Biology M1 Classification Biodiversity
Download as PPT, PDF3 likes1,887 views
The document provides an overview of the five kingdoms of living organisms: bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. It focuses on describing key characteristics of plants and animals. Within plants, it examines characteristics of liverworts, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, flowering plants including differences between dicots and monocots. Within animals, it looks at invertebrates like worms, mollusks and arthropods, as well as vertebrates including common features of mammals like humans and elephants. The document emphasizes the importance of classification and biodiversity of living things.
Biology M1 Classification Biodiversity
- 1. Authors: Janice HoLung and Sonia Mc Culloch Picture credits given. Those without credits are by authors 1
- 2. FIVE KINGDOMSFIVE KINGDOMS All living organisms are divided into five major groups, called kingdoms. Organisms share many similarities but can be separated into groups based on differences; with each of the kingdoms and their respective sub-groups (phyla) possessing specific distinguishing features. Knowledge of the distinguishing features of various sub-groups (phyla, order, family) allows us to easily identify new organisms and make predictions about them. 2
- 3. In this presentation, you willIn this presentation, you will 1. Learn about the five kingdoms into which are grouped all living things 2. Be able to describe the characteristics of selected groups of living things 3. Be able to compare (similarities and differences) selected animals and plants 3
- 4. FIVE KINGDOMSFIVE KINGDOMS Two well known kingdoms of living things are the plant and the animal kingdoms, but they are not the only kingdoms that exist. The five kingdoms of living things are: 1. Bacteria 2. Protists 3. Fungi 4. Plants 5. Animals We will focus on kingdoms 4 and 5 in this presentation. 4
- 5. How many kingdoms are shown in thisHow many kingdoms are shown in this photograph?photograph? How many are probably there, butHow many are probably there, but you cannot see them?you cannot see them? 5 Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria CHECK
- 6. Let’s look at the plant kingdom.Let’s look at the plant kingdom. It contains a great variety of organisms, from the very small ones to the extremely large ones. 6
- 8. Very Small PlantsVery Small Plants An example of a very small and simple plant is the liverwort. It is found only in very damp places, since it requires water to reproduce and grow The following photo shows liverworts growing flat on soil. Did you notice what its structure looks like? Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved plants are growing between the broader liverworts? 8
- 9. Photograph of LiverwortsPhotograph of Liverworts Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com 9
- 10. Photograph of LiverwortsPhotograph of Liverworts After looking at the photo on slide 9 showing the liverworts growing flat on soil: Did you notice what its structure looks like? Did you notice that smaller, fine leaved plants are growing between the broader liverworts? 10
- 11. MossesMosses Mosses, shown in the photograph below, are somewhat more complex plants than the simple liverworts. 11Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
- 12. MossesMosses Mosses possess simple structures that look like roots, stems and leaves, but these structures do not contain the same types of tissues that are found in TRUE roots, stems and leaves. The photo on slide 13 shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only, and those farther away showing their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air. 12
- 13. Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com 13 The photo shows mosses growing on a rock surface, with those nearer the camera showing leaves only. MORE Mosses farther away from the camera show their reproductive structures, sticking up into the air.
- 14. FernsFerns Ferns are more complex than mosses, and also grow to much larger sizes. 14 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
- 15. FernsFerns Ferns reproduce in two ways, one of which is seen in the photo on the previous slide. On the underside of their leaves (called fronds), are found many groups (aggregates) of their sporangia, that contain their reproductive spores. Notice that ferns may be found not only in wet places, but also can withstand some dry conditions sometimes. 15
- 16. 16 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
- 17. GymnospermsGymnosperms These are cone bearing plants with needle like leaves and cones, instead of fruit. Often they are called in Jamaica, fir trees/Christmas trees. These cones contain the reproductive organs, and the female cones will develop seeds once they are fertilized. Their seeds do not occur within a seed case, so they are called naked seeds. 17
- 18. Photo of a gymnosperm/”fir”Photo of a gymnosperm/”fir” treetree 18 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
- 19. Photo of anotherPhoto of another gymnosperm/”fir” treegymnosperm/”fir” tree 19
- 20. Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants DICOTYLEDONS These are classified on the basis that their seeds have two cotyledons or seed leaves They also show other special characteristics, e.g., their leaves have veins in a net-like pattern, and the arrangement of their transport system (vascular bundles) is different to that of the monocots Their flowers usually have petals, of numbers 4,5, or 6. MONOCOTYLEDONS Their seeds do not have two cotyledons. Their leaves have veins in a parallel pattern Their flowers usually have either 3 or 5 petals, and many may not have easily observable petals, as you may notice in the photos of the coconut and the grass flowers. 20
- 21. This is an example of a dicotyledon flower. It is Pride of Barbados. Can you see the four main parts of the flower – the petals, sepals, pistil and stamens? Clue 21 ovary (pistil) petal stamen sepal
- 22. This time, can you see the different parts? How many petals does it have? Click here for answer. Example of a dicotyledon flower –Example of a dicotyledon flower – the Bauhinia or Wild Orchid.the Bauhinia or Wild Orchid. 22 petal sepal pistil stamen SHOW ME
- 23. Flowers of CoconutFlowers of Coconut 23Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com Flower without petals
- 24. Flowers of grass plantsFlowers of grass plants 24 Notice there are no petals, only the actual stamens and pistil. Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com stamen feathery stigmas - part of pistil SHOW ME
- 25. Leaf with net veinsLeaf with net veins Notice the main large vein in the centre. See the several side veins that branch out from it. And finally, notice the network of veins coming from these. 25Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com Midrib/main vein side veins network of veins SHOW ME
- 26. . Grass leaf with parallel veinsGrass leaf with parallel veins Notice how many veins there are. 26 Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
- 27. RootsRoots Notice the two patterns of root growth shown in the next two diagrams. Generally, monocotyledon plants show one type (often fibrous type), and generally dicotyledonous plants show the other type (tap root pattern) 27
- 28. Tap roots and fibrous rootsTap roots and fibrous roots Tap Fibrous 28Photograph accessed on line and with permission from EDUPIC.com
- 30. ANIMAL KINGDOMANIMAL KINGDOM Key features of animals include the fact that they are multi-cellular, heterotrophic, (they rely on other organisms as a food source; food is ingested before it is digested) and motile (they move about). There are many different groups of animals, but there are two broad groups: vertebrates (having backbones) and invertebrates (no backbones) 30
- 31. InvertebratesInvertebrates Interesting groups of invertebrate animals are the ringed worms, the molluscs, the arthropods. 31
- 32. Ringed WormsRinged Worms Examples of these are the earthworms, which live in the soil. 1.Does the worm have limbs? Why? 2.Do they fall into the invertebrates? Or the vertebrates? 3.What are the characteristics of these ringed worms? 32 CHECK Answers 1. No limbs. Their bodies have muscular rings used for moving through soil. 2. They are invertebrates, for they have no internal skeleton, or backbone. 3. Ringed worms do not have a head with sense organs, they have ring-like segments and have bristles.
- 33. MolluscsMolluscs Molluscs have protection, usually in the form of an outside tough shell. 1.Why do they need a shell? 2.Do these animals have eyes? Ears? Mouth? 3.Many of the molluscs live in the water. Can you think of a reason? Look at the next photo which shows a native Jamaican mollusc. 33 CHECK Answers 1. They need the tough shell for protection against predators. Their bodies are very soft, and they have no defenses. 2. They usually have eyes and a mouth, but no ears. 3. Because their body is soft and has mucous, they prefer to live in damp places where they will not become dehydrated.
- 34. Photograph by M.L.Gentles, 2006 Photo of a MolluscPhoto of a Mollusc Notice the features: 1. See the tough outer shell (dark brown) 2. The muscular “foot” – really the body, with the head and its eyes on stalks 34
- 35. ArthropodsArthropods These are the most numerous animals on earth. Can you think why? They have a tough outside ‘skeleton’ or skin made of thick chitin, and jointed limbs. There are several different groups of arthropods, from lobsters and shrimp to bees, wasps and cockroaches. They live on land, in the water and in the air. 35
- 36. Photograph by M. Earle 2008 36 bee
- 38. VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATES Interesting groups of vertebrate animals are the fish, the birds and the mammals. These all have backbones ! Consider their features – what do lizards, birds, humans and elephants have in common? Write it down! 38 CHECK All of them have backbones, they all have four appendages, and all have heads with sense organs.
- 39. Photograph by M. Earle 2008 Photo of a mammal – an elephantPhoto of a mammal – an elephant 39
- 40. Common FeaturesCommon Features Now then, what do humans and elephants have in common? Write that down! 40 CHECK Both are vertebrates, have hair on their skin, feed young from mammary glands, have a diaphragm and a four chambered heart.
- 41. Photograph by M. Earle 2008 Photo of a lizard – a vertebrate & aPhoto of a lizard – a vertebrate & a reptilereptile 41
- 42. Photograph by J. Earle 2008 Photo of a duck – a vertebrate &Photo of a duck – a vertebrate & a birda bird 42
- 43. Any more common features?Any more common features? Finally, how can we separate humans from elephants? Which features do we have that elephants do not have? Write that down! If you have looked carefully, and considered, you will have found out some important features of the major groups of vertebrates. 43 CHECK Humans walk on two legs, not four! Humans have five fingers and five toes with joints, elephants don’t. Elephants have a long trunk instead of a small nose.
- 44. Classification & BiodiversityClassification & Biodiversity You have just made a quick survey of the major groups of living things – plants and animals, You have also looked at the different groups of plants, and the different groups of animals This survey showed you the great numbers of different living things – that is, the bio-diversity that exists here on earth. This diversity must be cared for and kept, so that the earth will continue to nourish all living things. 44