The document discusses the four rules of simple design according to lessons learned from observing thousands of pairs working on Conway's Game of Life: 1) Tests Pass, 2) Expresses Intent, 3) No Duplication (DRY), and 4) Small. The DRY rule aims to have each piece of knowledge represented only once to avoid duplication. The Small rule questions whether any code is unused, duplicates are extracted too far, or duplicate abstractions exist. Conway's Game of Life outlines the rules for how living and dead cells interact and change states in the game.