This document summarizes several concepts from organizational theory literature:
1) Rosabeth Moss Kanter's theory of powerlessness in organizations and how it especially impacts front-line supervisors, staff professionals, and sometimes top executives who have little freedom, attention, or opportunity.
2) Joan Acker's concept of "gendering organizational theory" and how organizations are often set up with gender divisions through conscious decisions, masculine symbols and imagery, and interaction patterns that reinforce dominance.
3) Cox's view that managing diversity can enable greater problem solving, flexibility, creativity and innovation but is challenging due to entrenched organizational culture and slow change.
4) Katz and Kahn's general systems theory model of organizations as dynamic systems