into the client can do. Need to specify and modify policies without coding Obligation Policies into automated agents Event-condition-action rules to trigger when to Policies are persistent perform actions, what alarms to generate etc But can be dynamically modified Ponder – declarative object-oriented language for specifying policies. Change system behaviour without modifying See http://www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk/Research/policies/ implementation – not new functionality Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 43 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 44
- 12. Example Authorisation Policy Obligation Policy inst auth+ facilities { Defines what actions a subject must do subject guests; Subject based subject interprets policy and target gym + pool; performs actions on targets action enter; Event triggered obligation when time.between (“0900”, “2100”); Actions can be remote invocations or local scripts } Can specify sequencing or concurrency of actions Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 45 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 46 Example Obligation Policy Roles inst oblig heartmonitor { Group of policies with a common subject subject s = medicAgent; Defines rights (authorisations) and duties (obligation) on heartanomaly (symptom); Position in organisation – nurse, surgeon action s.display (messages [symptom]) -> Mobile ‘visitor’ roles in hotel or shopping mall – send(alarm, symptom); policies which apply to mobile user in an environment target cardiacCentre; Paramedic attending an accident } Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 47 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 48
- 13. Contents Security Interactions cross multiple organisational boundaries What is pervasive computing Specification, analysis and integration for Current technology heterogeneous OS, databases, firewalls, routers Mobile computing Lessons from history: Context adaptation Cell phones, IR garage doors, CATV decoders Intelligent environment Everything worth hacking gets hacked Adaptive architecture Need for secure ‘out of the box’ set up Security, privacy and management Identify friend or foe level of trust Small communicators, with confidential data, are easily lost or stolen – biometric authentication Necessary security technology exists Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 49 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 50 Privacy Management – the nightmare! Location service tracks movement to within metres (cf mobile phones but pay-as-you-go can be anonymous). Huge, complex systems Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to Billions of processors stop recording or control distribution of information Multiple organisations You are now predictable Managing physical world, System can co-relate location, context and behaviour patterns controlling sensors, actuators Do you want employer, colleagues or insurance company to know you Humans will be in the way carry a medical monitor? Errors propagate to bring down complete regions Tension between authentication and anonymity – business want to Hacker and virus paradise authenticate you for financial transactions and to provide ‘personalized’ service cf web sites System propagates false information about Constant spam of context dependent advertising individuals or organisation Complexity of s/w installation on a workstation or server – how do you cope with billions? Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 51 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 52
- 14. Management Solutions Policy Intelligent agents, mobile agents, policy QoS Management Fat pipes and large storage can convert media streams to short traffic bursts in core network but still needed for wireless links Adaptive self-management is the only answer Partitioned domains of responsibility Genetic algorithms may be suitable for long-term strategy but need more deterministic solutions for short term decision making Remove human from the loop Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 53 Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 54 Conclusions References Pervasive Computing IEEE Pervasive Computing Magazine Universal PDA/communicator Intelligent Environment Explosion in embedded sensors/actuators http://www.media.mit.edu/ http://cooltown.hp.com/ Context-aware intelligent environment http://portolano.cs.washington.edu/ Privacy will be a major issue http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue4_9/odlyzko/ Out of the box security Wearable Computers http://www.redwoodhouse.com/wearable/ Adaptive self-management is needed – biological http://iswc.gatech.edu/archives.htm paradigms? Wireless communications http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/ Mobile computing http://computer.org/dsonline/ http://www.mobileinfo.com Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 55 http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/mpg/most/ Ubiquitous Computing: M. Sloman 56