Ultrasound use in shock
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Ultrasound can be useful in the evaluation and diagnosis of patients presenting in shock. Integrating bedside ultrasound allows for a more accurate initial diagnosis and earlier treatment. The RUSH protocol assesses the heart, IVC, pericardial space and lungs to help classify the type of shock. Ultrasound findings of a dilated and collapsing IVC along with evidence of free fluid suggest the patient has hypovolemic shock likely due to internal bleeding.
Ultrasound use in shock
- 1. Is ultrasound useful in shock? Jo McDonnell
- 2. Aim Highlight what you could have a go at… Highlight what the sonoboys could do for you to help assess your patient
- 3. Shock Clinical situation where there is hypoperfusion of the cells and tissues
- 4. Background Patients with shock have high mortality rates and these rates are correlated to the amount and duration of hypotension. Diagnosis and initial care must be accurate and prompt to optimise patient outcomes. Studies have demonstrated that initial integration of bedside ultrasound into the evaluation of the patient with shock results in a more accurate initial diagnosis with earlier definitive treatment. Bedside USS allows direct visualisation of pathology or abnormal physiological states.
- 5. Remember… Ultrasound is a tool to aid diagnosis, but it won’t tell you everything… When using it we should always have a clinical question you would like it to answer
- 6. Case 1: 75 yo male, unwell, chest pain, SOB, dirty productive cough Lung cancer, angina and CCF pyrexic at 38.2 HR 110 BP 80/50 Swollen pitting oedema bilaterally
- 7. Case 1- What clinical question can the probe answer for you with this patient?
- 8. RUSH Rapid ultrasound in shock and hypotension- US protocol published with aim to differentiate classification of shock Perera P et al, Emerg Med Clin N Am 2010 H eart I vc M orrisons pouch/FAST A orta P neumothorax
- 9. Himap-THE PUMP Contractility- Hyperdynamic LV- sepsis, hypovolaemia Hypodynamic- late sepsis, cardiogenic shock What’s the RV like? – collapsing? Dilated? Obstructive shock Gross valvular dysfunction
- 11. Parasternal long axis Transducer at left sternal edge between 2nd -4th intercostal space Probe marker pointing to patients R shoulder Probe aligned along the long axis: from R shoulder to cardiac apex. Useful view to assess contractility
- 12. Transducer at 4th-6th intercostal space in the midclavicular to anterior-axillary line. Probe directed towards patient’s right shoulder with the marker directed towards the left shoulder. Important view to give relative dimensions of L and R ventricle. Normal ventricular diameter ratio of R ventricle to L ventricle is <0.7.
- 14. Pericardial Tamponade Remember tamponade is a clinical diagnosis based on patient’s haemodynamics and clinical picture. Ultrasound may demonstrate early warning signs of tamponade before the patient becomes haemodynamically unstable. Haemodynamic effects Its PRESSURE NOT SIZE THAT COUNTS! Rate of formation affects pressure-volume relationship and is therefore more important than volume of fluid.
- 15. Tamponade using ultrasound A moderate-large effusion. Right atrial collapse Atrial contraction normal in atrial systole Collapse throughout diastole or inversion is abnormal. RV collapse during diastole when meant to be filling (‘scalloping’ seen) Whats seen in the IVC…
- 16. I h map IVC
- 17. Where to put the probe… Probe position Subxiphoid Orientate probe in longitudinal plane with probe indicator to patient’s head Slightly to right of midline
- 18. Bowel gas causing problems….
- 19. The FAST view… Probe goes longitudinally in right mid axillary line with marker towards head. Look for IVC running longitudinally adjacent to the liver crossing the diaphragm Track superiorly until it enters the RA confirms it’s the IVC not the aorta
- 20. Assessing the IVC During inspiration, intrathoracic pressure becomes more negative, abdominal pressure becomes more positive, resultant increase in the pressure gradient between the supra and infra-diaphragmatic vena cava, increases venous return to the heart. Given the extrathoracic IVC is a very compliant vessel this causes diameter of IVC to decrease with normal inspiration. In patients with low intravascular volume, the inspiration to expiration diameters change much more than those who have normal or high intravascular volume.
- 21. Estimating the CVP Right atrial pressures, representing central venous pressure, can be estimated by viewing the respiratory change in the diameter of the IVC.
- 22. American society of Echocardiography 2010 guidelines
- 24. Subxiphoid long; shocked and dry
- 27. Subxiphoid transverse view of the IVC and aorta
- 28. Complicating the picture Valvular disease Pulmonary hypertension Increased intraabdominal pressure
- 30. himaP Multiple studies have shown ultrasound to be more sensitive than supine CXR for the detection of pneumothorax. Sensitivities ranged from 86-100% with specificities from 92-100%. Furthermore USS can be performed more rapidly at the bedside. Detection with ultrasound relies on the fact that free air is lighter than normal aerated lung tissue, and thus will accumulate in the nondependent areas of the thoracic cavity. (ie anteriorly when patient is supine).
- 31. To get the lung window Patient should be supine. Use high frequency linear array or a phased array transducer. Position in the midclavicular line, 3rd to 4th intercostal space with probe oriented longitudinally. Position between ribs.
- 32. Pneumothorax
- 33. Abdominal and cardiac evaluation with sonography in the hypotensive patient (ACES)
- 35. Our case… H- no pericardial effusion I- 1cm and collapses >50% M- Free fluid in the LUQ/RUQ Aorta- no AAA P – No pneumothorax
- 36. Next time…Give the probe a go…