UGC NET Physical Education Book pdf [ Sample]

Unit -I: Physical Education
DIWAKAR EDUCATION HUB Page 2
S. N. TOPIC
Physical Education
PAGE NO.
1.
Physical education and adapted physical
education, their objectives
Philosophies of education as applied to
physical education
4-22
2. Development of Physical education in
Greece, Rome, Sweden, Russia England,
Denmark, Germany, USA, Australia and
China.
23-44
3. Growth and development of physical
education in India: 45-56
4.
Recreation- its principles, characteristics
and importance. Modern trends in
recreation. Indoor and outdoor
recreational programmes. Recreational
programmes for various categories of
people.
57-75
5. Wellness- its importance, benefits and
challenges. Development and maintenance
of wellness.
76-84
6. Teaching Aptitude – nature, objectives,
characteristics of teaching, learner
characteristics and teaching methods.
85-106
7.
107-

Social aspects of sports- sports as a
socializing agency, social values , sports
leadership, sports as cultural heritage and
social aspects of competition.
124
8. Ancient & Modern Olympics games, Asian
and Commonwealth games. 125-
135
9. Structure and functions of international
and national bodies controlling various
games and sports,. Prominent honours and
awards in games and sports.
136-
150

What is Physical education and adapted physical
education, their objectives Philosophies of
education as applied to physical education?
Physical education
The concept of physical education is generally understood as
organisation of some games, sports or physical education activities
in schools. There are schools where specific periods are allocated
for this subject in the time table. It has been noticed that during such
periods, most of the students are either left on their own to play the
games in a way they like or they are taken to the field where they
engage themselves in different sports without the guidance or
supervision of teachers. In some schools, selected students play
games like football, cricket, volleyball, hockey, basketball, and so
on.
1. According to Webster’s Dictionary Physical education is a integral
part of education which gives instructions in the development and
care of the body ranging from simple calisthenic exercises to a
course of study providing training in hygiene, gymnastics and the
performance and management of athletics games.
2. Columbia Encyclopaedia Physical education and training, is an
organised instruction in motor activities that contribute to the
physical growth, health and body image of the individual.
3. Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation
defines Physical education as an education through physical

activities for the development of total personality of the child to its
fullness and perfection in body, mind and spirit.
Annual sports are organised, but again in such activities only a few
selected students participate. All these experiences taken together
provide a basic understanding of the physical education as a
concept. However, when we go into details of the aims, objectives
and concepts of physical education, we learn that they go beyond
these traditional beliefs.
As we know, education, particularly school education, aims at the
holistic development of children. It provides students with
opportunities to grow and develop as adults to be useful for the
society. It is important for us to know that one of the most important
requirements for growing into healthy adulthood is the physical
growth which supports cognitive development. It is, therefore,
necessary that all children get adequate opportunity to participate in
free play, informal and formal games, sports and yoga activities. It is
in this context that health has been made a significant component of
the subject of Physical Education in the school education system of
the country. The subject “Health and Physical Education” adopts a
holistic definition of health within which physical education and yoga
contribute to the physical, social, emotional and mental
development of a child.
In view of the above, the meaning of physical education becomes a
little different from what is commonly understood. Physical
education comprises holistic education for the development of
personality of the child to its fullest and perfection in body, mind and
spirit through engaging in regular physical activities. Physical
education through the medium of physical activities helps
individuals to attain and maintain physical fitness.

It contributes to physical efficiency, mental alertness and the
development of qualities like perseverance, team spirit, leadership
and obedience to rules. It develops personal and social skills among
the learners and makes a positive impact on their physical, social,
emotional and mental development. It also contributes to the total
health of learners and the community. Physical education thus, can
be defined as a subject that is not only focused on physical fitness
but is also concerned with development of a number of skills,
abilities and attitudes for leading a healthy lifestyle.
Objectives of Physical Education As discussed above, by now it
may be clear to you that the aim of physical education is not only
physical development but also to equip learners with knowledge,
skills, capacities, values, and the enthusiasm to maintain and carry
on a healthy lifestyle. It promotes physical fitness, develops motor
skills and the understanding of rules, concepts and strategies of
playing games and sports. Students learn to either work as part of a
team, or as individuals in a wide variety of competitive activities.
The main objectives of physical education are to:
• develop motor abilities like strength, speed, endurance,
coordination, flexibility, agility and balance, as they are important
aspects for good performance in different games and sports.
• develop techniques and tactics involved in organised physical
activities, games and sports.
• acquire knowledge about human body as its functioning is
influenced by physical activities.
• understand the process of growth and development as
participation in physical activities has positive relationship with it.

• develop socio-psychological aspects like control of emotions,
balanced behaviour, development of leadership and followership
qualities and team spirit through participation in games and sports.
Games and Sports as a Cultural Heritage
The games and sport activities that you play today have a strong
linkage to our culture. Sport activities which dominate any region is
embedded in the cultural milieu. Some of the sports that reflect the
culture of a region of our country are Kho-Kho, Kabbadi, Archery,
Lezim, Wrestling and so on. Our ancestors survived on hunting with
the use of throwing stones as well as bow and arrows, running,
jumping etc. were used for survival and recreation. Later when man
became more civilised, it took the shape of competitive sports like
athletics, wrestling, archery and so on. So, we can see a strong
bonding of our culture in the present evolution of games and sports.
Mechanical Aspects in Physical Education
Physical education takes into consideration the mechanical aspects
of various physical activities being performed. You are aware that
the concepts regarding laws of motion, lever, force and its
generation, maintenance of equilibrium, centre of gravity and its
impact on movements, law of acceleration, speed and its
development form important content areas of physical education.
You will also study these aspects in your science textbook.
Biological Contents in Physical Education
The contents drawn from the biological sciences take into
consideration the areas of heredity and environment, growth and
development, organs and systems, understanding of joints
classification, and possible movements around these joints. In
addition, muscles and their properties, effect of exercise on various

systems of the body (like circulatory, respiratory, muscular,
digestive and skeletal systems) are also linked to physical activities.
Health Education and Wellness Contents in Physical Education
Physical education includes contents related to the area of health
education through understanding the concept of hygiene,
knowledge about various communicable and noncommunicable
diseases, problems relating to health and their prevention, proper
nutrition and balanced diet. Community health, school health
service programme, assessment of health status, prevention, safety
and first aid for common injuries are also included in the scope of
physical education.
Psycho-social Content of Physical Education
Psycho-social aspect of physical education extends to the study of
areas regarding individual differences, personality development,
learning of various skills, motivation and its techniques, anxiety
management, ethical and social values, group dynamics,
cooperation, cohesiveness and learning. It also focuses on
emotional development, relationships with peer/parents and others,
self concept and self esteem.
Talent Identification and Training Content in Physical
Education
Physical education includes contents with regard to talent
identification, development of components in relation to specific
sport, understanding of various types of activities like aerobic,
anaerobic, rhythmic and calisthenics. Training programmes,
learning and perfection of various movements, sport skills,
techniques and tactical patterns, warming up, load adaptation,
recovery and cooling down are also a part of physical education.

Unit -I: Physical Education MCQS
DIWAKAR
EDUCATION
HUB

1. Which organ of the Alimentary
canal is known as 'Graveyard of Red
Blood Cells' ?
(A) Liver
(B) Pancreas
(C) Spleen
(D) Duodenum
Answer: A
2. The longest muscle in the body is–
(A) Deltoid
(B) Iliopsoas
(C) Pectoralis Major
(D) Sartorius
Answer: D
3. Which of the following is a scalar
quantity ?
(A) Mass
(B) Weight
(C) Velocity
(D) Gravity
Answer: A
4. White muscle fibers are better
adopted to perform–
(A) Slow contraction
(B) Fast contraction
(C) Medium contraction
(D) No contraction
Answer: A
5. In a cardiac cycle what is the ratio
of ventricle systole and ventricle
diastole?
(A) 0.1 sec/0.7 sec
(B) 0.2 sec/0.6 sec
(C) 0.3 sec/0.5 sec
(D) 0.4 sec/0.4 sec
Answer: C
6. Which one of the following is not
considered as an organisation?
(A) Clubs
(B) Schools
(C) Associations
(D) Society
Answer: A
7. The camp crafts involve–
(A) Motor skills
(B) Racial skills
(C) Mental skills
(D) Mechanical skills
Answer: C
8. Which one of the following is not
connected with the concept of

motivation?
(A) Drive
(B) Sympathy
(C) Need
(D) Motive
Answer: A
9. The another name for percussion
manipulation is–
(A) Petrissage
(B) Kneeding
(C) Pressure
(D) Tapotment
Answer: D
10. Trypsin helps in the digestion of–
(A) Vitamins
(B) Fats
(C) Protein
(D) Carbohydrates
Answer: C
11. For effective administration, the
physical education teacher must
possess–
(A) High qualification
(B) Good personality
(C) Technical Knowledge and skills
(D) Teaching ability
Answer: C
12. Adrenalin, which is an excitatary
hormone is secreted by–
(A) Pancreas
(B) Gonads
(C) Thyroid
(D) Suprarenal glands
Answer: A
13. The degree of uniformity with
which various tester score the same
test is found through–
(A) Validity
(B) Objectivity
(C) Reliability
(D) Norms
Answer: D
14. The National Malaria Eradicating
Programme was launched in India in
the year–
(A) 1973
(B) 1963
(C) 1953
(D) 1951
Answer: C
15. Structural and functional unit of

kidney is–
(A) Nephron
(B) Neuron
(C) Mitochondria
(D) Epidermis
Answer: A
16. The most suitable class
formation for teaching shotput is a–
(A) Circle
(B) Triangle
(C) Semicircle
(D) Square
Answer: C
17. Top spin causes–
(A) Higher rebound
(B) Lower rebound
(C) Rebound to the left
(D) Rebound to the right
Answer: B
18. 'ATLAS OF MAN' which describes
the body types was written by–
(A) Heath
(B) Carter
(C) Kretchmer
(D) Sheldon
Answer: D
19. Upto the age of Puberty the sex
hormones are secreted by–
(A) Pituitary gland
(B) Adrenal gland
(C) Testes
(D) Ovaries
Answer: A
20. Dynamometer is used to
measure–
(A) Flexibility
(B) Agility
(C) Strength
(D) Speed
Answer: C
21. Bhartiyam' was conducted to
promote–
(A) Indigenous games
(B) Dands and Baithaks
(C) Free hand exercises
(D) Mass rhythmic activities
Answer: D
22. The knot used to tie a bandage is
known as–
(A) Clove hitch
(B) Granny knot

Unit - II: Physical Education
S. N. TOPIC
Physical Education
PAGE NO.
1.
Exercise physiology its scope and
importance in the field of physical
education and sports.
3-20
2.
Cardio respiratory adaptations to long and
short term physical activities.
21-27
3.
Muscle- its types , characteristics and
functions. Microscopic structure of muscle
fibre. Sliding filament theory of muscular
contraction. Types of muscle fibres and
sports performance. Muscular adaptations
to exercise.
28-43
4.
Neuro-muscular junction and transmission
of nerve impulse, kinesthetic Sense organs
and neural control of motor skills.
44-63
5.
Bio-chemical aspects of exercise -
Metabolism of food products. Aerobic and
anaerobic systems during rest and
exercise. Direct and indirect methods of
measuring energy cost of exercise.
64-86
6.
Recovery process - Physiological aspects of
fatigue. Restoration of energy stores.
Recovery oxygen. Nutritional aspects of
87-103

performance.
7.
Environmental influence on human
physiology under exercise.
104-108
8.
Women in sports- trainability.
Physiological gender differences and
special problems of women athletes.
109-134
9.
Aging - Physiological consequences, life
style management and healthful aging.
135-146
10. Physiological responses of various
therapeutic modalities and rehabilitation. 147-163
11. Physiological aspects of various Ergogenic
aids. Massage manipulations and their
physiological responses.
164-178

What is Exercise physiology its scope and
importance in the field of physical education and
sports ?
Exercise physiology its scope and importance in the field of
physical education and sports
Exercise physiology is the study of the body’s responses to physical
activity. These responses include changes in metabolism and in
physiology of different areas of the body like the heart, lungs, and
muscles, and structural changes in cells. The word exercise comes
from the Latin exercitus, “to drive forth,” while physiology comes
from the words physis (“nature”) and logia (“study”).
History of Exercise Physiology
Exercise has been regarded as important to human health for
thousands of years, beginning with ancient cultures. The Greek
physician Hippocrates is one of the earliest-recorded and most well-
known proponents of exercise. He recommended moderate
exercise in order to stay healthy and even improve health. Other
prominent ancient scholars throughout history followed suit,
including Plato, Aristotle, and the Roman physician Galen, who
believed that exercise improved general health, metabolism,
and muscle tone, and even led to better bowel movements. Later,
the Persian physician Avicenna also wrote in support of Galen in the
medical text Canon of Medicine.

Avicenna believed that exercise balanced the four body humors (an
idea that was popular at the time and had been passed down from
Ancient Greece). Importantly, he also recognized that too much
exercise could have negative effects on the body.
In the 16th Century, around the start of Scientific Revolution,
physicians began to write books on exercise. One of the earliest
known books on exercise was Book of Bodily Exercise, written by
the Spanish physician Cristobal Mendez. In his book, Mendez
discussed benefits, types, and values of exercise, along with
common exercises and why they were important to perform. In the
19th Century, some medical textbooks began to include chapters on
exercise. The negative effects of lack of exercise, including poor
circulation, weakness, and increased likelihood of disease, became
more well-known. As the importance of physical activity became
more and more important, schools also began to offer physical
education classes, which required students to perform exercises for
a set period of time each day.
The first true exercise physiology textbook, Exercise in Education
and Medicine by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie, was published in 1910.
Laboratories devoted to the study of exercise physiology were also
established in the 20th Century. These included the Harvard
Fatigue Laboratory, opened in 1927, and the Physical Fitness
Research Laboratory at University of Illinois, opened in 1944.
These schools conducted numerous on such topics as fatigue,
cardiovascular changes during exercise, oxygen uptake by the
body, and the effects of training. In 1948, the Journal of Applied
Physiology began to be published. This journal publishes peer-
reviewed research in exercise physiology and still exists today.
While contributing greatly to our understanding of exercise’s effects,
exercise physiology labs also trained numerous scientists who

would go on to found their own exercise physiology laboratories in
universities and medical schools all over the world.
Types of Exercise Physiology
The two types of exercise physiology are sport and clinical. Sport
exercise physiology is, as its name suggests, related to athletes.
Sport physiologists use knowledge of the body’s response to
exercise in order to develop training regimens for athletes. Such
regimens include fitness conditioning, which is the process of
training to become more physically fit through periods of exercising
certain muscles and resting.
Clinical exercise physiology is the use of physical activity for
therapy, treatment, and prevention of chronic diseases. One
disease that can be aided by exercise is diabetes. Exercise uses
the body’s stored glucose, so a diabetic may use exercise to help
keep their blood sugar levels down. Another disease treated with
exercise therapy is osteoporosis, the loss of bone tissue that
commonly occurs in old age. Osteoporosis may cause joint pain and
limit movement. Clinical exercise physiologists work with affected
individuals to show them how to exercise in a safe way that
minimizes pain, and may recommend activities such as swimming
that are easier on the joints. Exercise is also sometimes used as
part of a treatment for anxiety and depression, either as a
standalone condition or as a result of a physical disease, because it
raises serotonin levels and reduces stress.
Exercise Physiology Careers
Many different careers in exercise physiology are available, and the
number of jobs in the US is expected to increase as
the population ages and obesity rates continue to rise. Exercise
physiologists may work in a variety of non-clinical or clinical

settings. Non-clinical settings include fitness
centers, community organizations, and corporate fitness facilities.
Sports physiologists may work in private fitness facilities or even for
professional sports organizations. Clinical physiologists may be
employed by hospitals, community facilities, and nursing homes.
Many exercise physiologists enter careers in personal training,
allowing them to work with clients one-on-one for an extended
period of time to help them make progress with their exercise
regimen.
With an exercise physiology degree, one may also pursue
physiology research. Although a doctorate is needed to be
the head of a physiology lab, those with bachelor’s degrees can
become a research technician, and those with master’s degrees
may be able to progress to being a research assistant or lab
manager. In these positions, exercise physiologists perform
research under the supervision of doctors and scientists. They may
work in laboratory settings in hospitals, medical schools, or industry.
Supplementing Your Energy ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is a molecule made in every cell. It’s like
the currency your body uses for cellular energy. Your body uses a
sugar called D-Ribose (also known as ribose) to create that
currency. But ribose is not like rollover minutes. You can’t store it
up.
If you’re doing something strenuous that requires a lot of exertion,
you’ll need a lot of it, maybe more than your body can churn out
right away. And if your muscles are sore from a workout, you’ll need
to recover in a reasonable time so you can keep up your workout
schedule. For that reason, Bioenergy Ribose is an ideal supplement
to take.

I play tennis 8-9 times a week, without a day to relax and re-boot. I
need to keep my ribose storehouse constantly replenished, so it is
an important part of my supplement program.
Other supplements to consider include vitamin D, which has been
shown to improve performance in older adults, and magnesium
because it also relaxes muscles and eases soreness.
For sustained energy, I’m also a huge fan of drinking tea all day. I’m
not one of those people who think caffeine is the worst thing people
can ingest. Plenty of research shows that coffee helps diminish risks
for a number of health conditions. But as much as I love Starbucks,
for sustained all-day energy, I’m a big fan of green tea, which gives
you caffeine without the jitters. It contains an amino acid called L-
theanine, which is also associated with clear, calm focus and even
better sleep. You can also try black, oolong, white, or yerba matte
tea. While they don’t contain relaxing theanine, they have many
health-giving properties, and the mild dose of caffeine offers
sustained energy.
Stop Looking For Zebras!
One of the cleverest pieces of advice I got in grad school was from
a professor who said, “When you hear hoofbeats outside your
window, don’t start looking for zebras.”
Low-energy people often start looking for answers in food
sensitivities or weird genetic anomalies. Sure that might be the
reason, just as hoofbeats might be from zebras, but the more logical
explanation is also the simplest: You’re tired because you don’t
sleep enough. Instead of looking for magical superfoods, try getting
7-8 hours of sleep each night. Seriously.

Unit -II: Physical Education MCQS
DIWAKAR
EDUCATION
HUB

1. The headquarters of The
International Olympic Committee is
situated in -
1) Vienna, Austria
2) Lausanne, Switzerland
3) Geneva, Switzerland
4) Madrid, Spain
ANS: 2
2. Former Olympic Champion, 28
year old Li Xuerul who announced
(in October 2019) her retirement,
was associated with -
1) Baseball
2) Boxing
3) Softball
4) Badminton
ANS: 4
Note: Li Xuerul a Former Olympic
Champion is a retired Chinese
Badminton player, the most
successful player of her time.
3. Ben Stokes is associated with the
game of -
1) Badminton
2) Football
3) Hockey
4) Cricket
ANS: 4
4. The Subroto Game is associated
with the game of -
1) Hockey
2) Football
3) Cricket
4) Tennis
ANS: 2
5. Salwa Eid Nasser has won the gold
medal in the 400 m women's race for
2019 IAAF World Athletics
Championships. She is from which
country?
1) Kenya
2) Kuwait
3) Peru
4) Bahrain
ANS: 4
Note: Salwa Eid-Nasser, a Nigerian
born Bahraini athlete sprinter, who
specialises in the 400 meters.
6. IAAF World Athletics
Championships 2019 was held at
which place?
1) Ulan Ude, Russia
2) Doha, Qatar
3) Riyadh, UAE
4) Seoul, South Korea

ANS: 2
7. Sarah Taylor is a womn cricketer.
She plays for which of the following
countries?
1) Australia
2) New Zealand
3) South Africa
4) England
ANS: 4
8. Who is the second fastest
batsman to score 25 centuries in the
test format after Sir Don Bradman?
1) Virat Kohli
2) Mahela Jayawardene
3) Kane Williamson
4) Steve Smith
ANS: 4
9. The world's largest cricket
stadium situated at -
1) Kolkata
2) Manchester
3) Melbourne
4) Motera
ANS: 4
Note: The Motera Stadium is
situated in Ahmedabad, Gujarat and
is the largest cricket stadium ever
built in the world. The stadium was
originally named as the Gujarat
Stadium, but was later changed to
Sardar Patel Stadium as a tribute to
the legendary freedom fighter. The
stadium is also known as the Motera
Stadium. The Motera Stadium will
have a seating capacity of 1,10,00,
which beats out MGC's seating
capacity.
10. Which of the following club has
won the FIFA Club World Cup,2019?
1) Barcelona
2) Real Madrid
3) Juventas
4) Liverpool
ANS: 4
Note: Liverpool emerged champion
of the FIFA Club World Cup 2019 as it
defeated South American Champion
Flamengo.
11. Where was India's first Day-Night
Test organised?
1) Delhi
2) Kolkata
3) Mumbai
4) Chennai
ANS: 2

12. Which country hosted the the
13th South Asian Games 2019?
1) Bangladesh
2) Nepal
3) Bhutan
4) India
ANS: 2
13. Who among the following won
the gold medal in 10,000 meters race
in Asian Athletics Championship,
2017?
1) Govindan Lakshmanan
2) Adilet Kyshtabekov
3) Gopi Thonakal
4) Chen Chich
ANS: 1
14. Which of the following city
hosted the 2017 Asian Athletics
Championship?
1) Delhi
2) Bengaluru
3) Bhubaneshwar
4) Chandigarh
ANS: 3
15. What was the mascots for the
2017 FIFA Under-17 World Cup
Football Tournament played in
India?
1) SHERA
2) BHOLU
3) KHELEO
4) APPU
ANS: 3
16. Which among the following
country won the Women's Rugby
World Cup held in 2017?
1) England
2) New Zealand
3) Canada
4) Australia
ANS: 2
17. Which of the following teams
won the final in Vijay Hazare Trophy
2018?
1) Rajasthan
2) Mumbai
3) Delhi
4) Punjab
ANS: 2
18. Who is the present captain of
India's men National field hockey
team?
1) Akashdeep Singh
2) Harmanpreet Singh

Unit - III: Physical Education

DIWKAR EDUCATION HUB Page 2
S. N. TOPIC
Physical Education
PAGE NO.
1.
Kinesiology and biomechanics. Modern
trends in biomechanics. Planes and Axes of
human body. Joints and their movements.
3-27
2.
Muscle attachments - Origin, insertion,
action and leverage of the principal
muscles used in sports.
28-33
3.
Motion: its laws and their application in
sports. Projectile and principles of
projections
34-44
4.
Linear and angular kinematics and kinetics. 45-54
5.
Friction, Spin, impact and elasticity. 55-60
6.
Air and water dynamics. 61-65
7.
Mechanical advantage and applications of
Levers in sports.
66-70
8.
Posture and its deformities with their
corrective exercises.
71-97

9.
Kinesiological, Muscular and mechanical
analyses of fundamental movements:
98-104
10.
Mechanical analyses of major sports skills 105-108

What is Kinesiology and biomechanics. Modern
trends in biomechanics. Planes and Axes of
human body. Joints and their movements ?
Kinesiology and biomechanics. Modern trends in
biomechanics. Planes and Axes of human body. Joints and
their movements
Kinesiology studies the mechanics of human movement and how
they impact our health and wellbeing. During classes, students learn
how to combine a holistic approach with Anatomy, Biomechanics,
and Psychology principles to help increase or repair the physical
mobility of patients.
Kinesiology degrees have been growing in popularity because they
can be applied in numerous areas, such as Health (body & mind),
Fitness, Sport, and Recreation.
Here are the 9 main objectives of Kinesiology:
 Relaxation
 Correcting the alignment and posture of the body
 Increasing joints mobility
 Increasing muscle strength
 Increasing muscular endurance
 Coordination, control, balance

 Exercise training
 Respiratory re-education
 Sensory re-education
Kinesiology graduates can specialise in:
 Exercise Science: Graduates become sports teachers,
trainers, or coaches and teach people how to stay fit, do
physical exercises, and practise sports.
 Kinesiology & Physical Therapy: Specialists help people
maintain their physical and mental health through massage,
reflexotherapy, therapeutic recovery, lymphatic drainage, and
other techniques.
 Fitness & Nutrition: Professionals learn to stop allergies and
combine supplements, vitamins, and sport to help patients
maintain a healthy mind & body.
A day in the life of a kinesiologist
Kinesiologists work with people in diverse settings, like clinics, one-
on-one, teams, or in a studio. Kinesiology professionals use
exercises, stretches, and weights to help patients recover their
health or stay fit and avoid injuring themselves.
Soft skills, like leadership and coaching, allow kinesiologists to form
life-long relations with their clients. These connections and the
ability to help people enjoy life again are some of the most
rewarding aspects of a Kinesiology career.
Here’s what our colleague, Ioana, a kinesiotherapist, had to say
about the career she chose: “As a kinesiotherapist, you would
perform assessment measures and develop exercise therapy

programmes to fit the needs of patients who have been referred to
you by a physician or nurse practitioner.
You can combine art therapy classes (colours, music, dance),
exercises, psychology, occupational therapy, recreation, and
therapeutic activities.
All you need is imagination and the desire to help people, which will
make things easier for you, will improve the life of others, and you’ll
develop together with them.”
Adaptation through Exercise
Adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that
relates to improved fitness in athletes, as well as health and
wellness in clinical populations. Exercise is a simple and
established intervention for many movement disorders and
musculoskeletal conditions due to the neuroplasticity of the brain.
Therapeutic exercise has been shown to improve neuromotor
control and motor capabilities in both normal and pathological
populations.
There are many different types of exercise interventions that can be
applied to kinesiology to athletic, normal, and clinical populations.
Aerobic exercise interventions can help to improve cardiovascular
endurance. Anaerobic strength training can help increase muscular
strength, power, and lean body mass. Decreased risk of falls and
increased neuromuscular control can be attributed to balance
intervention programs. Flexibility programs can increase functional
range of motion and reduce the risk of injury.
Taken collectively, exercise programs can reduce symptoms of
depression and risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such

as diabetes. Additionally, they can help improve quality of life,
sleeping habits, immune system function, and body composition.
The study of physiologic responses to physical exercise and their
therapeutic applications is known as exercise physiology, which is a
major research focus for Kinesiologists.
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity is also a key scientific principle used in kinesiology
to describe how movement and changes in the brain are related.
The human brain adapts and acquires new motor skills based on
this principle, which includes both adaptive and maladaptive brain
changes.
Recent empirical evidence indicates the significant impact of
physical activity on brain function. For example, greater amounts of
physical activity are associated with enhanced cognitive function in
older persons. The effects of physical activity can be distributed
throughout the entire brain, such as higher grey matter density and
white matter integrity after exercise, and/or specific brain areas such
as greater activation in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
Neuroplasticity is also the underlying mechanism of skill acquisition.
For example, after long-term training, pianists showed greater grey
matter density in sensorimotor cortex and white matter integrity in
the internal capsule compared to non-musicians.
Maladaptive plasticity
Maladaptive plasticity is defined as the neuroplasticity with negative
effects or detrimental consequences in behaviour. Movement
abnormalities may occur among individuals with and without brain
injuries due to abnormal remodeling in the central nervous system
(CNS). Learned non-use is an example commonly seen among

patients with brain damage, such as stroke. Patients with stroke
learned to suppress paretic limb movement after unsuccessful
experience in paretic hand use. This may cause decreased
neuronal activation at adjacent areas of the infarcted motor cortex.
There are many types of therapies that Kinesiologists might explore
to overcome maladaptive plasticity in clinic and research, such as
constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), body weight support
treadmill training (BWSTT), and virtual reality therapy. These
interventions have been shown to enhance motor function in paretic
limbs and stimulate cortical reorganization in patients with brain
damage.
Motor Redundancy
Motor redundancy is a widely-used concept in kinesiology and
motor control which states that for any task the human body can
perform, there are effectively an unlimited number of ways the
nervous system could achieve that task. This redundancy appears
at multiple levels in the chain of motor execution.
Kinematic redundancy means that for a desired location of the
endpoint (e.g. the hand or finger) there are many configurations of
the joints that would produce the same endpoint location in space.
Muscle redundancy means that the same net joint torque could be
generated by many different relative contributions of individual
muscles.
The concept of motor redundancy is explored in numerous studies
usually with the goal of describing the relative contribution of a set
of motor elements (e.g. muscles) in various human movements, and
how these contributions can be predicted from a comprehensive
theory. Two distinct (but not incompatible) theories have emerged
for how the nervous system coordinates redundant elements:

MCQS
DIWAKAR
EDUCATION
HUB

Unit - III: Physical Education MCQS
1. Endoskeleton involves
(a) Covering of skin, hair, nails
(b) Bones and cartilages
(c) Bones only
(d) None of the above.
Answer: B
2. Exoskeleton involves
(a) Covering of skin, hair nails
(b) Bones and cartilages
(c) Long bones only
(d) Short bones only.
Answer: A
3. Study of joints is called
(a) Kinesiology
(b) Biology
(c) Anthropometry
(d) Anthology.
Answer: D
4. ‘Hunch back’ is also known as
(a) Back pain
(b) scoliosis
(c) lordosis
(d) kyphosis.
Answer: D
5. Side ward curvature of the spine is
called
(a) knock knee
(b) kyphosis
(c) Scoliosis
(d) lordosis.
Answer: C
6. The path of an object project
projected into free air space is
known as
(a) Speed
(b) abnormal curve
(c) Velocity
(d) parabola.
Answer: D
7. Boxer’s muscles are
(a) trapezius
(b) sterno cliedo mastoid
(c) Abdominal
(d) Deltoid.
Answer: D
8. ‘Neck joint’ is an example of
(a) Pivot joint
(b) Hinge joint
(c) Saddle joint
(d) Condyloid joint.

Answer: A
9. ‘Trapeziums’ muscles help in
(a) Pushing the neck backward
(b) Punching
(c) Raising the leg forward
Answer: A
10. Strongest ligament of the hip
joint is
(a) pub femoral
(b) Ileofemoral
(c) Ischiofemoral
Answer: B
11. Which type of lever is most
effective in sport movements?
(a) Third class
(b) Second class
(c) First class
Answer: A
12. Which muscle is involved in the
elevation of arm?
(a) Deltoid
(b) Biceps
(c) Triceps
(d) Quadriceps.
Answer: A
13. Which of the following is an
example of bi-axial joint?
(a) Hinge
(b) Pivot
(c) Both (a) and (b)
Answer: C
14. Number of bones in the axial
skeleton is
(a) 60
(b) 80
(c) 40
(d) 20.
Answer: B
15. Number of bones in the
appendicle skeleton is
(a) 120
(b) 180
(c) 126
(d) 116.
Answer: C
16. Movements possible in condyloid
joint are

(a) Flexion and extension
(b) Circumduction only
(c) Flexion, extension abduction,
adduction
(d) Flexion, extension, abduction
adduction and circumduction.
Answer: D
17. Which of the following is an
example of uniaxial joint?
(a) Condyloid
(b) Saddle
(c) Hinge
(d) Condyloid and saddle both.
Answer: D
18. The cartilage which serves to
cushion the impact of large forces on
bone ends is called
(a) Fibrous cartilage
(b) Hyaline cartilage
(c) Notch
(d) fossa.
Answer: B
19. Function of long bones in the
body is to
(a) Give strength
(b) Give protection
(c) Act as lever
(d) Provide surface area for muscle
attachment.
Answer: B
20. Force generation but fiber
lengthening is also known as
(a) Eccentric contraction
(b) Isotonic contraction
(c) Isometric contraction.
Answer: A
21. Interval training is used for the
development of
(a) Flexibility
(b) Agility
(c) Explosive strength
(d) Endurance.
Answer: D
22. Bending forward of the trunk is
an example of movement in the
(a) Frontal plane
(b) Transverse plane
(c) sagittal plane
(d) Longitudinal axis.
Answer: C
23. A forward upward movement of
the foot at the ankle joint is

Unit - IV: Physical Education
S. N. TOPIC
Physical Education
PAGE NO.
1.
Sports psychology- its importance in the field
of physical education and sports
3-11
2.
Motivation in sports- types, theories and
dynamics.
12-23
3.
Psychological factors affecting sports
performance- Emotions, Anxiety aggression,
stress ,self confidence, concentration ,
mental practice and goal setting.
24-29
4.
Personality- Theories of personality,
measurement of personality.
30-43
5.
Group dynamics, Group cohesion and
leadership in sports.
44-54
6.
Cognitive process- memory and thinking.
Principles of Motor skill learning.
55-70

7.
Transfer of training and its types with its
implication in sports. Long and short term
psychological preparation for performance/
competition, Psychological skill training for
activation and relaxation, Spectators and
sports performance.
71-129

What is Sports psychology- its importance in the
field of physical education and sports?
Sports psychology- its importance in the field of physical
education and sports
Sports psychology is a relatively young discipline in psychology. In
1920, Carl Diem founded the world’s first sports psychology
laboratory at the Deutsche Sporthochschule in Berlin, Germany. In
1925, two more sports psychology labs were established—one by
A.Z. Puni at the Institute of Physical Culture in Leningrad and the
other by Coleman Griffith at the University of Illinois.
Griffith began offering the first course in sports psychology in 1923
and later published the first book on the subject titled The
Psychology of Coaching (1926). Unfortunately, Griffith’s lab was
closed in 1932 due to a lack of funds. After the lab was shut down,
there was very little research on sports psychology until the subject
experienced a revival of interest during the 1960s.
Ferruccio Antonelli established the International Society of Sport
Psychology (ISSP) in 1965 and by the 1970s sports psychology had
been introduced to university course offerings throughout North
America. The first academic journal, the International Journal of
Sport Psychology, was introduced in 1970, which was then followed
by the establishment of the Journal of Sport Psychology in 1979.
By the 1980s, sports psychology became the subject of a more
rigorous scientific focus as researchers began to explore how
psychology could be used to improve athletic performance, as well

as how exercise could be utilized to improve mental well-being and
lower stress levels.
Applied Sports psychologists
Applied sport and exercise psychology involves extending theory
and research into the field to educate coaches, athletes, parents,
exercisers, fitness professionals, and athletic trainers about the
psychological aspects of their sport or activity. A primary goal of
professionals in applied sport and exercise psychology is to
facilitate optimal involvement, performance, and enjoyment in sport
and exercise.
Practice in the field of applied sport and exercise psychology usually
involves a combination of individual and group consulting or
counseling depending on the style of the professional conducting
the intervention and the needs of the client. Although there are
many specific concepts within applied sport and exercise
psychology (e.g., goal setting, concentration, motivation, relaxation,
imagery), the general goal is to teach mental skills necessary to
perform consistently in training and competition, increase
adherence to exercise programs, and to help individuals realize
their potential.
Major Topics of Sports Psychology
There are a number of different topics that are of special interest to
sports psychologists. Some professionals focus on a specific area,
while others study a wide range of techniques.

 Attentional focus: Involves the ability to tune out distractions,
such as a crowd of screaming fans, and focus attention on the
task at hand.
 Imagery: Involves visualizing performing a task, such as
participating in an athletic event or successfully performing a
particular skill.
 Motivation: A major subject in sports psychology, the study
of motivation looks at both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators.
Extrinsic motivators are external rewards, such as trophies,
money, medals, or social recognition. Intrinsic motivators arise
from within, such as a personal desire to win or the sense of
pride that comes from performing a skill.
Role of Sports Psychologist:
 Bachelors degree in Psychology/Kinesiology or related
(essential).
 Member of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology
(highly advantageous).
 Two years of experience as a Sports Psychologist.
 Thorough understanding of sports culture and the ability to
display sound judgment.
 Ability to communicate and interact closely with athletes,
coaching staff and administrative personnel.
 Tailor strategies that assist athletes in overcoming difficulties,
improving performance and preparing for competition.
 Work with a multidisciplinary team including other
psychologists, nutritionists, GPs, coaches and physiologists.

Role of Sports Psychology
The specialized field of sports psychology has developed rapidly in
recent years. The importance of a sports psychologist as an integral
member of the coaching and health care teams is widely
recognized. Sports psychologists can teach skills to help athletes
enhance their learning process and motor skills, cope with
competitive pressures, fine-tune the level of awareness needed for
optimal performance, and stay focused amid the many distractions
of team travel and in the competitive environment.
Importance of Sports psychology
This is best accomplished by a collaborative effort among the
coach, the sport psychologist, and the athlete; however, a
knowledgeable and interested coach can learn basic psychological
skills and impart them to the athlete, especially during actual
practice.to help the parties’ air and resolve differences.
The following points the importance of sports psychology
1. Enhancement of Physiological Capacities
Sports psychology plays a very unique role in the enhancement of
physiological capacities such as strength, speed and flexibility etc.,
Motivation plays a major role in the enhancement of physical
capacity of sport persons. It is wellknown as well as an established
fact that psychological capacities or powers can increase
physiological capacities of individuals.
2. Learning the Motor Skills

Sports psychology plays its major role in the learning of motor skills.
Motor skills learning depends on the individual's level of readiness,
i.e., physiological readiness and psychological readiness.
Physiological readiness in children is development of the necessary
strength, flexibility and endurance as well as the development of
various organ systems so that they may perform motor skills
required in the activity. Psychological readiness is related to the
learner's state of mind. It means the desire and willingness to learn
the particular skill. In psychological readiness, sports psychology
plays an important role. Sports psychology is also helpful in the
cognitive stage, the social-active stage and the autonomous stage
of motor skill learning.
3. Understanding the behavior
Sports psychology helps in understanding the behavior of athletes
or sportspersons engaged in competitive sports. Coaches also
come to know the interest, attitude towards physical activity,
instincts, drives and personality of sportspersons. It does not play its
role only in understanding of behavior but it also plays its role in
medication of behavior in various sports situations.
4. Controlling the emotions
Sports psychology plays a very important role in controlling the
emotions of sportspersons during practice as well as competition.
Generally, these emotions may bring spontaneous changes in the
behavior of sportspersons. These are anger, disgust, gear, negative
self-thinking and feeling of ownership, etc. If these emotions are not
controlled well in time, the performance may be decreased. Sports
psychology plays a vital role at such juncture. It helps in balancing
the arousal of emotions which further improves the performance.
5. Preparation of athletes psycho-logically for competitions

MCQS
DIWAKAR
EDUCATION
HUB

1. Decreased performance in the
beginning but gradual improvement
is indicated by
(a) Concave graph
(b) convex graph
(c) Concavo-convex graph
(d) none of the above.
Answer: A
2. Increased performance in the
beginning but gradual decline later is
indicated by
(a) Concave graph
(b) convex graph
(c) Both
Answer: B
3. Which is not a primary motive?
(a) Affection
(b) Hunger
(c) Sex
(d) Thirst.
Answer: A
4 What processes are parts of
classical conditioning?
(a) Generalization
(b) Discrimination
(c) Extinction
(d) All the above.
Answer: D
5. Psychology is taught to the
student of physical education
because
(a) It enhances performance
(b) It is related to behaviour
(c) it help in learning
(d) it motivates athletes.
Answer: B
6. In psychological testing, norm is
defined as
(a) Record of performance
(b) unique performance of a team
(c) Average performance of the team
(d) highest performance of the
athlete.
Answer: C
7. What level of stress may enhance
performance of athletes?
(a) Heightened
(b) Moderate
(c) Optimal
Answer: C

8. Concentration is the narrowest
path of
(a) Aggression
(b) arousal
(c) activation
(d) attention.
Answer: D
9. Whose name is associated with
conditioned reflex learning?
(a) John Dewey
(b) Aristotle
(c) Rousseau
(d) Pavlov.
Answer: D
10. The personal feedback is
facilitated through
(a) Television
(b) tape recorder
(c) Kinesthetic knowledge
(d) all the above.
Answer: C
11. Concurrent feedback is provided
to the learner
(a) After the activity
(b) During the activity
(c) before the activity
Answer: B
12. Psychological process of
adaptation which eventually leads to
increase in performance capacity is
known as?
(a) Principle of progression of load
(b) principles of continuity
(c) Principles of differentiation
Answer: A
13. Observing one’s own behaviour
through self-analysis is called
(a) Development method
(b) clinical method
(c) Introspection method
(d) rating scale method.
Answer: C
14. The knowing aspect or
awareness in psychology in known
as
(a) Affection
(b) conation
(c) Cognition
Answer: C

15. Reaction time is a component of
(a) Physical fitness
(b) motor fitness
(c) Health related physical fitness
Answer: B
16. The test that measures reaction
time is
(a) Standing broad jump
(b) sergeant jumps
(c) Shuttle run
(d) stick drop test.
Answer: D
17. These are the conditions related
with stress except
(a) Hypertension
(b) anemia
(c) mental illness
(d) peptic ulcer.
Answer: B
18. Theory of conditioning was given
by (a) Aristotle
(b) Pavlov
(c) Gestalt
(d) Thorndike.
Answer: B
19. Who gave the laws of learning?
(a) Watson
(b) McDougal
(c) Watson
(d) Thorndike.
Answer: D
20. Theory of learning was given by
(a) Throndike
(b) Gestalt
(c) H. C. Buck
(d) G. D. Sondhi.
Answer: A
21. Achievement motivation is
synonymous to
(a) Biofeedback theory only
(b) feedback theory
(c) neuro-biofeedback theory
Answer: B
22. The period of growth and
development from 9 to 11 years is
known as
(a) Early childhood
(b) later childhood
(c) Puberty

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