Understanding and using English grammar (summarized by Hanan Nassar)
- 1. Understanding and Using English GrammarSummary of (grammar 1) by Betty Azar By : Hanan Abdallah Nassar
- 2. ensesTChapter 1: Verb of ing/ed forms1 Spelling-1 drop (E)We بحرفين تنتهي التي األفعال عدا ماE مثلseeing , agreeing hoping hopedHope dating datedDate Verbs end with E نضاعف علة وحرف واحد مقطع كان +اذا األخير الحرف نضاعف ال علة وحرفين واحد مقطع كان +اذا األخير الحرف كان +اذانضاعف ال مشدد االول المقطع األخير الحرف الحرف نضاعف مشدد الثاني المقطع كان +اذا االخير آخرها التي الكلمةW and xمثل تضاعف ال Fix fixed / plow plowed stopping stoppedStop+ raining rainedrain+ listening listenedlisten+ preferring preferredprefer+ Verbs end in vowel and consonant starting startedStart folding foldedfold twoVerbs end with consonants علة حرف يوجدthere is a vowel علة حرف يوجد الthere is no vowel enjoyedenjoyingEnjoy studiedstudyingStudy Verbs end in (Y) dying dieddie lying liedlie Verbs end in (ie)
- 3. imple PresentS2-1 Uses: 1) General statements of facts - Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. - The world is round. -Most animals kill for food 2) Habitual and everyday activity - she goes to school at 7; 00 am - I work three hours every Monday Present progressive3-1 Use: 1) Activity is in a progress at the moment of speaking, which happened in the recent past and probably will end in the near future. Look! It is raining.- - he is working here this summer -I am still waiting for a reply of my letter. They are playing right now.- Every day, year… etc. Usually sometimes always Listen look right now this + time نستخدمalwaysوالتذمر الشكوى عند you are always coming late.
- 4. الالزمة األفعالintransitiveوالمتعديةtransitive1-3-1 IntransitiveTransitive ( needs an obj) Rise, rose, risen. (the sun rises in the east) تشرق Raise, raised, raised. (You raised me up.) يرفع Sit, sat, sat ( I sit in the front)يجلسSet, set ,set. ( I will set the book on the table)يضع Lie, lay, lain. ( she is lying on the bed) استلقى Lay, laid, laid. (I am laying the book on the desk)./يرقد يضع Hang, hung, hung ( I hung the picture on the wall)يعلق Hang, hanged, hanged ( they hanged the thief.يشنق البسيط المضارع بزمن دوما وتأتي االستمرارية تقبل ال أفعال يوجدnon-progressive verbs: وهي + Mental state: know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, imagine, remember, forget, need, prefer, mean and doubt. + Emotional state: love, hate, like, dislike, fear, envy, mind and care. +possession: possess, own and belong. Sense perceptions: hear+ +Other states: seem, cost, exist, include, contain, consist of and owe. وهي أخرى حاالت في تقبلها وال حاالت في االستمرارية تقبل أفعال توجد: Think: I think he is a kind man. I am thinking about this case. Have: He has a house. I am having a good time. Taste: this apple tastes good. The chef is tasting the sauce. Smell: the flowers smell good. She is smelling the rose. See: I see a car. The doctor is seeing the patient.يرى Feel: the cat's fur feels soft she is feeling the cat's fur. Look: she feels cold. I am looking for a job. Appear: Sofy appears. The actor is appearing on the stage. Weigh: this is heavy. It weighs a lot. She is weighing the apples. Be: I am hungry. Tom is being foolish.
- 5. Simple past4-1 Use: 1) Simple past indicates an activity which began and ended in the past. Examples: - I walked to school yesterday. - Did you have dinner last night? progressivePast5-1 Use: 1) When there is two actions happened in the same time but one of them is occurred earlier and was progress when the other action occurred. I was walking on the street, when it began to rain. بعد الفعلwhen. البسيط الماضي فيأخذ األقدم هو and past progressive have the same meaningSometimes simple past It rained this morning. It was raining this morning. Present Perfect6-1 مهم غير به حدث الذي والوقت بالحاضر عالقة وله الماضي في حدث Uses: 1) Describes something happened or never happened before now, at an unspecified time (the exact time it happened is not important). this film.seenalreadyhaveI 2) Describes the repetition of an event before now, the exact time of repetition is not important. many people since he came here in May.as methHe Yesterday last + day, week, etc. this morning (when meaning is past) When While
- 6. 3) With since and for: I have been here since 7:00 Am. He has been here for two weeks. تأتيsinceشهر أو يوم أو تاريخ بعدأومعناها محدد وقت و(منذ(أماforأو رقم مع تأتيمعmanyعادة ومعناها(لمدة.) Present perfect progressive7-1 :Uses 1) An event began in the past and continues to the present. (Used with: all day, since, for) It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now. اآلن الى مستمرا زال وما الماضي في حدث 2) Expresses a general activity in progress recently or lately. I have been thinking about changing my major. األفعالlive ,work, teachفي المعنى نفس لهمpresent perfectوpresent perfect progressive استخدام عندsinceوfor He has worked at the same store since 1992. He has been working in the same store since 1992 Already Yet, Just, Ever, Never, Since + a particular time, For + a duration of time For Since Lately
- 7. perfectastP8-1 Use: 1) Two events happened in the past and ended in the past. -She had already eaten by the time he got home. Sam had left when we got there.- Past perfect progressive9-1 الماضي في آثار وله وقت وأخذ أول حدث Uses: 1) Emphasizes the duration of an event that was in progress before another event or time in the past. - The police had been looking for the thief for two years before he caught him. 2) Expresses an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in the past. - Her eyes were red because she had been crying. Simple future10-1 Use: 1) Expresses the future time by using (Will/ be going to). I will finish this work next week. نستخدمwill/ be going to( للتنبأprediction):مثالyourselfwill/ are going to hurtyou careful! ونستخدمbe going to( مسبقا لها المخطط لألمور(prior plan:مثال Are you busy tonight? Yes, I am going to meet Tom in the park. ونستخدمwill( والمشيئة للرغبةWillingness:مثال ).will answerthe phone's ringing. I البسيط المضارع استخدام ممكن بأفعال ويكون المستقبل عن للتعبير : مثل محددةopen, close, begin, end, start, finish, arrive, leave come, return. The train leaves at 6:00 PM next Monday . Already Before By the time Since For
- 8. Future progressive11-1 االستمرارية عليه وستطرأ مستقبال سيقع حدث -Don't call me at nine because I won't be home. I am going to be studying at the library. - The class will begin at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come. Some Using of Prepositions 112-1 الرئيسية األوقاتوالسنوات والفصول والشهورتأخذInمثال , winter, March, 1990(In) the morning, afternoon evening تأخذ الفرعية واألوقاتAtمثالnoon, dawn, midnight, six o'clock, present .(At) night, تأخذ واأليامOnمثالthrch 15) Monday , MaOn(
- 9. Chapter 2 : Madals 1 using of modals-2 pastPresent/futureUsesAuxiliary May I borrow your pen? Polite requestMay You may leave the room. Formal permission He may have been with Mary. Where’s John? He may be with Mary. Less than 50% certainty He might have been with Mary. Where’s John? He might be with Mary. Less than 50% certainty Might I should have studied more yesterday. ( regret/ blame) I should study more. advisabilityShould She should have passed the exam. She should pass the exam (future only) 90% certainty I ought to have studied more yesterday. I ought to study more. advisabilityOught to She ought to have passed the exam She ought to pass the exam (future only) 90% certainty the past form uncommon You had better study more, or I won't give you any penny. Advisability with threat Had better The workshop was supposed to begin at 9:00 am. The workshop is supposed to begin at 9:00 am. ExpectationBe (is, are, am) supposed to The workshop was to begin at 9:00 am. The workshop is to begin at 9:00 am. Strong expectationBe to I had to go to library yesterday. I must go to the library. Strong necessitymust You must not be late. prohibition he must have been late yesterday. He isn't in the meeting, he must be late. ( present only) 95% certainty I had to go to the library last week. I have to go to the library. necessityHave to I didn't have to go to the library last night. I don't have to go to the library tonight. Lack of necessity
- 10. I had to go to the library last week. I have got to go to the library. necessityHave got to I will go to the library next Monday. (future only) 100% certaintyWill The phone is ringing. I will answer. willingness Will you please open the door? Polite request I am going to the library next Monday. (future only) 100% certaintyBe going to I was going to buy new furniture, but I didn't have time. I am going to buy new furniture soon. (future only) Definite plan I could do this job last Friday, but now I can't. I can do this jobAbility/ possibilityCan You can borrow my bag tomorrow. Informal permission ( with family and friends) Can you open the door? Informal polite request That can't have been true! That can't be true!Impossibility ( negative only) I could ride a horse when I was child. Past abilityCould Could you open the door? polite request You could have asked your teacher or you could have seen some references. -I can't understand this issue. - You could ask your teacher or you could see some references about it. suggestion He could have been at home. Where is John? He could be at home. Less than 50% certainty That couldn't have been true! That couldn't be true! Impossibility ( negative only) I was able to help you. I am able to help you. AbilityBe able to Would you please open the door? Polite requestWould She would ratherShe would ratherpreference
- 11. have gone to the market. go to the market than study. When I was child, my mother would sing a song for me. Repeated action in the past When I was child, my mother used to sing a song for me. Repeated action in the past Used to Shall I open the door? Polite question to make suggestion (we can use let's and why don't when the subject isn't I ) Shall I shall go to the market. (will is more common) Future with I/we as subject May/ shall I open the door? May/ shall you open the door? × could be used with ' I' for polite requestshall onlyandMay When the imperative sentence can be used? 1) To give directions. For example, turn right toward the Rainbow Street. 2) To give an order. For example, open the door. 3) To make a polite request. For example, please open the door. 2 Used to v.s be used to-2 - She used to live in Jordan. past habit and repeatedthere)(It happened in the past and now she doesn't live in the past. - I am used to walking every morning. it ishappened in the past and(I am accustomed to walking in the morning) still until now. - Suzan moved from her parent's house, after a while she got used to working. ing = gerund means become).-(Get used to/ get accustomed to + v
- 12. 23 Some Using of Prepositions-2 withFamiliar ofapprove tosubscribe ofconsist atstaring fromhide withargues forpray fromrecovered ofenvious atangry toresponded upickp upgrow awaythrew upcheer moneyout ofran
- 13. Chapter 3: the passive The using of passive:1-3 1) When it is not known or not important to know who performs an action. 2) The "by" phrase is included only if it is important to know who perform an action. 3) When it describes an existing situation or state (stative passive). The form of passive:2-3 PassiveActiveThe tense Mary is helped by John.John helped Mary.Simple present Mary is being helped by John. John is helping Mary.Present progressive Mary has been helped by John. John has helped Mary.Present prefect Mary was helped by John.John helped Mary.Simple past Mary was being helped by John. John was helping Mary.Past progressive Mary had been helped by John. John had helped Mary.Past perfect Mary will be helped by John. Mary is going to be helped by John. John will help Mary. John is going to help Mary. Simple future Be going to Mary will have been helped by John. John will have helped Mary. Future perfect The pronouns in passive3-3 ObjectSubject MeI UsWe ThemThey HimHe HerShe ItIt
- 14. ive form of modals:passThe4-3 The past passive form is: Modal+ have been+ P.P Such as: Tom should have done this work 3 days ago. The passive: This work should have been done 3 days ago by Tom. The passive form is: Modal +be+ P.P Such as: Tom should do this work. The passive: This work should be done by Tom. Indirect objects and direct object as passive subjects5-3 )O.D(Direct objectIndirect object (O.I) The teacher gave the student a prize.Example (1) : When we focus on the (O.I): The student was given a prize by the teacher. When we focus on the (O.D): A prize was given to the student. Example (2): someone has handed Mary the list. When we focus on the (O.I): Mary has been handed the list. When we focus on the (O.D): The list has been handed to Mary. Stative passive6-3 It describes an existing situation or state (stative passive) (verb to be+ adj) Active: Tom broke the window. Passive: the window was broken by Tom. So, the window is broken now.
- 15. P.s: The passive with get, which means become, is common in spoken English but not in formal writing. For example: They are getting married tomorrow. Some of common adjectives which follow get are : angry, worry,busy,bald,dark,cold,warm,well,wet,warse,hungry,better,big,chilly,sick, thirsty,tall,sleepy,rich,hot,late,good and empty. P.s: When we describe the subject (person) the adj will be (- ed) while when we describe the object (not person), the adj will be (-ing). For example: the novel is exciting. (The novel isn't a person) The child is excited. (We describe person)
- 16. Chapter 4: Gerunds and infinitive 1 what is gerund and what is infinitive?-4 How can we distinguish between the gerund and the verb? If –ing come before is, are, was, were and am it is gerund. If it is come after them this is a verb. For example: Playing football is exciting. (Gerund) He is playing football. (Present progressive) infinitive.2 what followed by gerund and what followed by-4 Followed by bothFollowed by infinitiveFollowed by gerund Group A ( no difference in meaning) Group A ( verb+ to) After (about ,of and in) I'm interested in learning more about legal translation. IntendHope toAccustomed to +gerund BeginPlan toQuit /give up LikeDecide toEnjoy HatePromise toAppreciate StartAgree toMind LoveOffer toFinish (get through) PreferRefuse toAvoid Can't standSeem toPostpone/delay/ put off ContinueAppear toConsider PreferPretend toDiscuss Can't bearMention Group B ( with difference in meaning) Group B (verb+ pronoun +to) Suggest Remember +to (to perform responsibility, duty or task). Remember+ gerund (something happened in the Would like to/ someone+ to Keep/ keep on A gerund: the –ing form of a verb the infinitive: to+ the simple form of a verb
- 17. past _recall) Forget+ gerund (to perform responsibility, duty or task). Forget +gerund ((something happened in the past _recall) This occurs in negative or questions Want to/ someone+ toGo Regret+ to (to say or to inform someone of some bad news. Regret+ gerund (something happened in the past). Need to / someone+ to Stop+ gerund ( when ending something) stop+ infinitive (ending something and starting to do another thing) Expect to / someone+ to Advise+ someone(object) + to Advise +gerund Ask to/ someone+ to Try+ to (make an effort) Try +gerund (experiment with a new or different way to see if it works). Encourage +someone +to Remind+ someone+ to Invite + someone+ to Permit + someone+ to Allow + someone+ to Warn + someone+ to Require + someone+ to Order+ someone+ to Force+ someone+ to Tell +someone +to
- 18. Some adjectives followed by infinitive: glad to, happy to ,pleased to, lucky to, eager to, content to, ready to, carful to delight to and determined to
- 19. Chapter 5: singular and plural es:-s,–Plural with1-5 Book (books) Box (boxes) Baby (babies) Toy (toys) Ps: We add –es to words that end in ( -sh, -ch, -s, -x, and –z) Class –classes wash – washes Ps: When y followed by a vowel we add –s. while, when it is followed by a consonant the –y becomes –I then we added –es.
- 20. Irregular plural nouns2-5 Nouns their origins not from English Same singula r and plural End with –f add -s End with fe-f/– End with (O) add s–either es-or End with (O) s-add End with -(O) Add es Irregular forms Criterion-criteria Phenomenon- phenomena Cactus- cacti/cactuses Stimulus- stimuli Syllabus- syllabi/syllabuses Formula- formulas/formulae Vertebra-vertebrae Analysis-analyses Basis- bases Crisis-crises Hypothesis-hypotheses Oasis-oases Parenthesis-parentheses Thesis-theses Appendix-appendices/ appendixes Index- indices/indexes Bacterium- bacteria Datum-data Medium-media Memorandum – memoranda Deer Fish Means Series Sheep Species Roof- roofs Cliff- cliffs Leaf- leaves Life-lives Knife- knives Shelf- shelves Wolf- wolves Volcanos / Volcano es Zeros/ zeroes Mosquit os/ mosquito es Kilos Memo s Autos Piano s Solos Photo s Tattoo s Zoos Video s Echo- echoes hero- heroes Potatoes Tomatoes Man-men child- children mouse-mice louse-lice foot-feet goose-geese tooth-teeth ox- oxen
- 21. Possessive nouns3-5 Possessive formPlural nounPossessive formSingular noun The girls' bookThe girls bookThe girl's bookThe girl The men'sThe menThe man'sThe man The children'sThe childrenThe child'sThe child A ladies'A ladiesA lady'sA lady Using nouns as modifiers4-5 noncount (uncountable) nouns(countable) andCount5-5 When we used a noun as a modifier, we use it in its singular form For example: My farm has apple trees. It is an apple tree farm. When we use the noun as modifier is combined with a number, we use it in its singular form and we use (-) Her daughter is twenty three years old. She has a twenty-three-year- old daughter. Most noncount nouns refer to a whole that is made up of different parts. Such as: furniture. An example on count nouns ( table – tables)
- 22. 6 some common noncount nouns-5 1) Whole groups made up of similar items: food, fruit, cash, traffic, equipment, etc. 2) Fluids: water, coffee, blood, milk, etc. 3) Solids: ice, cheese, gold, wood, etc. 4) Gases: air, oxygen, etc. 5) Particles: rice, corn, hair, etc. 6) Abstractions: luck, music, pride, peace, sleep, time, homework, knowledge, grammar, slang, etc. 7) Languages: Arabic, English, etc. 8) Fields of study: engineering, translation, history, etc. 9) Recreation: chess, tennis, etc. 10) General activities: walking, driving, etc. 11) Natural phenomena: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, rain, snow, sunshine, etc. Expressions of quantity7-5 Both of themNoncount nounsCount nouns Not any (haven't any friends/ time) A little (a little food)One (one day) No (have no friends/ time)Little ( little food)Each (each day) Some (days/ time)Much (much food)Every (every day) A lot of (friends/time)A great deal of (food)Two (two days) Lots of ( days/time)Both (both days) Plenty of (days/ time)Three, four, etc.(three days) Most (days/ time)A few ( a few days) All (days/time)Few ( few days) Many (many days) Several ( several days) A number of ( a number of days) A couple of ( a couple of days)
- 23. P.s The differences between a little/ little and a few /few: A little/ a few: emphasizes that something still remains and exists (give a positive idea). While little /few: emphasizes the lack of something (give a negative idea that something is absent or not enough).