The document discusses the events leading up to the American Civil War. It summarizes that the Republican Party formed in the 1850s advocating keeping slavery out of western territories. Abraham Lincoln was the Republican nominee for president in 1860. John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry in an attempt to start a slave uprising, but was unsuccessful and was later hanged. With Lincoln's election in 1860, southern states felt their voice was lost, leading several states like South Carolina to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The immediate cause of the Civil War was the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April 1861.