Understanding Architecture of Internet of Things

Understanding Architecture of Internet of Things
Ms.Pragati V.Thawani Dr.Prafulla E.Ajmire,
(Varkha K.Jewani ) M.Sc., PGDCS, M.S.(Soft.Syst.),M.Phil.(CS), Ph..D
M.Sc(IT),M.Phil(IT) Head & Associate Professor in Computer Science& Application
Assistant Professor, K.C College, Churchgate G S Science, Arts & Commerce College, Khamgaon, Maharashtra
Research Scholar in Computer Science Sant.Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra
Sant. Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra peajmire@gmail.com, peajmire@rediffmail.com
vkjewani@gmail.com
ABSTRACT – Now a day’s everything is in an era of
Information Technology where each one must become IT
incumbent and resource oriented. Our day to day life activities
revolve around technology, from last few decades it was
observed that technology is providing the generation with at
most benefit and ease. Therefore, Internet of Things has
emerged in the latest trends of technology. The future of
computing and communications is depend on this new
technological revolution where it contains some distinguishing
features and also the features of both the Internet and the
Telecommunications Network in such a specified and wide
domain which helps people to understand the real world
applications, where each object can perform multiple tasks
while communicating with other different objects using IoT
which makes human life far better and easier than ever with full
of devices, sensors and other objects which allows each other
to communicate in a network environment. This paper explores
the current research work on IoT as Three-layer traditional
architecture, and how it relates with architecture of Internet and
Telecommunications Management Network. After review it
was observed that there is a requirement to reform a technical
framework of the Internet and the Logical Layered Architecture
of the Telecommunication Management Network because
three-layer architecture doesn’t provides all features and
significance of the Internet of Things, for this purpose only a
new five-layer architecture of IoT was established. Finally, at
the end a new improved architecture to the internet of things
(IoT) was proposed that takes into consideration the basic
concept of IoT and its working.
Keywords- Internet, Telecommunications, Internet of
Things, IoT Architecture.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things is considered as a collection of
interconnected and distributed networks of embedded system
where all the wired or wireless communication technologies are
communicating and interconnecting in a network connectivity
with different physical objects, devices. The other items
empowered with electronics, circuits, software, sensors
connected in a network that allows correlation of data in terms
of collection and exchange of data. Whereas objects that has
functionality of readability, recognizing, locating, addressing,
are to be controlled via the Internet in terms of RFID, wireless
LAN, wide-area network, and to be recognized and controlled
by existing network infrastructure, remotely across the world.
It also provides the opportunities for more direct integration of
the physical system into computer-based system to improve
efficiency and accuracy of the system [1]. Some of the well-
developed domains of IoT applications are Medical,
Automobile industries ,etc. where the objects that have not
represented electronically at all are started to become online
with the help of electronic devices, embedded systems,
microprocessors, communicating with each other via the
Internet without the knowledge of human intervention. As IoT
technologies are booming; around the world with many new
developments are happening in terms of the integration of
objects with sensors via the Internet. But there are certain issues
while development of IoT represented in terms of commuting
and communication technology, interfaces, protocols, and
standards, security and privacy, etc. [2].
Internet of Things can be categorized into two terms:
one is Internet, which is defined as networks of networks where
billions of users are connected in a network with some standard
internet protocols [3].while using different technologies one
can connect several different sectors, departments, different
devices like mobile, personal systems and business
organizations all are to be connected via the Internet. The
second term is Thing, which basically means devices or objects
that are converted into intelligent objects [4] where all objects
represents to real world instead of physical world. Where
interaction between physical world and real world with the help
of different embedded systems such as connectors, actuators,
sensors [5]. The development of dynamic world is depend on
the reformation of commuting and communication technology
in a number of important fields, from wired environment to
wireless sensors in terms of network of smart objects that has
the functionality to auto-organize, correlate data ,resources and
sudden changes in the environment.[3,6] Technically, it was
reviewed that the IoT architecture is based on the functionality
of different communication tools, primarily RFID-tagged
items (Radio Frequency Identification), Which provides the
main functioning of the loT to facilitate exchange of
information among other things, sharing of data in networks,
i.e. It has the responsibility to provide information about
"things" in a more secure and stable manner to extend the
applications at their early stage of implementation and also act
as backbone for universal computing, permitting the devices to
retrieve information from the Internet to facilitate their robust
functionality and allows smart environments to identify and
recognize other objects for interaction [1].

Fig.1: Basics of Internet of Things
Since single architecture is not enough to suit all the
requirements therefore, a modular scalable reference model that
supports different additional or suppressing of existing
capabilities, also supporting many requirements across a wide
variety of these areas is inherently possible. Therefore, there is
a necessity to design the Reference model that provides an entry
point for architects looking forward to creating IoT solutions
and a strong basis for further development of existing reference
models designed by industries like CISCO, INTEL and IBM.
Therefore, it is suggested that the outlook of IoT’s components
should not be restricted by the Reference Model. i.e. from a
physical point of view, every device in the IoT could reside in
a single environment or it could be distributed across the world.
As Internet of things composed from Internet, the study and the
design of it should be from data generated by devices
perspective rather than data generated by people. The internet
data transmission follows the seven-layer OSI model. Where it
can be compared with internet model as devices are replaced by
people in internet [7]. Based on different protocols initially IoT
architecture was deigned to have Three-layer architecture and
5- layer architecture, then finally Seven-layer architecture.
According to the early stages of research the three-layer
architecture mention the basic minimal things required for the
devices to be connected to the internet. [8, 9]. Hence there will
be a research in the field of finer things in the model and
resulted as an output in terms of five-layer [9-10] and then to
seven-layer.
The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020
conceptual framework is expressed in terms of:
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors [11]
2.0 Three LAYER ARCHITECTURE
After Static web pages and social networking’s based web
the Internet of Things is considered as the third wave of the
World Wide Web (WWW) where it connects different types of
objects at anyplace, anytime and anywhere via a popular
internet protocol (IP).In the initial phase of research the
traditional architecture was introduced [5], which have three
layers the perception, network and application layers.
Fig. 2: Three-Layer Architecture
2.1) Perception Layer - This layer also called as physical
layer, whose main functionality is to collect data,
information and recognizes the usage of data in the
physical world. where all the actuators work according to
the information that is collected by the sensors of different
object in order to perform specific operations by the
corresponding objects with 2-D bar code labels and
readers, RFID tags and reader-writers, camera, GPS,
sensors, terminals, and sensor network [12].It acts like the
facial skin and the five sense organs of loT, which is
mainly identifying objects, gathering information.
2.2) Network Layer - It is the middle layer in architecture;
where it acts as an interface between application layer and
perceptual layer. Its functionality is to process data and
information obtained from perception layer and also
broadcasting of data and connecting devices in a network
[5].It is functioning similarly to the neural network where
it includes a convergence network of communication and
Internet network, network management center,
information center and intelligent processing center, etc.
2.3) Application Layer – It is a layer where in actuality
different applications are to be deployed with the
usage of IoT services It provides the personalized
based services according to user relevant requirements,
also creates a link between the users and applications
which combines the industry to provide high-level
intelligent applications type solutions such as the
disaster monitoring, health monitoring, transposition,
etc.
This model layers represents the structure of loT from
the technical level, it is reasonable at the initial stage of
development but it is observed that various technologies
mentioned in this structure basically have varying degree
of development and application, but it has not been large-
scale applied into our work and life, and even many
scholars think the IoT is a visionary cloud-castle because
it is lack of good management methods and business
models. Just as the Internet, its booming development not
only depends on the technology progress, more on various
new applications and successful business models.
Therefore, there is a requirement not only breakthrough
technology problems constantly; at the same time should
also pay more attention to its management mode and

business models. However, different from the Internet,
which can't be managed and controlled, the things in IoT
needs to be managed and operated. It is more like the
communication network, because both need to be
controlled and operated. To understand the Internet of
Things' system structure correctly, there is a necessity to
analyse these two-network structure, the Internet and
communications network, and combine the features of
Internet of Things, finally obtain a better and more
reasonable architecture of IoT.
3.0 ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT
NETWORK
3.1. TCP/IP Model Layer
The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol Internet
Protocol) model uses four layers that logically related to the top
six layers of the OSI (Open System Interconnect) model. This
model does not contain the physical layer, where hardware
devices are to be used. The remaining three layers-network
interface, internet and (host-to-host) transport correspond to
layers 2, 3 and 4 of the OSI model. Figure 3 shows the
relationship between TCP/IP and, OSI/RM[1].
Fig .3: OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Model Layers
3.1.1) Internet Layer: This layer is like the network layer in
the OSI Reference Model and sometimes called the
network layer even in TCP/IP model. Its main
functionality with three responsibilities such as logical
device addressing, data packaging, manipulation and
delivery, and most importantly routing of data. It is
core component of TCP/IP, as well as support
protocols for Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) and the different routing protocols (RIP,
OSFP, BOP, etc.) In the coming years the future
version of IP, called as IPV 6, will be used.
3.1.2) Transport Layer: This layer facilitates device to
device communication over an internetwork. Where
logical connections are to be established between
devices to transfer of data either reliably where it
keeps track of the data sent and reached successfully
to the destination and re- sends it if necessary or
unreliably with no guarantee that it forwarded and
arrived to the end Point. The protocols used at this
layer are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The TCP/IP
transport layer corresponds same as OSI model (layer
four) with certain elements that are part of the OSI
session layer. Where it establishes a connection
between end devices that can persist for a long period
of time, which is in some cases called as session
instead of connection by researchers.
3.1.3) Application Layer: This is at the top position in the
TCP/IP model that provides the interfaces and
corresponding protocols needed by the users. It is used
to develop network-based applications. It is also
concerned with error handling and recovery of the
message. It provides user services like user login,
naming network devices, formatting messages, and e-
mails, transfer of files etc. With the help of number of
protocols reside at this layer such as HTTP, FTP and
SMTP for providing end-user services, as well as
administrative protocols like SNMP, DHCP and DNS.
[14]
3.2. TMN Logical Layered Architecture within the
TMN functional architecture
To understand the complexity of telecommunications
management, it may be represented into logical layers. The
LLA is responsible for the structuring of management
functionality in terms of groupings called "logical layers"
and describes the relationship between layers. It reflects
aspects of management arranged by different levels of
abstraction [15]. Figure 4 shows the Suggested model for
layering of TMN management functions.
3.2.1) Element management layer: This layer manages
each network element on an individual basis or group
basis and supports an abstraction of the functions
provided by the network element layer. It has one or
more element called as Operations Systems Function
to individually responsible, on a delegate basis from
the network management layer, for some part of
network element functions. The following are three
principal roles of this layer:
a) Control and coordination of a subset of network
elements on an individual NEF (Network Element
Function) basis.
b) Control and coordinate a subset of network elements
on collective basis.
c) To maintain statistical, log and other data about
elements within its scope of control.
Fig .4: Suggested model for layering of TMN management

3.2.2) Network management layer: The network is
supported by the element management layer and functions
addressing the management of a wide geographical area.
Since complete visibility of the entire network is typical
hence as an objective, a technology independent view will be
provided to the service management layer. It has the
following five principal roles:
a) It controls and coordinates the network view of all
network elements within its prescribed domain.
b) The allocation of resources or modification of
network capabilities for the support of service to
customers.
c) The maintenance of network capabilities.
d) It maintains statistical, log and other data about the
network and interact with the service manager layer on
performance, usage, availability, etc.
e) The network OSFs maintains the relationships (e.g.
Connectivity) between NEFs.
3.2.3) Service management layer: This layer provides the
services to the potential customers who can perform IoT
operations’ facilities offered by this layer are service order
handling, complaint handling and invoicing. It has the
following four principal roles:
a) To handle customer and interfacing with other PTOs
(Public Telecommunications Operators);
b) To interact with service providers;
c) To maintain statistical data (e.g. QOS);
d) Interaction between services.
3.2.4) Business management layer: It has responsibility for
the total enterprise. The business management layer
comprises proprietary functionality. The business
management layer is included in the TMN architecture to
facilitate the specification of capability that it requires of the
other management layers. This layer acts as a part of the
overall management of the enterprise and many interactions
are necessary with other management systems.it has the
following four principal roles: [5]
a) To support the decision-making process for the
optimal investment and use of new
telecommunications resources;
b) To support the management of OA&M related
budget;
c) To support the supply and demand of OA&M related
manpower;
d) Also maintain aggregate data about the total
enterprise.
4.0 Five LAYER ARCHITECTURE
As IOT is different from Internet and
Telecommunications Network, the above two models are not
suitable for loT directly. But they have some similar feature
in common. So, through the technology architecture of the
Internet and the logical structure of Telecommunications
Management Network and combined with the specific
features of the Internet of Things, a new architecture of loT
was established. It is to be believed that this architecture
would better explain the features and connotation of the
Internet of Things. It divides loT into five layers, which are
the Business Layer, the Application Layer, the Processing
Layer, the Transport Layer and the Perception Layer. As
shown in figure below.
Fig .5: Five-layer architecture of Internet of Things
4.1) The Perception Layer: The main task of this layer is to
perceive the physical properties of objects (such as
temperature, location etc.) by various sensors (such as
infrared sensors, RFID, 2-D barcode), and convert these
information’s to digital signals which is more convenient
for network transmission. The various sensors and
equipment’s in the Perception Layer are like the "Network
Element" in Telecommunications Management Network.
The techniques used in this layer are sensing technology,
RFID technology (including labels and literacy), 2-D
barcode, GPS, etc.
Meanwhile, many objects cannot be perceived directly, so
to perform this functionality implant microchip into their
bodies. These chips can sense the temperature, speed and
so on, and even process collected information with the
usage of nanotechnology which makes the chips small
enough to be implanted into every object, even sand. These
are the key technologies of this layer.
4.2) The Transport Layer: The Transport Layer, or called
the Network Layer, is responsible for transmitting data
obtained from the Perception Layer to the processing center
through various network, such as wireless or cable network,
even the enterprise Local Area Network The main
techniques in this layer include FTTx, 3G, Wifi,
bluetooth, Zigbee, infrared technology and so
on. At this layer, many protocols are available, like IPv6
(Internet Protocol version 6), which is necessary for
addressing billions of things. Therefore, the communication
between different networks and entities is very crucial
because it connects billions of things, also encompass huge
amounts of various networks.[5].
4.3) The Processing Layer: The Processing Layer mainly

store, analyze, process and transmits the information of
objects from the transport layer. It must perform the major
task because it will process all the information gathered by
the perception layer. This huge amount of data will require
storage space and to be stored using some techniques like
cloud computing or any DBMS. Then it will analyze how to
fetch data whenever required in order to complete the desired
task, due to the large quantities of things and the huge
information they carried, it is very important to maintain and
difficult to store and process these mass data. The techniques
included database, intelligent processing, cloud computing,
ubiquitous computing, etc. Cloud computing and ubiquitous
computing is the primary technology in this layer [16].
4.4) The Application Layer: The functionality of this layer
is based on the data processed in the Process Layer, and
develops diverse applications of the IoT, such as
authentication, intelligent transportation, logistics
management, identity location-based service and safety. It is
providing all kinds of applications for each industry, because
the various applications promote the development of the IOT
to a large scale.
4.5) The Business Layer: The Business Layer is like a
manager of the Internet of Things, including managing the
applications, the relevant business model and other business.
It not only manages the release and charging of various
applications, but also the research on business model and
profit model. As everyone knows, success of a technology
depends on the priority on technology, and on the innovation
and reasonable of business model. Meanwhile, this layer
should manage the users' privacy which is equally important
in IoT [17].
5.0 PROPOSED IMPROVED LAYERED
ARCHITECTURE FOR IoT
This improved layered architecture depends on seven layers,
unlike the traditional layered architecture, it takes all the
functions of the traditional architecture and distribute them
on the seven layers, but in a more operational way. The
proposed improved layered IoT architecture composed of
seven layers, is illustrated in Fig.6, as follows [18]:
5.1) Application layer: This is the topmost layer of the
architecture and is responsible of providing various
applications to different users using IoT.The applications
can vary from different industry areas such as:
manufacturing, logistics, retail, environment, public
safety, healthcare, food and drug etc. Also, from the RFID
technology, numerous applications are evolving which all
are part of IoT [19].
5.2) Application support & management layer: It focus on
main functions such as; Qos Manager, Device Manager,
Business Process Modeling, Business Process Execution –
Authorization, Key Exchange & Management, Trust &
Reputation, Identity Management. All actions related to
the control, security and management of the application are
responsibility of this layer.
5.3) Services layer: It performs the following functions such
as Service storage & orchestration Service composition &
organization, Virtual Entity resolution, VE services, IoT
servicer resolution and service monitoring. All decisions
related to the monitoring, storage, organization and
visualization of the received information, including
resolving virtual entities created, are responsibility of this
layer.
5.4) Communication layer: It performs the following
functions; such as Flow control & Reliability – Qos –
Energy Optimization. Also, if applicable it performs cross
platform communication. The IoT web portal is part of this
layer. All decisions related to communications and
measurements of the flow and its quality and energy
consumed are responsibility of this layer.[20]
5.5) Network layer: The main functionality is to provide
Gateway Routing & Addressing, Network Capabilities,
Transport Capabilities, Error detection & Correction and
also takes care of publishing and subscribing of messages.
It consist of different high speed applications and services,
transactional services, context-aware applications, and
access protocols are all to be connected with each other in
a heterogeneous configuration and are available in a wide
spectrum at this layer, where these networks can be
represented in terms of a private, public or hybrid models
and are to be used to support the communication
requirements for latency, bandwidth or security. [21]
5.6) Hardware layer: It interconnects the physical world with
digital world using different devices, sensors, hardware
components, embedded systems, RFID tags and readers,
which allows real-time information to be collected and
processed in a network. There are multiple types of sensors
like environmental sensors, body sensors, home appliance
sensors and vehicle telemetric sensors, for different
purposes have the capacity to take measurements such as
temperature, air quality, movement and electricity and also
with degree of memory, allowing it to record a certain
number of measurements i.e. measure the physical
property and convert it into signal that can be understood
by an instrument and are represented according to their
unique purpose.
5.7) Environment layer: Its functionality is to detect objects
and places to be observed. The detected objects can vary
from physical moving objects, such as humans, cars, to
environmental factors such as, temperature, or humidity.
The places to observe are ranging from buildings,
universities, streets and so on.

Fig.6: Improved Layered Architecture for IoT
The below figure represents how the seven layers
interact with each other inside the proposed architecture of
IoT. The interaction between layers can occur in both
directions in some cases. First, the authorized person must
provide his identity to the application, if the identity is right
and registered in the IoT database in the services layer, then
only one can open the application and request the
information according to requirement. The detected objects
are to be tracked or places to be identified by the
environment layer which includes not only static, but also
dynamic objects for example vehicles, places such as
buildings, which contains movable objects or walking
people. The hardware layer, includes the components such
as; sensors, tracking devices, RFID readers and tags and
others that transport live information about the tracked
object or place to the network layer, with multiple
networks ,various technologies and access protocols, such
as, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, CDMA , GSM, Bluetooth and others.
Then, the network layer takes this live information to the
communication layer, where the IOT Web portal resides,
and performs cross platform interaction using different
protocols, such as, HTTP, FTP and others. The functionality
of communication layer is to transmit this live information
to the services layer, where all decisions related to the
monitoring, storage, organization, resources allocation and
visualization of the received information, including creating
virtual entities, are to be considered.[23] Finally, the
received information is transmitted from the services layer
to the application support and management layer, where it
goes to the authorized person to receive this information.
And finally, in the application layer, when the authorized
person sitting before the application user interface receives
this information, he must take the required decisions and can
request additional information from the application. [24,25]
Fig 7. A model of end-to-end interaction between various
layers in improved layered IoT architecture
6.0 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
IoT connects billions of devices and enables machine-
to-machine communication. It can transform daily life with
everyday objects connected to each other via the Internet.
The existing three-layer structure has certain significance to
understand technical architecture of IoT at the initial stage of
its development, but it cannot completely explain its structure
and the connotation, because of this, five-layer architecture
of IoT was established by developers to better understand the
Internet of Things. Later, a more reliable IoT architecture is
proposed in this paper. The proposed improved layered
architecture of IoT is consist of seven layers and the
environment layer is included in this architecture, and there
is a sort of functions distribution on each layer. This proposed
architecture differs from the traditional architecture by its
reliability and feasibility to all sorts of applications, also, it is
more flexible. In the future, there will be a focus on building
new model applications for internet of things (IoT) based on
this proposed internet of things (IoT) architecture. The future
research should focus on standardized protocol stack and
networking technologies used for a seamless flow of data
between different devices. Streamlined data analytics for the
huge amount of data generated by IoT and how to secure data
must also be an area of emphasis.
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is very much thankful to Dr.Hiren Dand sir for
giving this opportunity to publish research paper for this
particular conference and all the other members of the
conference team for their valuable suggestions.

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