Abstract image of a woman sitting on books and studying on a laptop

Understanding the Speed in Sports

Adriano Vretaros, profile picture
Adriano Vretaros

The document discusses the various factors of speed in sports, covering definitions, physical laws, and characteristics of speed, including types such as cyclic and acyclic speeds. It highlights the biochemical, muscular, brain, kinematic factors, and genetic influences that affect speed, alongside macro-manifestations like reaction speed and movement speed, with examples from different sports. Additionally, it addresses the significance of ground reaction forces and coefficients of friction in relation to performance speed in various athletic contexts.

Sports
1 of 85
1
2
Most read
3
4
Most read
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Most read
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
Understanding the Speed in Sports Adriano VretarosAdriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning CoachStrength and Conditioning Coach São Paulo – BRAZILSão Paulo – BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.comavretaros@gmail.com
Speed in Sports - I ● DEFINITION:DEFINITION: ¨Complex action of conditioning capacity¨Complex action of conditioning capacity neuromechanical of the locomotor systemneuromechanical of the locomotor system in solving a task that requires quickin solving a task that requires quick response on the part of the athlete. ¨response on the part of the athlete. ¨ (Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)
Speed in Sports - II ● Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics):Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics): Velocity:Velocity: distance timedistance time mα=ΔV/Δt *mα=ΔV/Δt * V2=v02+2αΔs **V2=v02+2αΔs ** ● average speedaverage speed ● instantaneous velocityinstantaneous velocity
Terminology SPEEDSPEED IS DIFFERENTDIFFERENT AccelerationAcceleration
Speed Characteristics ● CyclicCyclic ● AcyclicAcyclic
Differentiating Speeds ● Cyclic:Cyclic: motor actions with periodicals cycles of repetitions ● Acyclic:Acyclic: there is no repeating cycles of movements
Factors that Affect the Speed in Sports ● 1)1) Biochemical ProcessesBiochemical Processes ● 2)2) MuscularMuscular ● 3)3) BrainBrain ● 4)4) KinematicsKinematics ● 5)5) Interaction Between the Neural andInteraction Between the Neural and Muscular SystemsMuscular Systems ● 6)6) GeneticsGenetics
Biochemical Processes in Speed ● ATP-PCATP-PC ****** ● Anaerobic LacticAnaerobic Lactic **** ● OxidativeOxidative **
Muscular Factors in Speed ● 1)1) Fiber TypeFiber Type 11)11) Pennation AnglePennation Angle ● 2)2) Viscosity FiberViscosity Fiber 12)12) Connective TissueConnective Tissue ● 3)3) Muscle ElasticityMuscle Elasticity 13)13) Fascicle LengthFascicle Length ● 4)4) Intramuscular CoordinationIntramuscular Coordination 14)14) Co-contractionCo-contraction ● 5)5) Intermuscular CoordinationIntermuscular Coordination ● 6)6) Basic StrengthBasic Strength ● 7)7) Maximum ForceMaximum Force ● 8)8) PowerPower ● 9)9) Explosive ForceExplosive Force ● 10)10) Muscle RelaxingMuscle Relaxing
Brain Factors in Speed ● MarrowMarrow ● Nerve ImpulseNerve Impulse ● PerceptionPerception ● Decision-makingDecision-making ● Volitional FunctionVolitional Function
Kinematics Factors on the Speed ● Movement TechniqueMovement Technique ● Coordination MembersCoordination Members ● Frequency MovementsFrequency Movements ● Range of MotionRange of Motion ● Relationship Levers Torso-extremitiesRelationship Levers Torso-extremities (Barbanti, 1996)(Barbanti, 1996)
Interaction Between the Neural and Muscular Systems to Generate Speed ● Muscle CoordinationMuscle Coordination (time relative to(time relative to movements on the body segments)movements on the body segments) ● Muscle ActivationMuscle Activation (relative time of muscle(relative time of muscle recruitment)recruitment) (Almeida, 2009)(Almeida, 2009)
Genetics in Speed GENETICS BIOLOGICAL LIMITS Composition of Muscle Fibers Anthropometric Variables 1) ??? 2) ??? 3) ??? SEX Age Breed andor Ethnicity
Speed Macro-manifestations ● Reaction SpeedReaction Speed ● Movement SpeedMovement Speed ● Displacement SpeedDisplacement Speed Speed of Endurance
Reaction Speed - I ● Simple:Simple: ● 1) Anticipation1) Anticipation ● 2) Forecast:2) Forecast: a) temporala) temporal b) spatialb) spatial (Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)
Reaction Speed - II Complex:Complex: ● 1) Disjunctive Reactions1) Disjunctive Reactions ● 2) Differential Reactions2) Differential Reactions (Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)
Reaction Speed - III ● AudioAudio ● VisualVisual ● TactileTactile ● ProprioceptiveProprioceptive ● MixedMixed (Vagheti, 2003 ; Platonov, 2008)
Reaction Speed - IV ● PerceptionPerception ● DecisionDecision ● RealizationRealization (Nunes et al, 2006)(Nunes et al, 2006)
Reaction Speed – V (Soares et al, 1987) MODALITY SEX n AGE Reaction Time (seg . 10 -3) Track and Field M 16 17,53+-3,95 .192+-.032* W 14 16,20+-1,93 .190+-.030** Basketball M 16 15,31+-0,70 .201+-.016 W 14 14,57+-0,76 .203+-.026 Gymnastics M 10 15,40+-2,01 .200+-.017 W 07 15,00+-1,63 .206+-.014 Swimming M 17 12,53+-2,35 .221+-.034 W 16 12,13+-1,93 .228+-.021 Boxing M 06 22,33+-2,94 .225+-.022 W -- -- -- *F2.52=3.44. P<.05 **F2.84=6.15.p<.05
Reaction Speed - VI RS or RT? Cybex Reactor ®
Reaction Speed – VII Volleyball: Cybex Reactor ● Best ResultBest Result (Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004)(Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004) POSITION REACTION TIME Opposite 0,005 ms * Cutting edge 0,0998 ms * Levator 0,1351 ms Libero 0,4084 ms
Reaction Speed – VIII Analytical Events (Adapted from Rodrigues da Silva et al, 2007) 1) Start Signal 6) Electrical Stimulus to Chemical 2) Excitement the Receiver 7) Stimulus to the Effector Member 3) Driving Excitement Central Nervous System 8) Excitation of the Muscle Fiber 4) Interpretation and Processing 9) Motor Response 5) Arrival at the Nerve Terminal 10) Mechanical Activity
Movement Speed - I ● Frequency of Movement per Unit TimeFrequency of Movement per Unit Time (Weineck(Weineck apudapud Santos et al, 2010)Santos et al, 2010)
Movement Speed – II Tests ● Brady TestBrady Test ● Russell-Lange TestRussell-Lange Test ● French-Cooper TestFrench-Cooper Test ● AAHPER TestAAHPER Test ● McDonald TestMcDonald Test ● Cornish TestCornish Test (Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999)
Movement Speed – III Analysis of Cinemetry ● Volleyball - CutVolleyball - Cut (Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999) Ball Average Ball Average Fast Ball Fast Ball MEAN SD MEAN SD Ball 20,8 2,6 19,7 2,8 Fist 12,4 1,5 12,3 1,9 The Middle Finger 16,0 2,9 15,7 3,2
Movement Speed – IV Analysis of Cinemetry ● Handball - ThrowHandball - Throw (Loss et al, 1999) Throw Projection Throw Projection Throw in Suspension Throw in Suspension 7m shot 7m shot Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Ball 20,8 2,3 19,9 3,2 19,5 2,4 Fist 13,4 1,3 12,4 1,4 11,1 2,2 The Middle Finger 17,7 2,0 16,6 2,8 16,3 2,6
Movement Speed – V Analysis of Cinemetry ● Futsal – KickFutsal – Kick (Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999) Ball Stopped (beak) Ball Stopped (beak) Ball Stopped (chest) Ball Stopped (chest) Scrolled Ball (in favor) Scrolled Ball (in favor) S Ball (against) S Ball (a) MEAN SD MEAN SD MEAN SD MEAN SD Ball 23,1 2,9 22,9 2,7 23,6 1,7 22,7 2,0 Ankle 16,4 0,8 15,6 1,6 15,8 3,1 15,5 2,8
Movement Speed – VI Kung Fu Yau-Man: Cinemetry Palm Blow (Pinto Neto et al, 2010)(Pinto Neto et al, 2010) Individuals Mc (Kg) Va (ms) Vbf (ms) ∆t (ms) V5 (ms) 1 54,80 6,9 9,2 87 6,3 1 54,80 8,3 10,7 80 7,3 2 69,05 8,0 10,5 90 7,1 2 69,05 8,7 12,1 127 7,9 3 80,80 8,7 11,4 127 8,1 3 80,80 8,0 11,3 127 7,2 MEAN 68,22 8,1 10,9 106 7,3
Movement Speed – VII Basketball: relationship speed precision shot (Okazaki et al, 2006)(Okazaki et al, 2006)
Movement Speed – VIII Basketball: relationship speed precision shot (Adapted from(Adapted from Okazaki et al, 2006)Okazaki et al, 2006) Shoulder Elbow Fist Short 2,8 m Medium 4,6 m Long 6,4 m Short 2,8 m Medium 4,6 m Long 6,4 m Short 2,8 m Medium 4,6 m Long 6,4 m Max angular velocity time (s) 0,65 +- 0,26 0,64 +- 0,22 0,59 +- 0,18 0,85 +- 0,15* 0,84 +- 0,10* 0,74 +- 0,13* 0,82 +- 0,15* 0,80 +- 0,14* 0,72 +- 0,13* Max angular velocity time (%) 73,7 +- 24,6 74,4 +- 24,7 79,0 +- 24,4 96,3 +- 3,2 96,8 +- 2,8 97,2 +- 2,3 98,6 +- 14,0 98,4 +- 12,3 98,4 +- 9,8
Movement Speed – IX Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb loading in the serve - I ● Kinetic Measurements:Kinetic Measurements: ● 1)1) Shoulder ForceShoulder Force ● 2)2) Shoulder TorqueShoulder Torque ● 3)3) Elbow TorqueElbow Torque (Elliot et al, 2003)(Elliot et al, 2003)
Movement Speed – X Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb loading in the serve - II ( Adapted from( Adapted from Elliot et al, 2003)Elliot et al, 2003) Variable Male Players Female Players Service Speeds 183 Kmh 149 Kmh Shoulder Torque (MER) 4,6%, 64,9 Nm* 3,5%, 37,5 Nm* P<0,01 Peak Horizontal Adduction Torque 7,6%* 6,5%* P<0,01 Shoulder Compressive Force 79,6%* 59,1%* P<0,01 Absolute Compressive Force 608,3 N 363,7 N Peak Absolute Elbow Varus Torque 78,3 Nm 58,2 Nm
Movement Speed – XI Baseball Pitching (Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999)(Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999) Arm Cocking Phase Professional Players Elbow Varus Torque (Nm) 64+-15 Shoulder Internal Rotation Torque ((Nm) 68+-15 Shoulder Anterior Force ((N) 390+-90 Arm Acceleration Phase Elbow Flexion Torque (Nm) 58+-13 Arm Deceleration Phase Elbow Proximal Force (N) 910+-140 Shoulder Proximal Force (N) 1070+-190 Shoulder Posterior Force (N) 390+-240 Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Torque (Nm) 109+-85
Displacement Speed ● A Correlation Between the Velocity of aA Correlation Between the Velocity of a Given DistanceGiven Distance (Weineck(Weineck apudapud Santos et al, 2010)Santos et al, 2010)
Displacement Speed Classic Version in Cyclical Activities ● 1)1) Reaction Time at the StartReaction Time at the Start ● 2)2) AccelerationAcceleration ● 3)3) TransitionTransition ● 4)4) Maximum SpeedMaximum Speed ● 5)5) Speed of MaintenanceSpeed of Maintenance ● 6)6) DeceleratingDecelerating (Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)(Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)
Displacement Speed Classic Version of Acyclic Activities ● 1)1) Initial Body Position when AcceleratingInitial Body Position when Accelerating ● 2)2) Reaction VelocityReaction Velocity ● 3)3) Reactive ForceReactive Force ● 4)4) Maximum Athlete's Strength LevelsMaximum Athlete's Strength Levels ● 5)5) Specific Ability to Accelerate of the SportSpecific Ability to Accelerate of the Sport ● 6)6) Environmental Situation at the Time ofEnvironmental Situation at the Time of AcceleratingAccelerating
Displacement Speed Cyclic vs. Acyclic ● Cyclical Sport:Cyclical Sport: Linear Speed=Linear Speed= (Maximum Speed)(Maximum Speed) ● Acyclic Sport:Acyclic Sport: Linear Velocity + Multidirectional=Linear Velocity + Multidirectional= (Functional Speed)(Functional Speed)
Displacement Speed Ground Reaction Force (GRF) ● Propulsive PhasePropulsive Phase ● Horizontal ForceHorizontal Force ● Vertical ForceVertical Force ● Total ForceTotal Force ● Ground per Unit Body WeightGround per Unit Body Weight (Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)(Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)
Displacement Speed Moving Body + Center of Mass ● Produces HighProduces High Rates of Force DevelopmentRates of Force Development (RFD)(RFD) ● Tolerate theTolerate the Resultant Ground ReactionResultant Ground Reaction Force (GRF)Force (GRF) (Deweese et al, 2016)(Deweese et al, 2016)
Displacement Speed GRF - Examples (Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen &(Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012)Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012) SPORTS WEIGHT OF ATHLETES ACCELERATION DISTANCES SOCCER ~70-85 Kg 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m AMERICAN FOOTBALL ~85-145 Kg 9,1, 18,3, 27,4 and 36,6 m RUGBY ~80-120 Kg 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 m
Displacement Speed Coefficient of Friction with the Surface SPORTS Interaction between Footwear and Surface Soccer Rubber over Grass American Football Rubber over Grass Rugby Rubber over Grass Handball Rubber over Hard Floor Volleyball Rubber over Hard Floor Basketball Rubber over Hard Floor Track and Field Rubber over Synthetic Floor or Grass Ice Hockey Steel over Ice Artistic Skating Steel over Ice
Displacement Speed The Coefficients of Friction - I ● Static Friction (Us)Static Friction (Us) ● Kinetic Friction (Uk)Kinetic Friction (Uk) (Okuno & Fratin, 2003)(Okuno & Fratin, 2003)
Displacement Speed The Coefficients of Friction - II ● Low Friction ResistanceLow Friction Resistance ● High Friction ResistanceHigh Friction Resistance ● a) Translationa) Translation ● b) Rotationb) Rotation (Nigg & Segesser, 1988)(Nigg & Segesser, 1988)
Displacement Speed American Football: Surfaces Tested (Adapted from(Adapted from Kent et al, 2015)Kent et al, 2015) Surface Artificial Natural Indoor Outdoor Approx. age (years) Test translation Test rotation Test trans. drop S1 N (KGB) Outdoor <1 3 3 9 S3 A Outdoor <1 3 2 3 S7 A Indoor <1 9 4 4 S5 A Outdoor 7 4 4 6 S4 A Indoor 6 4 4 6 S2 N (B.Grass) Outdoor 13 2 2 2 S6 A Indoor <1 2 2 3 S8 A Indoor 3 2 2 2
Displacement Speed Coefficient of Friction with the Surface ● Force Breaking Inertia and Rubbing the Surface ● The Formulas:
Displacement Speed Field Turf (FT) vs. Natural Grass (NG) ● n= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Playersn= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Players (Adapted from(Adapted from Gains et al, 2010)Gains et al, 2010) TESTS FIELD TURF (FT) NATURAL GRASS (NT) 40-yd dash times using ET 5,34 (0,30) s 5,33 (0,33) s 40-yd dash times using HT 5,06 (0,31) s 5,11 (0,29) s Proagility 4,49 (0,28) s 4,64 (0,33) s
Displacement Speed Analysis of the Time and Age in the Ranking 100 meters ● 100 Metres – n= 2000100 Metres – n= 2000 sprinters mensprinters men (Claro & Santos, 2012) Value 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean 0,42 0,46 0,44 0,42 0,48 0,42 0,425 0,36 0,54 0,43 Maxim 0,59 0,59 0,56 0,65 0,61 0,60 0,61 0,65 0,69 0,56 Minimum 0,19 0,20 0,13 0,17 0,22 0,14 0,19 0,11 0,21 0,18 SD 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,12 0,14 0,13 0,16 0,13 0,10 Value 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean 24,5 23,5 25 25,5 23 25 25 23 20 22,5 Maxim 36 37 36 35 34 35 36 32 33 34 Minimum 30 17 18 18 19 20 18 18 16 18 SD 5,1 5,7 4,9 4,8 4,9 4,5 5,0 4,1 5,4 4,7
Displacement Speed Track and Field ● N= 01N= 01 Female SprinterFemale Sprinter ● Repetitions Launched inRepetitions Launched in Distance of 20 metersDistance of 20 meters ● Previous Acceleration of 30 meters:Previous Acceleration of 30 meters: ● 11a11a. (2,32s). (2,32s) ● 12a.12a. (2,29s)(2,29s) ● 13a. (2,26s) ***13a. (2,26s) *** ● 14a14a. (2,30s). (2,30s) ● Personal Best (2,35s) *Personal Best (2,35s) * (Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)(Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)
Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement ● Force Hydrodynamic DragForce Hydrodynamic Drag ● Propulsive ForcePropulsive Force ● FloatabilityFloatability
Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS:SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS: ● Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan)Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan) ● Body Size Relative (Somatotype)Body Size Relative (Somatotype) ● Wingspan-height IndexWingspan-height Index ● Diameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristalDiameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristal ● Length of LimbsLength of Limbs ● Diameters and CircumferencesDiameters and Circumferences ● Size of the Feet and HandsSize of the Feet and Hands ● Swimming TechniqueSwimming Technique ● Frequency of Arm StrokeFrequency of Arm Stroke ● Length of Arm StrokeLength of Arm Stroke
Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement CRITICAL SPEEDCRITICAL SPEED - Calculation:- Calculation: ● De (distance end)De (distance end) ● Id (initial distance)Id (initial distance) ● Ft (final time)Ft (final time) ● St (start time)St (start time) ● CS (critical speed)CS (critical speed) ● Δd= Δde – ΔidΔd= Δde – Δid ● Δt= Δft – ΔstΔt= Δft – Δst ● CS= Δd Δt (ms)CS= Δd Δt (ms) (Massetto et al, 2011)(Massetto et al, 2011)
Displacement Speed Swimming: Correlations between Energy Cost (EC), Speed Fluctuation (dv) and Swimming Velocity (v) ● n= 17n= 17 elite swimmerselite swimmers (Adapted from Barbosa et al, 2006)Barbosa et al, 2006) EC and dv controlling v EC and v controlling dv Freestyle r= 0.62 (p<0.01) r=0.43 (p=0.05) Backstroke r= 0.55 (p<0.01) r=0.56 (p<0.01) Breaststroke r= 0.60 (p=0.01) r=0.86 (p<0.01) Butterfly stroke r= 0.55 (p=0.01) r=0.51 (p=0.02) Pooled sample r= 0.39 (p<0.01) r=0.16 (p=0.14)
Displacement Speed Linear Speed in Soccer ● n = 154 men players - First Divisionn = 154 men players - First Division (Pasquarelli et al, 2009)(Pasquarelli et al, 2009) Variables 10m 20m 30m 40m Part-time (s) 1,76+-0,10 1,25+-0,05 1,16+-0,04 1,15+-0,05 Cumulative Time (s) 1,76+-0,10 3,01+-0,13 4,17+-0,15 5,32+-0,18 Speed (ms) 5,70+-0,30 8,04+-0,29 8,62+-0,33 8,73+-0,40
Displacement Speed Speed for Functions in Soccer (Pasquarelli et al, 2009) Distance Defenders Sides Flywheels Midfielders Attackers 0 - 10 1,78+-0,11 1,73+-0,09 1,78+-0,09 1,76+-0,10 1,74+-0,09 10 - 20 1,26+-0,04 1,22+-0,04 1,25+-0,04 1,25+-0,05 1,23+-0,04 20 - 30 1,16+-0,04 1,15+-0,04 1,15+-0,05 1,17+-0,04 1,16+-0,05 30 - 40 1,15+-0,05 1,15+-0,06 1,14+-0,06 1,16+-0,05 1,15+-0,05 0 - 40 5,35+-0,19 5,26+-0,20 5,34+-0,17 5,32+-0,16 5,31+-0,16
Displacement Speed Performance of the Speed in Young Soccer Players (Adapted fromAdapted from Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015)Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015) Performance 10-12 years (n=46) 13-14 years (n=49) 15-16 years (n=37) 10m sprint 2,18 (0,13)** 1,98 (0,13)** 1,77 (0,07)** 20m sprint 3,88 (0,23)** 3,49 (0,22)** 3,12 (0,24)** 10-20m sprint 1,68 (0,12)** 1,50 (0,10)** **Significant difference – 0,01 1,35 (0,06)**
Displacement Speed Soccer: Correlation between Explosive Power and Sprints of the Lower Limbs ● 10 m10 m sprintsprint (r= -0,74)(r= -0,74) ● 20 m20 m sprintsprint (r= -0,73)(r= -0,73) ● 30 m30 m sprintsprint (r= -0,81)(r= -0,81) ● 40 m40 m sprintsprint (r= -0,88)(r= -0,88) (Pasquarelli et al, 2010)(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)
Displacement Speed Soccer: Relationship of Vertical Jump to Sprint and Change of Direction Speed ● n= 36 players - NCAA Division IIn= 36 players - NCAA Division II ● SpeedSpeed (10 and 30m),(10 and 30m), CODSCODS (T-test, pro agility),(T-test, pro agility), PowerPower (CMJ, SJ)(CMJ, SJ) (McFarland et al, 2016)(McFarland et al, 2016) Players Correlations of Tests Female 30m, pro agility and T-test with the CMJ (r=-0,502 – 0,751) SJ (r=-0,502 to -0,681) Male 10, 30m with CMJ (r=-0,476 and -0,570) and SJ (r=-0,443 and -0,553)
Displacement Speed RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V˙ max) achieved during a maximal 60-m sprint ● n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs)n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs) ● Forwards:Forwards: Age: 23,5+-2,0Age: 23,5+-2,0 Height (cm): 186,9+-6,9Height (cm): 186,9+-6,9 Mass (kg): 107,3+-8,3Mass (kg): 107,3+-8,3 ● Backs:Backs: Age:Age: 24,1+-3,924,1+-3,9 Height (cm): 179,8+-5,4Height (cm): 179,8+-5,4 Mass (kg): 84,5+-7,9* (p<0,05)Mass (kg): 84,5+-7,9* (p<0,05) (Duthie et al, 2006)(Duthie et al, 2006)
Displacement Speed RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V˙ max) achieved during a maximal 60-m sprint (Adapted from(Adapted from Duthie et al, 2006)Duthie et al, 2006) Initial Velocity (ms) Initial Velocity (ms) Vmax (ms) Vmax (ms) START FORWARDS BACKS FORWARDS BACKS STANDING 0 0 8,50+-0,47 9,43+-0,40** WALKING 1,97+-0,55* 1,93+-0,17* 8,49+-0,43 9,43+-0,45** JOGGING 4,97+-1,09* 5,61+-0,51* 8,55+-0,42 9,39+-0,40** STRIDING 7,14+-0,37* 7,18+-0,27* *(p<0,01) from standing 8,51+-0,39 **(p<0,01) from forwards 9,42+-0,36**
Displacement Speed RUGBY: NRL vs. SRL (Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008)(Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008) 1RM SQ (Kg) JumpSquat Pmax (W) Sprint Momentum (kg.s-1) 10m (s) 40m (s) AG (s) NRL 175,0 (27,3)* 1,897 (306)* 610 (51)* 1,61 (006) 5,15 (024) 8,89 (037) SRL 149,6 (14,3) 1,701 (187) 570 (46) 1,60 (005) 5,13 (0,17) 8,94 (024) Δ, % 17,0 11,5 7,0 0,6 0,4 -0,6
Displacement Speed American Football: Sprints and Jump Abilities ● NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176)NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176) (Robbins & Young, 2012)(Robbins & Young, 2012) GROUP BODY MASS Kg (SD) Wide receivers Defensive backs 92,2 (6,01) Quarterbacks 101,4 (5,13) Running backs 103,7 (7,85) Linebackers 108,8 (3,80) Tigh ends 115,2 (3,85) Linemen 136,8 (10,44)
Displacement Speed American Football: Correlation between Sprints and Jump Abilities (Robbins & Young, 2012)(Robbins & Young, 2012) GROUP Vertical Jump Max Speed Horizontal Jump Max Speed Vertical Jump Acceleration Horizontal Jump Acceleration Lineman -0,599 -0,429 -0,570 -0,327 -0,522 -0,292 -0,575 -0,324 Tight end -0,529 -0,527 -0,246 -0,237 -0,061 -0,047 -0,357 -0,323 Linebacker -0,499 0,512 -0,438 -0,415 -0,066 -0,065 -0,368 -0,394 Running back -0,414 -0,371 -0,295 -0,200 -0,304 -0,246 -0,522 -0,469 Quarterback -0,618 -0,591 -0,334 -0,284 -0,291 -0,177 -0,230 -0,213 Wide receiver defensive back -0,326 -0,307 -0,203 -0,050 -0,165 -0,197 -0,059 -0,194
Displacement Speed American Football: Anaerobic Performance, Muscle Strength and Sprint Ability ● 1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and 240/◦s)240/◦s) ● 2)- Anaerobic Performance (Wingate test) ● 3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12 ×3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12 × 20 m) tests.20 m) tests. ● Correlation between flexion strength and peak power wasCorrelation between flexion strength and peak power was indicated at 240◦/sindicated at 240◦/s ● 240◦.s−1 knee flexion strength and percentage of240◦.s−1 knee flexion strength and percentage of performance decrement from 10–20 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05)performance decrement from 10–20 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05) (Kin-Isler et al, 2008)(Kin-Isler et al, 2008)
Displacement Speed American Football: Sprint Ability (single and rRSA) (Adapted from(Adapted from Kin-Isler et al, 2008)Kin-Isler et al, 2008) VARIABLES DISTANCE (m) MEAN (SD) Single - Sprint Time (s) 20m 3,12 (0,31) Best Sprint Time (s) 0 - 10 1,64 (0,13) 10 - 20 1,35 (0,19) 0 - 20 2,99 (0,32) Total Time (s) 0 - 10 21,16 (1,82) 10 - 20 17,96 (2,31) 0 - 20 39,12 (4,13) Performance Decrement , % 0 - 10 7,83 (3,94) 10 - 20 11,59 (10,26) 0 - 20 19,42 (14,21)
Displacement Speed American Football: Changes in the Athletic Profile of Elite College (Wide Receivers) (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013) Year Weight (Kg) Height (cm) 9,1 m Sprint 18,3 m Sprint 36,6 m Sprint 18,3 m Shuttle Vertical Jump 1999 - 2001 89,54 186,54 1,59 2,65 4,56 4,16* 35,80* (+-7,11) (+-6,40) (+-0,05) (+-0,06) (+-0,11) (+-0,14) (+-2,85) n= 143 n= 143 n= 112 n= 112 n= 112 n= 89 n= 114 2008 - 2010 91,77* 185,32 1,51* 2,58* 4,47* 4,30 34,50 (+-6,74) (+-6,10) (+-0,04) (+-0,06) (+-0,10) (+-0,15) (+-3,71) n= 92 n= 92 n= 73 n= 73 n= 73 n= 57 n= 67
Displacement Speed American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College (Summary of significant differences 1999–2001 and 2008-2010) - I (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013) Position W (Kg) H (cm) 9,1 m 18,3 m 36,6 m 18,3 m Shuttle Vertical Jump Center - + + + - Cornerback + - + + + - - Defensive End + + + - Defensive tackle + + + - Free safety + + + + - Fullback + + Inside linebacker + + + Offensive guard + + + -
Displacement Speed American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College (Summary of significant differences 1999–2001 and 2008-2010) - II (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013) Position W (Kg) H (cm) 9,1 m 18,3 m 36,6 m 18,3 m Shuttle Vertical Jump Offensive tackle - + + + Outside linebacker - + + + - Quarterback + + + + - Running back - + + + - Strong safety + + + + Tight end - + + + + Wide receiver + + + + - -
Displacement Speed American Football: Players Ability vs. Line Players ● n= 17n= 17 male playersmale players (Adapted from Almas et al, 2012)(Adapted from Almas et al, 2012) Variables Players Ability Players Ability Line Players Line Players MEAN SD MEAN SD 40 yards without ball 5,38 0,22 5,88 0.32 40 yards with ball 5,40 0,21 6,05 0,42
Speed in Sports Methodology Training - I Why SAQ?Why SAQ? (Speed, Agility and Quickness)(Speed, Agility and Quickness)
Speed in Sports Methodology Training - II ABCS is not better?ABCS is not better? (Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)(Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)
Speed in Sports Possible Protocols Functional Training Maximum Strength Training Plyometric Training RMT (Resisted Movement Training) HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) Specific Ability to Sprint of the Sport Reduced Games ***
Speed in Sports Pedagogical Tasks ● Different Processing PhaseDifferent Processing Phase ● Integrated Processing PhaseIntegrated Processing Phase ● Exercises General PreparationExercises General Preparation ● Preparation of Specific ExercisesPreparation of Specific Exercises ● ExercisesExercises (Local, Partial, Global)(Local, Partial, Global) (Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)
Speed in Sports American Football: Olympic vs. Power Lifting (Adapted from(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)Hoffman et al, 2004) VARIABLE GROUP PRE-Training POST-Training Body Mass (Kg) OL 90,3+-13,3 91,0+-11,9 PL 91,3+-11,8 91,6+-12,4 1RM Squat (Kg) OL 175,0+-21,0 197,5+-31,5** PL 148,0+-25,9 166,9+-33,1** 40-yard sprint (s) OL 4,95+-0,17 4,88+-0,22 PL 4,94+-0,16 4,90+-0,19 T drill (s) OL 9,36+-0,44 9,21+-0,54 PL 9,42+-0,38 9,23+-0,41 Vertical Jump (cm) OL 44,2+-2,14 6,8+-6,1 PL 40,8+-8,94 0,5+-6,8 Vertical J power (w) OL 4310+-402 4665+-874 PL 4366+-937 5076+-905
Speed in Sports American Football: Correlations between performance scores for OL and PL Adapted from (Hoffman et al, 2004) (Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004) ΔBW ΔSquat Δ40 ΔT test ΔVJ ΔVJP OL ΔBW - ΔSquat .33 - Δ40 -.07 -.58 - ΔT test -.56 -.26 .73* - ΔVJ -.64 .50 -.16 .17 - ΔVJP -.49 .78* -.70* -.08 .56 - PL ΔBW - ΔSquat .57 - Δ40 .22 .38 - ΔT test -.23 .17 .42 - ΔVJ .36 .35 .30 -.56 - ΔVJP .22 .61 .43 -.06 .55 -
Speed in Sports Resisted Movement Training (RMT) ● Manipulating the Intensity in combination with the Maintenance of Specificity: ● SledSled ● Elastic BandsElastic Bands ● ParachuteParachute ● Ballasted VestBallasted Vest ● Vertimax®Vertimax® ● And othersAnd others (Gil, 2013)(Gil, 2013)
Speed in Sports Hockey: The Effects of a Heavy Resisted Sprint ● Preload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprintPreload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprint performanceperformance (Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010)(Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010) GROUP PRE POST Intervention 3,950 + 0,251s 3,859 + 0,288s* Control 3,940 + 0,258s 3,954 + 0,261s Significant 2,6% decrease (p= 0,02)
Speed in Sports Baseball: Creatine Supplementation at the Base Running (Batista Junior et al, 2005)(Batista Junior et al, 2005) Series GCr- S0 GCr- S3 GCr- S6 GP- S0 GP- S3 GP- S6 1 (s)* 12,2+-0,3 11,9+-0,4 11,7+-0,4 12,3+-0,8 11,9+-0,9 12,0+-0,8 2 (s)*# 12,4+-0,3 12,1+-0,4 11,9+-0,3 12,6+-0,9 12,2+-0,9 12,3+-0,9 3 (s)*# 12,7+-0,3 12,5+-0,4 12,1+-0,3 13,1+-0,8 12,3+-0,9 12,4+-0,8 4 (s)*#@ 13,2+-0,1 12,6+-0,4 12,4+-0,4 13,5+-1,0 12,6+-1,0 12,6+-0,7 5 (s)#@ 13,4+-0,4 12,8+-0,4 12,3+-0,3 13,9+-1,1 13,2+-1,1 12,9+-0,7
Speed in Sports High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) ● Stimulus IntensityStimulus Intensity ● Stimulus DurationStimulus Duration ● Volume of StimuliVolume of Stimuli ● Frequency of StimuliFrequency of Stimuli ● Rest IntervalRest Interval
Speed in Sports Phenomenon (Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ;(Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ; Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992)Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992) SPEED BARRIER Overreaching Overtraining Biological Limits Control of Loads Training Methods Psychological Factors 1) ??? 2) ??? 3) ???
Speed in Sports Fatigue Sites on the Ability to Generate Sprints ● MuscleMuscle ● NeuralNeural ● Other AspectsOther Aspects (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
Speed in Sports Fatigue: Muscle Aspects ● 1)1) Muscle ExcitabilityMuscle Excitability ● 2)2) Partial Recovery of ATP in Fast FibersPartial Recovery of ATP in Fast Fibers ● 3)3) Inhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent SprintsInhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent Sprints ● 4)4) Limiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value ofLimiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value of VO2maxVO2max ● 5)5) Metabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from GlycolysisMetabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from Glycolysis ● 6)6) Increases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of CalciumIncreases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of Calcium and or Myofibrillar Sensitivityand or Myofibrillar Sensitivity (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
Speed in Sports Fatigue: Neural Aspects ● 1)1) Reduced Efficiency in the Generation ofReduced Efficiency in the Generation of Motor ControlMotor Control ● 2)2) Muscle Recruitment StrategyMuscle Recruitment Strategy (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
Speed in Sports Fatigue: Other Aspects ● 1)1) Regulation of Muscle StiffnessRegulation of Muscle Stiffness ● 2)2) Environmental DisturbancesEnvironmental Disturbances (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
Speed in Sports Management of Fatigue ● 1)1) MetabolicMetabolic ● 2)2) NeuromuscularNeuromuscular ● 3)3) Technical-coordinativeTechnical-coordinative
Speed in Sports General Guide Training ● 1)1) Identify Manifestations of Speed in ModalityIdentify Manifestations of Speed in Modality ● 2)2) Create Specific Speed TestsCreate Specific Speed Tests ● 3)3) Perform the Tests PeriodicallyPerform the Tests Periodically ● 4)4) Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods)Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods) ● 5)5) Gradually Increase the Difficulty of the ExercisesGradually Increase the Difficulty of the Exercises ● 6)6) Variation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and DifficultVariation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and Difficult ● 7)7) Re-evaluate the Manifestations of SpeedRe-evaluate the Manifestations of Speed ● 8)8) Correct the WeaknessesCorrect the Weaknesses ● 9)9) Adapt the More Specific Training Competition SituationAdapt the More Specific Training Competition Situation ● 10)10) Re-assess the Tests Again and Modify the ExercisesRe-assess the Tests Again and Modify the Exercises

More Related Content

PPTX
Talent Identification and Sports Training
J. Priyanka
 
PDF
Planning Speed Training for Team Sports
Mike Young
 
PPTX
Periodization
Kit Wong
 
PDF
Science & Practice of Elite Speed Development
Mike Young
 
PPTX
Introduction to Sports Performance Analysis
Alpesh Jadhav
 
PDF
HamStrong: Examining hamstring injuries & what we can do to prevent them
Mike Young
 
DOCX
Atr fernando navarro
sporthelio
 
PPTX
Periodization
RAUSHAN KUMAR
 
Talent Identification and Sports Training
J. Priyanka
 
Planning Speed Training for Team Sports
Mike Young
 
Periodization
Kit Wong
 
Science & Practice of Elite Speed Development
Mike Young
 
Introduction to Sports Performance Analysis
Alpesh Jadhav
 
HamStrong: Examining hamstring injuries & what we can do to prevent them
Mike Young
 
Atr fernando navarro
sporthelio
 
Periodization
RAUSHAN KUMAR
 

What's hot (20)

PPTX
Sports Training : Load and adaptation
J. Priyanka
 
PPTX
Mean and Methods of Flexibility Development
MAHABOOBJAN A
 
PDF
Recovery Methods in Sport
Elite Performance Institute (EPI)
 
PPTX
Periodisation models
Jamie Knight
 
PPTX
Strength and Conditioning - Periodisation
Jill Costley
 
PPT
Sports Performance
natjkeen
 
ODP
Periodization in Sports: Theoretical Basis
Adriano Vretaros
 
PPT
Chapter Planning of Competitions & Periodization
Ashish Phulkar
 
PPTX
Strength Training for Track & Field
John Grace
 
PPTX
The In-Season Microcycle 'Physical themes dervied from tactical periodisation'
Hamish Munro
 
PDF
Soccer Fitness: A Science Based Approach
Mike Young
 
PDF
Off-Season & In-Season Fitness Training for Football (Soccer)
Mike Young
 
PPTX
Fitness Training Principles
Sprint College
 
PPT
"Coordinative ability" in Sports Training
J. Priyanka
 
PPTX
6.3 CECS Level III Planning a Training Year - Common Theory.pptx
EshetuGirma1
 
PDF
Fundamental Motor Learning Concepts for Coaches
Mike Young
 
PPTX
Judgement of training load
Associate professor
 
PPTX
Strength and Conditioning: Training Intensity
Joel Smith
 
ODP
Conditioning for Soccer: Scientific Basis
Adriano Vretaros
 
PPTX
Periodisation Explained
Becki Knight
 
Sports Training : Load and adaptation
J. Priyanka
 
Mean and Methods of Flexibility Development
MAHABOOBJAN A
 
Recovery Methods in Sport
Elite Performance Institute (EPI)
 
Periodisation models
Jamie Knight
 
Strength and Conditioning - Periodisation
Jill Costley
 
Sports Performance
natjkeen
 
Periodization in Sports: Theoretical Basis
Adriano Vretaros
 
Chapter Planning of Competitions & Periodization
Ashish Phulkar
 
Strength Training for Track & Field
John Grace
 
The In-Season Microcycle 'Physical themes dervied from tactical periodisation'
Hamish Munro
 
Soccer Fitness: A Science Based Approach
Mike Young
 
Off-Season & In-Season Fitness Training for Football (Soccer)
Mike Young
 
Fitness Training Principles
Sprint College
 
"Coordinative ability" in Sports Training
J. Priyanka
 
6.3 CECS Level III Planning a Training Year - Common Theory.pptx
EshetuGirma1
 
Fundamental Motor Learning Concepts for Coaches
Mike Young
 
Judgement of training load
Associate professor
 
Strength and Conditioning: Training Intensity
Joel Smith
 
Conditioning for Soccer: Scientific Basis
Adriano Vretaros
 
Periodisation Explained
Becki Knight
 
Ad

Viewers also liked (20)

ODP
Physical Preparation in Rugby
Adriano Vretaros
 
ODP
Functional Training in Sports
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Tennis: Strength and Conditioning in Children
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Fitness for Futsal: Scientific Basis for Training
Adriano Vretaros
 
PPTX
Feedback
amturner7
 
PPT
Top 10 speed in Sport
Steeve Taylor
 
ODP
Conditioning for Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)
Adriano Vretaros
 
ODP
Injuries in Ice Hockey
Adriano Vretaros
 
ODP
Physical Training in Tennis
Adriano Vretaros
 
PPTX
The speed agility pyramid
Fusion Sport
 
ODP
SOCCER: Training for Goalkeeper
Adriano Vretaros
 
PPT
Feedback is a Gift
Society of Women Engineers
 
ODP
Conditioning for American Football
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
E-book - Futebol: Bases Científicas da Preparação de Força (ISBN: 978-85-9203...
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Neuromechanics of Speed Development
Mike Young
 
PPT
Principlesof periodization
Abhinandan Koulage
 
PDF
Coaching Sprint Mechanics. What to look for. What to say.
Mike Young
 
PPTX
Training in sports
Vibha Choudhary
 
PDF
Velocity Based Training
Mike Young
 
PDF
José Mourinho Exercises
Valerii Fomenkov
 
Physical Preparation in Rugby
Adriano Vretaros
 
Functional Training in Sports
Adriano Vretaros
 
Tennis: Strength and Conditioning in Children
Adriano Vretaros
 
Fitness for Futsal: Scientific Basis for Training
Adriano Vretaros
 
Feedback
amturner7
 
Top 10 speed in Sport
Steeve Taylor
 
Conditioning for Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)
Adriano Vretaros
 
Injuries in Ice Hockey
Adriano Vretaros
 
Physical Training in Tennis
Adriano Vretaros
 
The speed agility pyramid
Fusion Sport
 
SOCCER: Training for Goalkeeper
Adriano Vretaros
 
Feedback is a Gift
Society of Women Engineers
 
Conditioning for American Football
Adriano Vretaros
 
E-book - Futebol: Bases Científicas da Preparação de Força (ISBN: 978-85-9203...
Adriano Vretaros
 
Neuromechanics of Speed Development
Mike Young
 
Principlesof periodization
Abhinandan Koulage
 
Coaching Sprint Mechanics. What to look for. What to say.
Mike Young
 
Training in sports
Vibha Choudhary
 
Velocity Based Training
Mike Young
 
José Mourinho Exercises
Valerii Fomenkov
 
Ad

Similar to Understanding the Speed in Sports (20)

PDF
Specific Speed in Basketball
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Handball: Conditioning for Players
Adriano Vretaros
 
PPTX
squash training
huddy86
 
PDF
The importance of biomechanics in sport flooring
Mauro Testa
 
PDF
Basketball Players: Jumping and Landing
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
The biomechanical demands of elite freestyle snowboard athletes - MPhil prese...
John Noonan
 
DOC
volleyball case study (1)
Matt Moore
 
PDF
Preventing programs in Football Club Barcelona - Xavi, antonio & francesc
MuscleTech Network
 
PDF
Return to play in rectus femoris muscle injuries. Our experience with profess...
MuscleTech Network
 
PPTX
UKSCA Case Study
Chris Hattersley
 
PDF
Bilateral and unilateral vertical ground reaction forces
Fernando Farias
 
PDF
ICPES 2011 posters
Dr Joseph Esformes, PhD, CSCS, FMSC
 
PDF
Specific Conditioning for Basketball
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
New insights to ACL PCL-rehabilitation 23032015
Jari Puustinen
 
PDF
Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletes
Sports Journal
 
PPTX
Strength and conditioning case study
Tom Mccann
 
PDF
Run, Change of Direction, Acceleration and Deceleration studied with Inertial...
Mauro Testa
 
PDF
Instead of Quantitative Analysis in Improving the Technical Sports
IOSR Journals
 
PDF
Karatê:esforço no kumite 2012
Hugo Carvalho
 
DOCX
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...
Sergio Gaggioni
 
Specific Speed in Basketball
Adriano Vretaros
 
Handball: Conditioning for Players
Adriano Vretaros
 
squash training
huddy86
 
The importance of biomechanics in sport flooring
Mauro Testa
 
Basketball Players: Jumping and Landing
Adriano Vretaros
 
The biomechanical demands of elite freestyle snowboard athletes - MPhil prese...
John Noonan
 
volleyball case study (1)
Matt Moore
 
Preventing programs in Football Club Barcelona - Xavi, antonio & francesc
MuscleTech Network
 
Return to play in rectus femoris muscle injuries. Our experience with profess...
MuscleTech Network
 
UKSCA Case Study
Chris Hattersley
 
Bilateral and unilateral vertical ground reaction forces
Fernando Farias
 
ICPES 2011 posters
Dr Joseph Esformes, PhD, CSCS, FMSC
 
Specific Conditioning for Basketball
Adriano Vretaros
 
New insights to ACL PCL-rehabilitation 23032015
Jari Puustinen
 
Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletes
Sports Journal
 
Strength and conditioning case study
Tom Mccann
 
Run, Change of Direction, Acceleration and Deceleration studied with Inertial...
Mauro Testa
 
Instead of Quantitative Analysis in Improving the Technical Sports
IOSR Journals
 
Karatê:esforço no kumite 2012
Hugo Carvalho
 
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...
Sergio Gaggioni
 

More from Adriano Vretaros (10)

PDF
Complex Training for Basketball Players
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Basketball: Periodization of Biomotor Capabilities
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Basketball: Anthropometric Profile in Different Categories and Sex
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Basketball: Re-Conditioning After Injury
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Basketball: Scientific Basis of Strength Training
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Strength and Conditioning for Basketball: Science & Practice
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Basketball: Physical Conditioning Using Small-Sided Games
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
Injury Prevention in Basketball
Adriano Vretaros
 
PDF
How to Manage Sports injuries?
Adriano Vretaros
 
Complex Training for Basketball Players
Adriano Vretaros
 
Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players
Adriano Vretaros
 
Basketball: Periodization of Biomotor Capabilities
Adriano Vretaros
 
Basketball: Anthropometric Profile in Different Categories and Sex
Adriano Vretaros
 
Basketball: Re-Conditioning After Injury
Adriano Vretaros
 
Basketball: Scientific Basis of Strength Training
Adriano Vretaros
 
Strength and Conditioning for Basketball: Science & Practice
Adriano Vretaros
 
Basketball: Physical Conditioning Using Small-Sided Games
Adriano Vretaros
 
Injury Prevention in Basketball
Adriano Vretaros
 
How to Manage Sports injuries?
Adriano Vretaros
 

Recently uploaded (20)

DOCX
Gianni Infantino Highlights Respect and Fair Play in Global Football.docx
FIFA World Cup Tickets
 
PDF
Schedule of Oral Presentations (0820).pdf
tassm0014
 
PPTX
CHESS final statement to encourage the knowledge about indoor games
adhithyankrr05
 
DOCX
World Cup Lawrence to Boost Hotel Tax for FIFA 2026 Tourism Surge.docx
Eticketing.co
 
DOCX
NFL Dublin Minnesota Vikings Bolster Backfield with New Running Back.docx
World Creative Solutions
 
PPTX
Introduction to Chess with piece movement information
pritamshet1
 
DOCX
Europa League Final 2026 Showcase13.docx
Europa League Final Tickets
 
PDF
2025 AASM Schedule of Oral Presentation(0819)
tassm0014
 
PDF
2 BC Lions home games to be moved due to 2026 FIFA World Cup.pdf
Eticketing.co
 
DOCX
FIFA 2026 City of Houston Gears Up for an Unforgettable World Cup.docx
Eticketing.co
 
PPTX
Best All Access Passes me .pptxxxxxxxxxx
counterten
 
DOCX
Volunteer at World Cup in USA & Canada.docx
Eticketing.co
 
DOCX
NFL London Broncos Set Sights on 2025 Season.docx
NFL Games Tickets
 
PDF
aaam 8/22-23 Schedule of Poster Presentation.pdf
tassm0014
 
DOCX
World Cup Tickets Uganda confirms stadium and date for Somalia fixture.docx
FIFA World Cup Tickets
 
DOCX
NFL Dublin Vikings Announce Strategy for Jordan Addison Prior to Final Tune-U...
World Creative Solutions
 
PDF
Fan engagement digital collectibles .pdf
counterten
 
PPTX
Presentación powerpoint ---deportes.pptx
jorgemelendez20251
 
PDF
Sports & Entertainment Streaming – Live Matches, Local Channels
jekoj283
 
DOCX
World Cup Here is the September schedule for the Lions of Teranga.docx
Worldwideticketsandhospitality
 
Gianni Infantino Highlights Respect and Fair Play in Global Football.docx
FIFA World Cup Tickets
 
Schedule of Oral Presentations (0820).pdf
tassm0014
 
CHESS final statement to encourage the knowledge about indoor games
adhithyankrr05
 
World Cup Lawrence to Boost Hotel Tax for FIFA 2026 Tourism Surge.docx
Eticketing.co
 
NFL Dublin Minnesota Vikings Bolster Backfield with New Running Back.docx
World Creative Solutions
 
Introduction to Chess with piece movement information
pritamshet1
 
Europa League Final 2026 Showcase13.docx
Europa League Final Tickets
 
2025 AASM Schedule of Oral Presentation(0819)
tassm0014
 
2 BC Lions home games to be moved due to 2026 FIFA World Cup.pdf
Eticketing.co
 
FIFA 2026 City of Houston Gears Up for an Unforgettable World Cup.docx
Eticketing.co
 
Best All Access Passes me .pptxxxxxxxxxx
counterten
 
Volunteer at World Cup in USA & Canada.docx
Eticketing.co
 
NFL London Broncos Set Sights on 2025 Season.docx
NFL Games Tickets
 
aaam 8/22-23 Schedule of Poster Presentation.pdf
tassm0014
 
World Cup Tickets Uganda confirms stadium and date for Somalia fixture.docx
FIFA World Cup Tickets
 
NFL Dublin Vikings Announce Strategy for Jordan Addison Prior to Final Tune-U...
World Creative Solutions
 
Fan engagement digital collectibles .pdf
counterten
 
Presentación powerpoint ---deportes.pptx
jorgemelendez20251
 
Sports & Entertainment Streaming – Live Matches, Local Channels
jekoj283
 
World Cup Here is the September schedule for the Lions of Teranga.docx
Worldwideticketsandhospitality
 

Understanding the Speed in Sports

  • 1. Understanding the Speed in Sports Adriano VretarosAdriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning CoachStrength and Conditioning Coach São Paulo – BRAZILSão Paulo – BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.comavretaros@gmail.com
  • 2. Speed in Sports - I ● DEFINITION:DEFINITION: ¨Complex action of conditioning capacity¨Complex action of conditioning capacity neuromechanical of the locomotor systemneuromechanical of the locomotor system in solving a task that requires quickin solving a task that requires quick response on the part of the athlete. ¨response on the part of the athlete. ¨ (Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)
  • 3. Speed in Sports - II ● Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics):Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics): Velocity:Velocity: distance timedistance time mα=ΔV/Δt *mα=ΔV/Δt * V2=v02+2αΔs **V2=v02+2αΔs ** ● average speedaverage speed ● instantaneous velocityinstantaneous velocity
  • 6. Differentiating Speeds ● Cyclic:Cyclic: motor actions with periodicals cycles of repetitions ● Acyclic:Acyclic: there is no repeating cycles of movements
  • 7. Factors that Affect the Speed in Sports ● 1)1) Biochemical ProcessesBiochemical Processes ● 2)2) MuscularMuscular ● 3)3) BrainBrain ● 4)4) KinematicsKinematics ● 5)5) Interaction Between the Neural andInteraction Between the Neural and Muscular SystemsMuscular Systems ● 6)6) GeneticsGenetics
  • 8. Biochemical Processes in Speed ● ATP-PCATP-PC ****** ● Anaerobic LacticAnaerobic Lactic **** ● OxidativeOxidative **
  • 9. Muscular Factors in Speed ● 1)1) Fiber TypeFiber Type 11)11) Pennation AnglePennation Angle ● 2)2) Viscosity FiberViscosity Fiber 12)12) Connective TissueConnective Tissue ● 3)3) Muscle ElasticityMuscle Elasticity 13)13) Fascicle LengthFascicle Length ● 4)4) Intramuscular CoordinationIntramuscular Coordination 14)14) Co-contractionCo-contraction ● 5)5) Intermuscular CoordinationIntermuscular Coordination ● 6)6) Basic StrengthBasic Strength ● 7)7) Maximum ForceMaximum Force ● 8)8) PowerPower ● 9)9) Explosive ForceExplosive Force ● 10)10) Muscle RelaxingMuscle Relaxing
  • 10. Brain Factors in Speed ● MarrowMarrow ● Nerve ImpulseNerve Impulse ● PerceptionPerception ● Decision-makingDecision-making ● Volitional FunctionVolitional Function
  • 11. Kinematics Factors on the Speed ● Movement TechniqueMovement Technique ● Coordination MembersCoordination Members ● Frequency MovementsFrequency Movements ● Range of MotionRange of Motion ● Relationship Levers Torso-extremitiesRelationship Levers Torso-extremities (Barbanti, 1996)(Barbanti, 1996)
  • 12. Interaction Between the Neural and Muscular Systems to Generate Speed ● Muscle CoordinationMuscle Coordination (time relative to(time relative to movements on the body segments)movements on the body segments) ● Muscle ActivationMuscle Activation (relative time of muscle(relative time of muscle recruitment)recruitment) (Almeida, 2009)(Almeida, 2009)
  • 13. Genetics in Speed GENETICS BIOLOGICAL LIMITS Composition of Muscle Fibers Anthropometric Variables 1) ??? 2) ??? 3) ??? SEX Age Breed andor Ethnicity
  • 14. Speed Macro-manifestations ● Reaction SpeedReaction Speed ● Movement SpeedMovement Speed ● Displacement SpeedDisplacement Speed Speed of Endurance
  • 15. Reaction Speed - I ● Simple:Simple: ● 1) Anticipation1) Anticipation ● 2) Forecast:2) Forecast: a) temporala) temporal b) spatialb) spatial (Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)
  • 16. Reaction Speed - II Complex:Complex: ● 1) Disjunctive Reactions1) Disjunctive Reactions ● 2) Differential Reactions2) Differential Reactions (Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)
  • 17. Reaction Speed - III ● AudioAudio ● VisualVisual ● TactileTactile ● ProprioceptiveProprioceptive ● MixedMixed (Vagheti, 2003 ; Platonov, 2008)
  • 18. Reaction Speed - IV ● PerceptionPerception ● DecisionDecision ● RealizationRealization (Nunes et al, 2006)(Nunes et al, 2006)
  • 19. Reaction Speed – V (Soares et al, 1987) MODALITY SEX n AGE Reaction Time (seg . 10 -3) Track and Field M 16 17,53+-3,95 .192+-.032* W 14 16,20+-1,93 .190+-.030** Basketball M 16 15,31+-0,70 .201+-.016 W 14 14,57+-0,76 .203+-.026 Gymnastics M 10 15,40+-2,01 .200+-.017 W 07 15,00+-1,63 .206+-.014 Swimming M 17 12,53+-2,35 .221+-.034 W 16 12,13+-1,93 .228+-.021 Boxing M 06 22,33+-2,94 .225+-.022 W -- -- -- *F2.52=3.44. P<.05 **F2.84=6.15.p<.05
  • 20. Reaction Speed - VI RS or RT? Cybex Reactor ®
  • 21. Reaction Speed – VII Volleyball: Cybex Reactor ● Best ResultBest Result (Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004)(Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004) POSITION REACTION TIME Opposite 0,005 ms * Cutting edge 0,0998 ms * Levator 0,1351 ms Libero 0,4084 ms
  • 22. Reaction Speed – VIII Analytical Events (Adapted from Rodrigues da Silva et al, 2007) 1) Start Signal 6) Electrical Stimulus to Chemical 2) Excitement the Receiver 7) Stimulus to the Effector Member 3) Driving Excitement Central Nervous System 8) Excitation of the Muscle Fiber 4) Interpretation and Processing 9) Motor Response 5) Arrival at the Nerve Terminal 10) Mechanical Activity
  • 23. Movement Speed - I ● Frequency of Movement per Unit TimeFrequency of Movement per Unit Time (Weineck(Weineck apudapud Santos et al, 2010)Santos et al, 2010)
  • 24. Movement Speed – II Tests ● Brady TestBrady Test ● Russell-Lange TestRussell-Lange Test ● French-Cooper TestFrench-Cooper Test ● AAHPER TestAAHPER Test ● McDonald TestMcDonald Test ● Cornish TestCornish Test (Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999)
  • 25. Movement Speed – III Analysis of Cinemetry ● Volleyball - CutVolleyball - Cut (Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999) Ball Average Ball Average Fast Ball Fast Ball MEAN SD MEAN SD Ball 20,8 2,6 19,7 2,8 Fist 12,4 1,5 12,3 1,9 The Middle Finger 16,0 2,9 15,7 3,2
  • 26. Movement Speed – IV Analysis of Cinemetry ● Handball - ThrowHandball - Throw (Loss et al, 1999) Throw Projection Throw Projection Throw in Suspension Throw in Suspension 7m shot 7m shot Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Ball 20,8 2,3 19,9 3,2 19,5 2,4 Fist 13,4 1,3 12,4 1,4 11,1 2,2 The Middle Finger 17,7 2,0 16,6 2,8 16,3 2,6
  • 27. Movement Speed – V Analysis of Cinemetry ● Futsal – KickFutsal – Kick (Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999) Ball Stopped (beak) Ball Stopped (beak) Ball Stopped (chest) Ball Stopped (chest) Scrolled Ball (in favor) Scrolled Ball (in favor) S Ball (against) S Ball (a) MEAN SD MEAN SD MEAN SD MEAN SD Ball 23,1 2,9 22,9 2,7 23,6 1,7 22,7 2,0 Ankle 16,4 0,8 15,6 1,6 15,8 3,1 15,5 2,8
  • 28. Movement Speed – VI Kung Fu Yau-Man: Cinemetry Palm Blow (Pinto Neto et al, 2010)(Pinto Neto et al, 2010) Individuals Mc (Kg) Va (ms) Vbf (ms) ∆t (ms) V5 (ms) 1 54,80 6,9 9,2 87 6,3 1 54,80 8,3 10,7 80 7,3 2 69,05 8,0 10,5 90 7,1 2 69,05 8,7 12,1 127 7,9 3 80,80 8,7 11,4 127 8,1 3 80,80 8,0 11,3 127 7,2 MEAN 68,22 8,1 10,9 106 7,3
  • 29. Movement Speed – VII Basketball: relationship speed precision shot (Okazaki et al, 2006)(Okazaki et al, 2006)
  • 30. Movement Speed – VIII Basketball: relationship speed precision shot (Adapted from(Adapted from Okazaki et al, 2006)Okazaki et al, 2006) Shoulder Elbow Fist Short 2,8 m Medium 4,6 m Long 6,4 m Short 2,8 m Medium 4,6 m Long 6,4 m Short 2,8 m Medium 4,6 m Long 6,4 m Max angular velocity time (s) 0,65 +- 0,26 0,64 +- 0,22 0,59 +- 0,18 0,85 +- 0,15* 0,84 +- 0,10* 0,74 +- 0,13* 0,82 +- 0,15* 0,80 +- 0,14* 0,72 +- 0,13* Max angular velocity time (%) 73,7 +- 24,6 74,4 +- 24,7 79,0 +- 24,4 96,3 +- 3,2 96,8 +- 2,8 97,2 +- 2,3 98,6 +- 14,0 98,4 +- 12,3 98,4 +- 9,8
  • 31. Movement Speed – IX Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb loading in the serve - I ● Kinetic Measurements:Kinetic Measurements: ● 1)1) Shoulder ForceShoulder Force ● 2)2) Shoulder TorqueShoulder Torque ● 3)3) Elbow TorqueElbow Torque (Elliot et al, 2003)(Elliot et al, 2003)
  • 32. Movement Speed – X Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb loading in the serve - II ( Adapted from( Adapted from Elliot et al, 2003)Elliot et al, 2003) Variable Male Players Female Players Service Speeds 183 Kmh 149 Kmh Shoulder Torque (MER) 4,6%, 64,9 Nm* 3,5%, 37,5 Nm* P<0,01 Peak Horizontal Adduction Torque 7,6%* 6,5%* P<0,01 Shoulder Compressive Force 79,6%* 59,1%* P<0,01 Absolute Compressive Force 608,3 N 363,7 N Peak Absolute Elbow Varus Torque 78,3 Nm 58,2 Nm
  • 33. Movement Speed – XI Baseball Pitching (Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999)(Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999) Arm Cocking Phase Professional Players Elbow Varus Torque (Nm) 64+-15 Shoulder Internal Rotation Torque ((Nm) 68+-15 Shoulder Anterior Force ((N) 390+-90 Arm Acceleration Phase Elbow Flexion Torque (Nm) 58+-13 Arm Deceleration Phase Elbow Proximal Force (N) 910+-140 Shoulder Proximal Force (N) 1070+-190 Shoulder Posterior Force (N) 390+-240 Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Torque (Nm) 109+-85
  • 34. Displacement Speed ● A Correlation Between the Velocity of aA Correlation Between the Velocity of a Given DistanceGiven Distance (Weineck(Weineck apudapud Santos et al, 2010)Santos et al, 2010)
  • 35. Displacement Speed Classic Version in Cyclical Activities ● 1)1) Reaction Time at the StartReaction Time at the Start ● 2)2) AccelerationAcceleration ● 3)3) TransitionTransition ● 4)4) Maximum SpeedMaximum Speed ● 5)5) Speed of MaintenanceSpeed of Maintenance ● 6)6) DeceleratingDecelerating (Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)(Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)
  • 36. Displacement Speed Classic Version of Acyclic Activities ● 1)1) Initial Body Position when AcceleratingInitial Body Position when Accelerating ● 2)2) Reaction VelocityReaction Velocity ● 3)3) Reactive ForceReactive Force ● 4)4) Maximum Athlete's Strength LevelsMaximum Athlete's Strength Levels ● 5)5) Specific Ability to Accelerate of the SportSpecific Ability to Accelerate of the Sport ● 6)6) Environmental Situation at the Time ofEnvironmental Situation at the Time of AcceleratingAccelerating
  • 37. Displacement Speed Cyclic vs. Acyclic ● Cyclical Sport:Cyclical Sport: Linear Speed=Linear Speed= (Maximum Speed)(Maximum Speed) ● Acyclic Sport:Acyclic Sport: Linear Velocity + Multidirectional=Linear Velocity + Multidirectional= (Functional Speed)(Functional Speed)
  • 38. Displacement Speed Ground Reaction Force (GRF) ● Propulsive PhasePropulsive Phase ● Horizontal ForceHorizontal Force ● Vertical ForceVertical Force ● Total ForceTotal Force ● Ground per Unit Body WeightGround per Unit Body Weight (Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)(Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)
  • 39. Displacement Speed Moving Body + Center of Mass ● Produces HighProduces High Rates of Force DevelopmentRates of Force Development (RFD)(RFD) ● Tolerate theTolerate the Resultant Ground ReactionResultant Ground Reaction Force (GRF)Force (GRF) (Deweese et al, 2016)(Deweese et al, 2016)
  • 40. Displacement Speed GRF - Examples (Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen &(Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012)Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012) SPORTS WEIGHT OF ATHLETES ACCELERATION DISTANCES SOCCER ~70-85 Kg 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m AMERICAN FOOTBALL ~85-145 Kg 9,1, 18,3, 27,4 and 36,6 m RUGBY ~80-120 Kg 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 m
  • 41. Displacement Speed Coefficient of Friction with the Surface SPORTS Interaction between Footwear and Surface Soccer Rubber over Grass American Football Rubber over Grass Rugby Rubber over Grass Handball Rubber over Hard Floor Volleyball Rubber over Hard Floor Basketball Rubber over Hard Floor Track and Field Rubber over Synthetic Floor or Grass Ice Hockey Steel over Ice Artistic Skating Steel over Ice
  • 42. Displacement Speed The Coefficients of Friction - I ● Static Friction (Us)Static Friction (Us) ● Kinetic Friction (Uk)Kinetic Friction (Uk) (Okuno & Fratin, 2003)(Okuno & Fratin, 2003)
  • 43. Displacement Speed The Coefficients of Friction - II ● Low Friction ResistanceLow Friction Resistance ● High Friction ResistanceHigh Friction Resistance ● a) Translationa) Translation ● b) Rotationb) Rotation (Nigg & Segesser, 1988)(Nigg & Segesser, 1988)
  • 44. Displacement Speed American Football: Surfaces Tested (Adapted from(Adapted from Kent et al, 2015)Kent et al, 2015) Surface Artificial Natural Indoor Outdoor Approx. age (years) Test translation Test rotation Test trans. drop S1 N (KGB) Outdoor <1 3 3 9 S3 A Outdoor <1 3 2 3 S7 A Indoor <1 9 4 4 S5 A Outdoor 7 4 4 6 S4 A Indoor 6 4 4 6 S2 N (B.Grass) Outdoor 13 2 2 2 S6 A Indoor <1 2 2 3 S8 A Indoor 3 2 2 2
  • 45. Displacement Speed Coefficient of Friction with the Surface ● Force Breaking Inertia and Rubbing the Surface ● The Formulas:
  • 46. Displacement Speed Field Turf (FT) vs. Natural Grass (NG) ● n= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Playersn= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Players (Adapted from(Adapted from Gains et al, 2010)Gains et al, 2010) TESTS FIELD TURF (FT) NATURAL GRASS (NT) 40-yd dash times using ET 5,34 (0,30) s 5,33 (0,33) s 40-yd dash times using HT 5,06 (0,31) s 5,11 (0,29) s Proagility 4,49 (0,28) s 4,64 (0,33) s
  • 47. Displacement Speed Analysis of the Time and Age in the Ranking 100 meters ● 100 Metres – n= 2000100 Metres – n= 2000 sprinters mensprinters men (Claro & Santos, 2012) Value 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean 0,42 0,46 0,44 0,42 0,48 0,42 0,425 0,36 0,54 0,43 Maxim 0,59 0,59 0,56 0,65 0,61 0,60 0,61 0,65 0,69 0,56 Minimum 0,19 0,20 0,13 0,17 0,22 0,14 0,19 0,11 0,21 0,18 SD 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,12 0,14 0,13 0,16 0,13 0,10 Value 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Mean 24,5 23,5 25 25,5 23 25 25 23 20 22,5 Maxim 36 37 36 35 34 35 36 32 33 34 Minimum 30 17 18 18 19 20 18 18 16 18 SD 5,1 5,7 4,9 4,8 4,9 4,5 5,0 4,1 5,4 4,7
  • 48. Displacement Speed Track and Field ● N= 01N= 01 Female SprinterFemale Sprinter ● Repetitions Launched inRepetitions Launched in Distance of 20 metersDistance of 20 meters ● Previous Acceleration of 30 meters:Previous Acceleration of 30 meters: ● 11a11a. (2,32s). (2,32s) ● 12a.12a. (2,29s)(2,29s) ● 13a. (2,26s) ***13a. (2,26s) *** ● 14a14a. (2,30s). (2,30s) ● Personal Best (2,35s) *Personal Best (2,35s) * (Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)(Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)
  • 49. Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement ● Force Hydrodynamic DragForce Hydrodynamic Drag ● Propulsive ForcePropulsive Force ● FloatabilityFloatability
  • 50. Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS:SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS: ● Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan)Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan) ● Body Size Relative (Somatotype)Body Size Relative (Somatotype) ● Wingspan-height IndexWingspan-height Index ● Diameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristalDiameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristal ● Length of LimbsLength of Limbs ● Diameters and CircumferencesDiameters and Circumferences ● Size of the Feet and HandsSize of the Feet and Hands ● Swimming TechniqueSwimming Technique ● Frequency of Arm StrokeFrequency of Arm Stroke ● Length of Arm StrokeLength of Arm Stroke
  • 51. Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement CRITICAL SPEEDCRITICAL SPEED - Calculation:- Calculation: ● De (distance end)De (distance end) ● Id (initial distance)Id (initial distance) ● Ft (final time)Ft (final time) ● St (start time)St (start time) ● CS (critical speed)CS (critical speed) ● Δd= Δde – ΔidΔd= Δde – Δid ● Δt= Δft – ΔstΔt= Δft – Δst ● CS= Δd Δt (ms)CS= Δd Δt (ms) (Massetto et al, 2011)(Massetto et al, 2011)
  • 52. Displacement Speed Swimming: Correlations between Energy Cost (EC), Speed Fluctuation (dv) and Swimming Velocity (v) ● n= 17n= 17 elite swimmerselite swimmers (Adapted from Barbosa et al, 2006)Barbosa et al, 2006) EC and dv controlling v EC and v controlling dv Freestyle r= 0.62 (p<0.01) r=0.43 (p=0.05) Backstroke r= 0.55 (p<0.01) r=0.56 (p<0.01) Breaststroke r= 0.60 (p=0.01) r=0.86 (p<0.01) Butterfly stroke r= 0.55 (p=0.01) r=0.51 (p=0.02) Pooled sample r= 0.39 (p<0.01) r=0.16 (p=0.14)
  • 53. Displacement Speed Linear Speed in Soccer ● n = 154 men players - First Divisionn = 154 men players - First Division (Pasquarelli et al, 2009)(Pasquarelli et al, 2009) Variables 10m 20m 30m 40m Part-time (s) 1,76+-0,10 1,25+-0,05 1,16+-0,04 1,15+-0,05 Cumulative Time (s) 1,76+-0,10 3,01+-0,13 4,17+-0,15 5,32+-0,18 Speed (ms) 5,70+-0,30 8,04+-0,29 8,62+-0,33 8,73+-0,40
  • 54. Displacement Speed Speed for Functions in Soccer (Pasquarelli et al, 2009) Distance Defenders Sides Flywheels Midfielders Attackers 0 - 10 1,78+-0,11 1,73+-0,09 1,78+-0,09 1,76+-0,10 1,74+-0,09 10 - 20 1,26+-0,04 1,22+-0,04 1,25+-0,04 1,25+-0,05 1,23+-0,04 20 - 30 1,16+-0,04 1,15+-0,04 1,15+-0,05 1,17+-0,04 1,16+-0,05 30 - 40 1,15+-0,05 1,15+-0,06 1,14+-0,06 1,16+-0,05 1,15+-0,05 0 - 40 5,35+-0,19 5,26+-0,20 5,34+-0,17 5,32+-0,16 5,31+-0,16
  • 55. Displacement Speed Performance of the Speed in Young Soccer Players (Adapted fromAdapted from Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015)Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015) Performance 10-12 years (n=46) 13-14 years (n=49) 15-16 years (n=37) 10m sprint 2,18 (0,13)** 1,98 (0,13)** 1,77 (0,07)** 20m sprint 3,88 (0,23)** 3,49 (0,22)** 3,12 (0,24)** 10-20m sprint 1,68 (0,12)** 1,50 (0,10)** **Significant difference – 0,01 1,35 (0,06)**
  • 56. Displacement Speed Soccer: Correlation between Explosive Power and Sprints of the Lower Limbs ● 10 m10 m sprintsprint (r= -0,74)(r= -0,74) ● 20 m20 m sprintsprint (r= -0,73)(r= -0,73) ● 30 m30 m sprintsprint (r= -0,81)(r= -0,81) ● 40 m40 m sprintsprint (r= -0,88)(r= -0,88) (Pasquarelli et al, 2010)(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)
  • 57. Displacement Speed Soccer: Relationship of Vertical Jump to Sprint and Change of Direction Speed ● n= 36 players - NCAA Division IIn= 36 players - NCAA Division II ● SpeedSpeed (10 and 30m),(10 and 30m), CODSCODS (T-test, pro agility),(T-test, pro agility), PowerPower (CMJ, SJ)(CMJ, SJ) (McFarland et al, 2016)(McFarland et al, 2016) Players Correlations of Tests Female 30m, pro agility and T-test with the CMJ (r=-0,502 – 0,751) SJ (r=-0,502 to -0,681) Male 10, 30m with CMJ (r=-0,476 and -0,570) and SJ (r=-0,443 and -0,553)
  • 58. Displacement Speed RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V˙ max) achieved during a maximal 60-m sprint ● n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs)n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs) ● Forwards:Forwards: Age: 23,5+-2,0Age: 23,5+-2,0 Height (cm): 186,9+-6,9Height (cm): 186,9+-6,9 Mass (kg): 107,3+-8,3Mass (kg): 107,3+-8,3 ● Backs:Backs: Age:Age: 24,1+-3,924,1+-3,9 Height (cm): 179,8+-5,4Height (cm): 179,8+-5,4 Mass (kg): 84,5+-7,9* (p<0,05)Mass (kg): 84,5+-7,9* (p<0,05) (Duthie et al, 2006)(Duthie et al, 2006)
  • 59. Displacement Speed RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V˙ max) achieved during a maximal 60-m sprint (Adapted from(Adapted from Duthie et al, 2006)Duthie et al, 2006) Initial Velocity (ms) Initial Velocity (ms) Vmax (ms) Vmax (ms) START FORWARDS BACKS FORWARDS BACKS STANDING 0 0 8,50+-0,47 9,43+-0,40** WALKING 1,97+-0,55* 1,93+-0,17* 8,49+-0,43 9,43+-0,45** JOGGING 4,97+-1,09* 5,61+-0,51* 8,55+-0,42 9,39+-0,40** STRIDING 7,14+-0,37* 7,18+-0,27* *(p<0,01) from standing 8,51+-0,39 **(p<0,01) from forwards 9,42+-0,36**
  • 60. Displacement Speed RUGBY: NRL vs. SRL (Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008)(Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008) 1RM SQ (Kg) JumpSquat Pmax (W) Sprint Momentum (kg.s-1) 10m (s) 40m (s) AG (s) NRL 175,0 (27,3)* 1,897 (306)* 610 (51)* 1,61 (006) 5,15 (024) 8,89 (037) SRL 149,6 (14,3) 1,701 (187) 570 (46) 1,60 (005) 5,13 (0,17) 8,94 (024) Δ, % 17,0 11,5 7,0 0,6 0,4 -0,6
  • 61. Displacement Speed American Football: Sprints and Jump Abilities ● NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176)NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176) (Robbins & Young, 2012)(Robbins & Young, 2012) GROUP BODY MASS Kg (SD) Wide receivers Defensive backs 92,2 (6,01) Quarterbacks 101,4 (5,13) Running backs 103,7 (7,85) Linebackers 108,8 (3,80) Tigh ends 115,2 (3,85) Linemen 136,8 (10,44)
  • 62. Displacement Speed American Football: Correlation between Sprints and Jump Abilities (Robbins & Young, 2012)(Robbins & Young, 2012) GROUP Vertical Jump Max Speed Horizontal Jump Max Speed Vertical Jump Acceleration Horizontal Jump Acceleration Lineman -0,599 -0,429 -0,570 -0,327 -0,522 -0,292 -0,575 -0,324 Tight end -0,529 -0,527 -0,246 -0,237 -0,061 -0,047 -0,357 -0,323 Linebacker -0,499 0,512 -0,438 -0,415 -0,066 -0,065 -0,368 -0,394 Running back -0,414 -0,371 -0,295 -0,200 -0,304 -0,246 -0,522 -0,469 Quarterback -0,618 -0,591 -0,334 -0,284 -0,291 -0,177 -0,230 -0,213 Wide receiver defensive back -0,326 -0,307 -0,203 -0,050 -0,165 -0,197 -0,059 -0,194
  • 63. Displacement Speed American Football: Anaerobic Performance, Muscle Strength and Sprint Ability ● 1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and 240/◦s)240/◦s) ● 2)- Anaerobic Performance (Wingate test) ● 3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12 ×3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12 × 20 m) tests.20 m) tests. ● Correlation between flexion strength and peak power wasCorrelation between flexion strength and peak power was indicated at 240◦/sindicated at 240◦/s ● 240◦.s−1 knee flexion strength and percentage of240◦.s−1 knee flexion strength and percentage of performance decrement from 10–20 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05)performance decrement from 10–20 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05) (Kin-Isler et al, 2008)(Kin-Isler et al, 2008)
  • 64. Displacement Speed American Football: Sprint Ability (single and rRSA) (Adapted from(Adapted from Kin-Isler et al, 2008)Kin-Isler et al, 2008) VARIABLES DISTANCE (m) MEAN (SD) Single - Sprint Time (s) 20m 3,12 (0,31) Best Sprint Time (s) 0 - 10 1,64 (0,13) 10 - 20 1,35 (0,19) 0 - 20 2,99 (0,32) Total Time (s) 0 - 10 21,16 (1,82) 10 - 20 17,96 (2,31) 0 - 20 39,12 (4,13) Performance Decrement , % 0 - 10 7,83 (3,94) 10 - 20 11,59 (10,26) 0 - 20 19,42 (14,21)
  • 65. Displacement Speed American Football: Changes in the Athletic Profile of Elite College (Wide Receivers) (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013) Year Weight (Kg) Height (cm) 9,1 m Sprint 18,3 m Sprint 36,6 m Sprint 18,3 m Shuttle Vertical Jump 1999 - 2001 89,54 186,54 1,59 2,65 4,56 4,16* 35,80* (+-7,11) (+-6,40) (+-0,05) (+-0,06) (+-0,11) (+-0,14) (+-2,85) n= 143 n= 143 n= 112 n= 112 n= 112 n= 89 n= 114 2008 - 2010 91,77* 185,32 1,51* 2,58* 4,47* 4,30 34,50 (+-6,74) (+-6,10) (+-0,04) (+-0,06) (+-0,10) (+-0,15) (+-3,71) n= 92 n= 92 n= 73 n= 73 n= 73 n= 57 n= 67
  • 66. Displacement Speed American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College (Summary of significant differences 1999–2001 and 2008-2010) - I (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013) Position W (Kg) H (cm) 9,1 m 18,3 m 36,6 m 18,3 m Shuttle Vertical Jump Center - + + + - Cornerback + - + + + - - Defensive End + + + - Defensive tackle + + + - Free safety + + + + - Fullback + + Inside linebacker + + + Offensive guard + + + -
  • 67. Displacement Speed American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College (Summary of significant differences 1999–2001 and 2008-2010) - II (Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013) Position W (Kg) H (cm) 9,1 m 18,3 m 36,6 m 18,3 m Shuttle Vertical Jump Offensive tackle - + + + Outside linebacker - + + + - Quarterback + + + + - Running back - + + + - Strong safety + + + + Tight end - + + + + Wide receiver + + + + - -
  • 68. Displacement Speed American Football: Players Ability vs. Line Players ● n= 17n= 17 male playersmale players (Adapted from Almas et al, 2012)(Adapted from Almas et al, 2012) Variables Players Ability Players Ability Line Players Line Players MEAN SD MEAN SD 40 yards without ball 5,38 0,22 5,88 0.32 40 yards with ball 5,40 0,21 6,05 0,42
  • 69. Speed in Sports Methodology Training - I Why SAQ?Why SAQ? (Speed, Agility and Quickness)(Speed, Agility and Quickness)
  • 70. Speed in Sports Methodology Training - II ABCS is not better?ABCS is not better? (Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)(Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)
  • 71. Speed in Sports Possible Protocols Functional Training Maximum Strength Training Plyometric Training RMT (Resisted Movement Training) HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) Specific Ability to Sprint of the Sport Reduced Games ***
  • 72. Speed in Sports Pedagogical Tasks ● Different Processing PhaseDifferent Processing Phase ● Integrated Processing PhaseIntegrated Processing Phase ● Exercises General PreparationExercises General Preparation ● Preparation of Specific ExercisesPreparation of Specific Exercises ● ExercisesExercises (Local, Partial, Global)(Local, Partial, Global) (Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)
  • 73. Speed in Sports American Football: Olympic vs. Power Lifting (Adapted from(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)Hoffman et al, 2004) VARIABLE GROUP PRE-Training POST-Training Body Mass (Kg) OL 90,3+-13,3 91,0+-11,9 PL 91,3+-11,8 91,6+-12,4 1RM Squat (Kg) OL 175,0+-21,0 197,5+-31,5** PL 148,0+-25,9 166,9+-33,1** 40-yard sprint (s) OL 4,95+-0,17 4,88+-0,22 PL 4,94+-0,16 4,90+-0,19 T drill (s) OL 9,36+-0,44 9,21+-0,54 PL 9,42+-0,38 9,23+-0,41 Vertical Jump (cm) OL 44,2+-2,14 6,8+-6,1 PL 40,8+-8,94 0,5+-6,8 Vertical J power (w) OL 4310+-402 4665+-874 PL 4366+-937 5076+-905
  • 74. Speed in Sports American Football: Correlations between performance scores for OL and PL Adapted from (Hoffman et al, 2004) (Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004) ΔBW ΔSquat Δ40 ΔT test ΔVJ ΔVJP OL ΔBW - ΔSquat .33 - Δ40 -.07 -.58 - ΔT test -.56 -.26 .73* - ΔVJ -.64 .50 -.16 .17 - ΔVJP -.49 .78* -.70* -.08 .56 - PL ΔBW - ΔSquat .57 - Δ40 .22 .38 - ΔT test -.23 .17 .42 - ΔVJ .36 .35 .30 -.56 - ΔVJP .22 .61 .43 -.06 .55 -
  • 75. Speed in Sports Resisted Movement Training (RMT) ● Manipulating the Intensity in combination with the Maintenance of Specificity: ● SledSled ● Elastic BandsElastic Bands ● ParachuteParachute ● Ballasted VestBallasted Vest ● Vertimax®Vertimax® ● And othersAnd others (Gil, 2013)(Gil, 2013)
  • 76. Speed in Sports Hockey: The Effects of a Heavy Resisted Sprint ● Preload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprintPreload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprint performanceperformance (Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010)(Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010) GROUP PRE POST Intervention 3,950 + 0,251s 3,859 + 0,288s* Control 3,940 + 0,258s 3,954 + 0,261s Significant 2,6% decrease (p= 0,02)
  • 77. Speed in Sports Baseball: Creatine Supplementation at the Base Running (Batista Junior et al, 2005)(Batista Junior et al, 2005) Series GCr- S0 GCr- S3 GCr- S6 GP- S0 GP- S3 GP- S6 1 (s)* 12,2+-0,3 11,9+-0,4 11,7+-0,4 12,3+-0,8 11,9+-0,9 12,0+-0,8 2 (s)*# 12,4+-0,3 12,1+-0,4 11,9+-0,3 12,6+-0,9 12,2+-0,9 12,3+-0,9 3 (s)*# 12,7+-0,3 12,5+-0,4 12,1+-0,3 13,1+-0,8 12,3+-0,9 12,4+-0,8 4 (s)*#@ 13,2+-0,1 12,6+-0,4 12,4+-0,4 13,5+-1,0 12,6+-1,0 12,6+-0,7 5 (s)#@ 13,4+-0,4 12,8+-0,4 12,3+-0,3 13,9+-1,1 13,2+-1,1 12,9+-0,7
  • 78. Speed in Sports High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) ● Stimulus IntensityStimulus Intensity ● Stimulus DurationStimulus Duration ● Volume of StimuliVolume of Stimuli ● Frequency of StimuliFrequency of Stimuli ● Rest IntervalRest Interval
  • 79. Speed in Sports Phenomenon (Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ;(Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ; Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992)Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992) SPEED BARRIER Overreaching Overtraining Biological Limits Control of Loads Training Methods Psychological Factors 1) ??? 2) ??? 3) ???
  • 80. Speed in Sports Fatigue Sites on the Ability to Generate Sprints ● MuscleMuscle ● NeuralNeural ● Other AspectsOther Aspects (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
  • 81. Speed in Sports Fatigue: Muscle Aspects ● 1)1) Muscle ExcitabilityMuscle Excitability ● 2)2) Partial Recovery of ATP in Fast FibersPartial Recovery of ATP in Fast Fibers ● 3)3) Inhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent SprintsInhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent Sprints ● 4)4) Limiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value ofLimiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value of VO2maxVO2max ● 5)5) Metabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from GlycolysisMetabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from Glycolysis ● 6)6) Increases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of CalciumIncreases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of Calcium and or Myofibrillar Sensitivityand or Myofibrillar Sensitivity (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
  • 82. Speed in Sports Fatigue: Neural Aspects ● 1)1) Reduced Efficiency in the Generation ofReduced Efficiency in the Generation of Motor ControlMotor Control ● 2)2) Muscle Recruitment StrategyMuscle Recruitment Strategy (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
  • 83. Speed in Sports Fatigue: Other Aspects ● 1)1) Regulation of Muscle StiffnessRegulation of Muscle Stiffness ● 2)2) Environmental DisturbancesEnvironmental Disturbances (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
  • 84. Speed in Sports Management of Fatigue ● 1)1) MetabolicMetabolic ● 2)2) NeuromuscularNeuromuscular ● 3)3) Technical-coordinativeTechnical-coordinative
  • 85. Speed in Sports General Guide Training ● 1)1) Identify Manifestations of Speed in ModalityIdentify Manifestations of Speed in Modality ● 2)2) Create Specific Speed TestsCreate Specific Speed Tests ● 3)3) Perform the Tests PeriodicallyPerform the Tests Periodically ● 4)4) Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods)Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods) ● 5)5) Gradually Increase the Difficulty of the ExercisesGradually Increase the Difficulty of the Exercises ● 6)6) Variation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and DifficultVariation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and Difficult ● 7)7) Re-evaluate the Manifestations of SpeedRe-evaluate the Manifestations of Speed ● 8)8) Correct the WeaknessesCorrect the Weaknesses ● 9)9) Adapt the More Specific Training Competition SituationAdapt the More Specific Training Competition Situation ● 10)10) Re-assess the Tests Again and Modify the ExercisesRe-assess the Tests Again and Modify the Exercises