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Ubuntu - Getting
Started
ecelis@sdf.org
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
 Ubuntu - Getting Started
– Desktop
– Networking
– System resources and monitoring
– Software management
– LAMP development
                                                 
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
xubuntu
Red Hat
!=
Linux
Ubuntu
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Linux
Hardware drivers, process scheduler, file system I/O, etc...
GNU & others tools
Bash shell, almost all commands and programs available
X Window System
Xorg server, basic windows libraries and tools
Window manager
Twm, opendesktop, etc...
Window & Desktop manager
Gnome, KDE, XFCE
GNU/Linux system
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Desktop
– Getting around
Web references:
https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/newtoubuntu/C/index.html
http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/stable/overview.html
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Desktop
The menubar is found at the top left of your screen and is
where you go to start applications, find files and customise
settings. It is made up of three menus:
– Applications - start applications and find new ones in
Software Center
– Places - find files and folders on your computer
– System - customise Ubuntu's settings and find help
The notification area is found in the top right hand corner of
your screen and displays the status of different applications.
You can use it to change the volume, change your online status
in different applications, and shut down your computer.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Desktop
Open a command line window with in Applications →
Accesories → Terminal
Place a Terminal launcher in the top panel: Applications
→ Accesories → Right click on Terminal and select Add
this laucher to panel
Launch the Terminal application using the launcher in the
panel you just created and type:
sudo tail -f /var/log/syslog
Leave the window open and check it now and then to see
what happens while you go trough the examples.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Networking
– Connect to wired LAN
– Connect to wireless LAN
– Troubleshooting
– Share files and folders with other computers 
Web references:
https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/internet/C/index.html
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
NetworkingConnecting to wired LAN
If you don't have DHCP on your network then you can
configure a static connection. You will need to enter the
network settings yourself, so check with your network
administrator or look at your router's settings to find out
which details to use.
Right click the Network Manager icon in the system
notification area and select Edit Connections.
●
Click the Wired tab, select the connection and
click Edit.
●
Click the IPv4 Settings tab and
choose Manual from the Method drop down list.
●
Click Add and enter your IP address and other
details. Enter the address of your DNS server too.
●
Click Apply. The network should now connect if you
entered the settings correctly.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
NetworkingConnecting to wireless LAN
To connect to a wireless network:
– Ensure that your wireless device is turned on.
– Click the Network Manager icon in the system notification area.
– Under Wireless Networks click on the network you want to connect to.
If you have connected to the network previously, Ubuntu will automatically connect
to the network where it is available.
If you are connecting to a network for the first time, security details may be needed.
If so, a dialog box will open. Enter your security details as follows.
– In most cases the security type will be detected automatically. If not, select
the security type from the Wireless Securitydrop-down box. This will depend
on how the wireless network is set up. Examples of security types are WEP,
WPA and LEAP.
– Enter the password, key or other authentication details as appropriate.
These are usually case-sensitive. If you don't know your wireless key, it may
be printed on the bottom of your wireless router.
– Click Connect. If you are prompted again for your security details, you may
have entered them incorrectly, or there could be a problem with your
wireless setup.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
NetworkingSharing directories
To share folders using Nautilus:
– Press Places → Computer to open a File
Browser window.
– Right click the folder you wish to share and
select Sharing Options on the popup menu.
– Check Share this folder in the Folder
Sharing window. You may change the Share
name field if you want to use a different share name.
– You may receive a message which says Sharing
services are not installed. If this happens, ensure
that the two checkboxes in the message box are
checked and press Install services. Sharing service
support will then be downloaded and installed; this
may take a while.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
NetworkingSharing directories
•
Select Allow other people to write in this folder if you wish to allow
others to add, change, and remove files in this folder. If you leave this box
unchecked, other people will only be able to view files in this folder. You may
also fill in theComment field.
•
Select Guest access (for people without a user account) if you wish to
allow guest users to access your files.
•
Press Create share to make the shared folder available.
You may receive a message stating that Nautilus needs to add some
permissions to the folder in order to share it. If this happens, press Add the
permissions automatically.
Other people on the same network (LAN) as you should now be able to access
the folder.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
NetworkingTroubleshoting
Most of the tools in this section require use of the
Terminal, Applications → Accessories →Terminal.
ifconfig is intended to allow you to change the settings of your network
connections, but it can also be used to list information about the current
connection.
– Type ifconfig in the Terminal and press Enter.
●
inet addr gives the current IP address of the connection
●
Mask gives the network mask
●
HWaddr gives the MAC address of your network device
●
eth0 is your first Ethernet NIC; lo is the loopback device which
always points to 127.0.0.1
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
NetworkingTroubleshoting
Type ping -c 4 google.com and check that all the ICMP
packets return
Type sudo mv /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.orig
Type ping -c 4 google.com Now the google.com
hostname shoudn't be resolved.
Type sudo mv /etc/resolv.orig /etc/resolv.conf
Type sudo gedit /etc/resolv.conf to change DNS
servers
Type route -n to check the default route.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
System resources and monitoring
– Basic commands
– Disk space and memory
– Running processes
Web references:
https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/basic-commands/C/
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
System resourcesBasic commands
The pwd command outputs which directory you are currently located in (pwd
stands for “print working directory”). For example, typing
pwd
will show /home/username
The ls command outputs a list of the files in the current directory. For example,
typing
ls ~
will show you the files that are in your home directory.
The mkdir command allows you to create directories. For example, typing:
mkdir mi dir
Will create the directory “mi dir” in you home directory.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
System resources
The df command displays filesystem disk space usage for all
partitions.
df -h
will give information using megabytes (M) and gigabytes (G)
instead of blocks (-h means "human-readable").
The free command displays the amount of free and used
memory in the system.
free -m
will give the information using megabytes, which is probably
most useful for current computers.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
System resources
The top command displays information on your GNU/Linux
system, running processes and system resources, including
CPU, RAM & swap usage and total number of tasks being run.
To exit top, press q.
top
Type h from within top to see the help.
The ps command reports a current snapshot of the running
processes.
ps
ps -a ← Snapshot of ALL processes
ps -auw ← Snapshot of ALL processes associated with a
system user.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
System resources
Type ps -au | less
Pipes the output from ps to less, to be able to paginate the
output.
Type ps -au | grep root
Pipes the output from ps to grep, to be able to filter the
output to show only processes owned by the root user. Grep
accepts regular expressions as parameters.
Execute commands with elevated privileges:
sudo adduser newuser
The sudo command allows to run other commands with
elevated privileges. In this case, the adduser command is
restricted only to root.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Software management
– Using Synaptics package manager
– Compressed binaries
– Building from source
Web references:
https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/add-applications/C/index.html
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Software managementUsing Synaptic Package Manager
Synaptic can be used to manage advanced software packages (such as server
applications) which Software Center does not manage.
– Click System → Administration → Synaptic Package Manager. Enter
your password if prompted.
– Click Search to search for an application, or click Sections and look
through the categories to find one.
– Right-click the application that you want to install and select Mark for
Installation.
– If you are asked if you would like to mark additional changes, click Mark.
– Select any other applications that you would like to install.
– Click Apply, and then click Apply in the window that appears. The
applications that you chose will be downloaded and installed.
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Software managementInstall precompiled binaries
Unpack the firefox package by typing:
tar -xvjf ~/firefox-4.0b7.tar.bz2
Change working directory to ~/firefox and check that the firefox binary
and supporting files have been created.
cd firefox && ls
Modify the value of the $PATH shell environment variable to be able to
run firefox from anywhere in the file system.
export PATH=/home/username/firefox:$PATH
Type firefox
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Software managementBuilding source code
tar -xvzf xbill-2.1.tar.gz
cd xbill-2.1
gcc -I. -c Bill.c -o Bill.o
You should something like this in order to build the game:
gcc -g -O2 -o xbill Bill.o Bucket.o Cable.o Computer.o Game.o Horde.o Network.o
OS.o Scorelist.o Spark.o UI.o util.o x11-motif.o x11-athena.o x11.o gtk.o -L/usr/lib64
-lXm -lXaw3d -lXmu -lXt -lX11 -L/usr/lib64 -L/usr/lib64 -lgtk -lgdk -rdynamic
-lgmodule -lglib -ldl -lXext -lX11 -lm -lSM -lIC
GCC stands for GNU C Compiler
Instead try typing this:
./configure
make
sudo make install
xbill
This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
Ubuntu getting started

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Ubuntu getting started

  • 1. Ubuntu - Getting Started ecelis@sdf.org This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 2.  Ubuntu - Getting Started – Desktop – Networking – System resources and monitoring – Software management – LAMP development                                                   This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 3. xubuntu Red Hat != Linux Ubuntu This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 4. Linux Hardware drivers, process scheduler, file system I/O, etc... GNU & others tools Bash shell, almost all commands and programs available X Window System Xorg server, basic windows libraries and tools Window manager Twm, opendesktop, etc... Window & Desktop manager Gnome, KDE, XFCE GNU/Linux system This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 5. Desktop – Getting around Web references: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/newtoubuntu/C/index.html http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/stable/overview.html This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 6. Desktop The menubar is found at the top left of your screen and is where you go to start applications, find files and customise settings. It is made up of three menus: – Applications - start applications and find new ones in Software Center – Places - find files and folders on your computer – System - customise Ubuntu's settings and find help The notification area is found in the top right hand corner of your screen and displays the status of different applications. You can use it to change the volume, change your online status in different applications, and shut down your computer. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 7. Desktop Open a command line window with in Applications → Accesories → Terminal Place a Terminal launcher in the top panel: Applications → Accesories → Right click on Terminal and select Add this laucher to panel Launch the Terminal application using the launcher in the panel you just created and type: sudo tail -f /var/log/syslog Leave the window open and check it now and then to see what happens while you go trough the examples. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 8. Networking – Connect to wired LAN – Connect to wireless LAN – Troubleshooting – Share files and folders with other computers  Web references: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/internet/C/index.html This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 9. NetworkingConnecting to wired LAN If you don't have DHCP on your network then you can configure a static connection. You will need to enter the network settings yourself, so check with your network administrator or look at your router's settings to find out which details to use. Right click the Network Manager icon in the system notification area and select Edit Connections. ● Click the Wired tab, select the connection and click Edit. ● Click the IPv4 Settings tab and choose Manual from the Method drop down list. ● Click Add and enter your IP address and other details. Enter the address of your DNS server too. ● Click Apply. The network should now connect if you entered the settings correctly. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 10. NetworkingConnecting to wireless LAN To connect to a wireless network: – Ensure that your wireless device is turned on. – Click the Network Manager icon in the system notification area. – Under Wireless Networks click on the network you want to connect to. If you have connected to the network previously, Ubuntu will automatically connect to the network where it is available. If you are connecting to a network for the first time, security details may be needed. If so, a dialog box will open. Enter your security details as follows. – In most cases the security type will be detected automatically. If not, select the security type from the Wireless Securitydrop-down box. This will depend on how the wireless network is set up. Examples of security types are WEP, WPA and LEAP. – Enter the password, key or other authentication details as appropriate. These are usually case-sensitive. If you don't know your wireless key, it may be printed on the bottom of your wireless router. – Click Connect. If you are prompted again for your security details, you may have entered them incorrectly, or there could be a problem with your wireless setup. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 11. NetworkingSharing directories To share folders using Nautilus: – Press Places → Computer to open a File Browser window. – Right click the folder you wish to share and select Sharing Options on the popup menu. – Check Share this folder in the Folder Sharing window. You may change the Share name field if you want to use a different share name. – You may receive a message which says Sharing services are not installed. If this happens, ensure that the two checkboxes in the message box are checked and press Install services. Sharing service support will then be downloaded and installed; this may take a while. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 12. NetworkingSharing directories • Select Allow other people to write in this folder if you wish to allow others to add, change, and remove files in this folder. If you leave this box unchecked, other people will only be able to view files in this folder. You may also fill in theComment field. • Select Guest access (for people without a user account) if you wish to allow guest users to access your files. • Press Create share to make the shared folder available. You may receive a message stating that Nautilus needs to add some permissions to the folder in order to share it. If this happens, press Add the permissions automatically. Other people on the same network (LAN) as you should now be able to access the folder. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 13. NetworkingTroubleshoting Most of the tools in this section require use of the Terminal, Applications → Accessories →Terminal. ifconfig is intended to allow you to change the settings of your network connections, but it can also be used to list information about the current connection. – Type ifconfig in the Terminal and press Enter. ● inet addr gives the current IP address of the connection ● Mask gives the network mask ● HWaddr gives the MAC address of your network device ● eth0 is your first Ethernet NIC; lo is the loopback device which always points to 127.0.0.1 This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 14. NetworkingTroubleshoting Type ping -c 4 google.com and check that all the ICMP packets return Type sudo mv /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.orig Type ping -c 4 google.com Now the google.com hostname shoudn't be resolved. Type sudo mv /etc/resolv.orig /etc/resolv.conf Type sudo gedit /etc/resolv.conf to change DNS servers Type route -n to check the default route. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 15. System resources and monitoring – Basic commands – Disk space and memory – Running processes Web references: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/basic-commands/C/ This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 16. System resourcesBasic commands The pwd command outputs which directory you are currently located in (pwd stands for “print working directory”). For example, typing pwd will show /home/username The ls command outputs a list of the files in the current directory. For example, typing ls ~ will show you the files that are in your home directory. The mkdir command allows you to create directories. For example, typing: mkdir mi dir Will create the directory “mi dir” in you home directory. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 17. System resources The df command displays filesystem disk space usage for all partitions. df -h will give information using megabytes (M) and gigabytes (G) instead of blocks (-h means "human-readable"). The free command displays the amount of free and used memory in the system. free -m will give the information using megabytes, which is probably most useful for current computers. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 18. System resources The top command displays information on your GNU/Linux system, running processes and system resources, including CPU, RAM & swap usage and total number of tasks being run. To exit top, press q. top Type h from within top to see the help. The ps command reports a current snapshot of the running processes. ps ps -a ← Snapshot of ALL processes ps -auw ← Snapshot of ALL processes associated with a system user. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 19. System resources Type ps -au | less Pipes the output from ps to less, to be able to paginate the output. Type ps -au | grep root Pipes the output from ps to grep, to be able to filter the output to show only processes owned by the root user. Grep accepts regular expressions as parameters. Execute commands with elevated privileges: sudo adduser newuser The sudo command allows to run other commands with elevated privileges. In this case, the adduser command is restricted only to root. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 20. Software management – Using Synaptics package manager – Compressed binaries – Building from source Web references: https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/add-applications/C/index.html This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 21. Software managementUsing Synaptic Package Manager Synaptic can be used to manage advanced software packages (such as server applications) which Software Center does not manage. – Click System → Administration → Synaptic Package Manager. Enter your password if prompted. – Click Search to search for an application, or click Sections and look through the categories to find one. – Right-click the application that you want to install and select Mark for Installation. – If you are asked if you would like to mark additional changes, click Mark. – Select any other applications that you would like to install. – Click Apply, and then click Apply in the window that appears. The applications that you chose will be downloaded and installed. This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 22. Software managementInstall precompiled binaries Unpack the firefox package by typing: tar -xvjf ~/firefox-4.0b7.tar.bz2 Change working directory to ~/firefox and check that the firefox binary and supporting files have been created. cd firefox && ls Modify the value of the $PATH shell environment variable to be able to run firefox from anywhere in the file system. export PATH=/home/username/firefox:$PATH Type firefox This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)
  • 23. Software managementBuilding source code tar -xvzf xbill-2.1.tar.gz cd xbill-2.1 gcc -I. -c Bill.c -o Bill.o You should something like this in order to build the game: gcc -g -O2 -o xbill Bill.o Bucket.o Cable.o Computer.o Game.o Horde.o Network.o OS.o Scorelist.o Spark.o UI.o util.o x11-motif.o x11-athena.o x11.o gtk.o -L/usr/lib64 -lXm -lXaw3d -lXmu -lXt -lX11 -L/usr/lib64 -L/usr/lib64 -lgtk -lgdk -rdynamic -lgmodule -lglib -ldl -lXext -lX11 -lm -lSM -lIC GCC stands for GNU C Compiler Instead try typing this: ./configure make sudo make install xbill This document is available under Creative Commons ShareAlike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA)