Unit - 1 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing.pdf

Fundamentals of Cloud Computing
1.1 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing
1.1.1 Concepts of cloud and cloud computing
1.1.2 Types of cloud based on deployment (Public, Private and Hybrid)
1.2 Cloud service models:
1.2.1 IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service)
1.2.2 SaaS (Software as a Service)
1.2.3 Network as a Service, Database as a Service
1.3 Advantages and dis-advantages of Cloud computing
Shri S.V.Patel College of C.S. & B.M. 1

1.1.1 Concepts of Cloud and Cloud Computing
Cloud :
• Cloud is a global network of remote servers designed to store and process data for other devices and computers.
• This architecture allows people to save their files and applications in the cloud. They can access them online, rather
than relying on local storage.
Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers that are hosted on the
internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server.
• Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided
as a service through the Internet to the user. The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other
storable document.
• Cloud computing refers to manipulating, configuring and accessing application online
• Any service can fall into a category of cloud service when
• The service is accessible via a web browser
• Zero capital expenditure is necessary to get started
• You pay only for what you use

• The following are some of the Operations that can be performed with Cloud Computing
• Storage, backup, and recovery of data
• Delivery of software on demand
• Development of new applications and services
• Streaming videos and audio
• Cloud Computing works best under following scenarios(when to use cloud computing)
• When in need of high Infrastructure: Cloud computing depends on remote network servers hosted on
internet for store, manage, and process the data and hence providing good infrastructure
• On-Demand Access: Users can access cloud services and resources based on-demand they can scale up or
down the without having to invest for physical hardware.
• Types of Services: Cloud computing offers various benefits such as cost saving, scalability, reliability and
accessibility it reduces capital expenditures, improves efficiency.

Components of Cloud computing
Cloud computing comprises a visualized pool of infrastructure resources with applications and services that can be
used directly through a self-service portal. For the end user cloud computing consists of the following
• Client
• Cloud Network
• Cloud Application Programming Interfaces(APIs)
Client: Client is an access device or software interface that a user can use to access cloud services .There are three
broad categories namely
• Mobile client : a client which typically manages data on mobile devices
• Thin client : A thin client is a client that depends primarily on the server for processing activities. They have
minimal processing power and usually have low storage
• Thick client : A thick client is a client that performs the bulk of data processing operations itself, rather than
relying on the server. They have got high computation power and have high storage capacity
Cloud Network: cloud network is the bridge between the user and cloud services the internet is the best choice for
accessing the cloud
Cloud application programming interface:
• It is a set of programming instruction and tool that provides abstractions over a specific provider cloud.
• API help programmers to have a common mechanism for connecting to a particular cloud service.
• It helps to enhance the amount of control over the cloud implementations

Real-world applications of cloud computing
1. Online Data Storage : Cloud computing allows storing data like files, images, audios, and videos, etc on the cloud
storage. The organization need not set physical storage systems to store a huge volume of business data which costs
so high nowadays. As they are growing technologically, data generation is also growing with respect to time, and
storing that becoming problem. In that situation, Cloud storage is providing this service to store and access data any
time as per requirement.
2. Backup and Recovery : Cloud vendors provide security from their side by storing safe to the data as well as
providing a backup facility to the data. They offer various recovery application for retrieving the lost data. In the
traditional way backup of data is a very complex problem and also it is very difficult sometimes impossible to
recover the lost data. But cloud computing has made backup and recovery applications very easy where there is no
fear of running out of backup media or loss of data.
3. Bigdata Analysis : As volume of data increases storing that in traditional data management system for an
organization is impossible. cloud computing has resolved that problem by allowing the organizations to store their
large volume of data in cloud storage without worrying about physical storage. Cloud computing provides the
biggest facility to organizations in terms of storing and analyzing big data.
4. Testing and development : Setting up the platform for development and finally performing different types of testing
to check the readiness of the product before delivery requires different types of IT resources and infrastructure. But
with Cloud computing Organizations find it more helpful as they get scalable and flexible cloud services for product
development, testing, and deployment.

5. Anti-Virus Applications : cloud computing provides cloud antivirus software which means the software is stored in
the cloud and monitors your system/organization’s system remotely. This antivirus software identifies the security
risks and fixes them. Sometimes also they give a feature to download the software.
6. E-commerce Application : Cloud-based e-commerce gives a new approach to doing business with the minimum
amount as well as minimum time possible. Customer data, product data, and other operational systems are managed
in cloud environments.
7. Cloud computing in education : Cloud computing in the education sector brings an unbelievable change in learning
by providing e-learning, online distance learning platforms, and student information portals to the students. It is a
new trend in education that provides an attractive environment for learning, teaching, experimenting, etc. to
students, faculty members, and researchers. Everyone associated with the field can connect to the cloud of their
organization and access data and information from there.
8. Entertainment applications such as online music/video, online games and video conferencing, streaming services,
etc. and it can reach any device be it TV, mobile, set-top box, or any other form. It is a new form of entertainment
called On-Demand Entertainment (ODE). With respect to this as a cloud, the market is growing rapidly and it is
providing various services day by day.

1.1.2 Cloud types (Public cloud, Private Cloud and Hybrid Cloud)
• On the basis of location cloud computing can be classified as public cloud private cloud and hybrid cloud. Enterprises
can choose and deploy any type of cloud depending upon their requirement
1. Public Cloud:
• The public cloud is cloud hosting where user is allowed to access the system and services via internet.
• Public clouds are considered as shared platform among various clients or user provided by cloud service providers.
• Public cloud charges are calculated as pay-per-use model where the user is charged only for services being used.
• Public cloud examples: Microsoft Azure, IBM’s Blue Mix Cloud, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Google
Cloud
• Below given is the Public cloud Diagram where cloud environment is owned by the Cloud Service Providers and each
client or organization gets the shared platform as per the need ( Infrastructure, Software’s and Development Platform)
• The Cloud environment provides advanced security features and users mapped with roles and responsibility can login.
• Multiple organization might be using the same Data Center or Region but still they are separately logically.

Advantages of Public Cloud
•Lower Cost: The public clouds are cheaper as they work on the shared platform concept
•Pay per use: The public cloud charges for the services being consumed.
•Location Independent: Public Clouds are location independent and thus can be accessed from anywhere via internet
connection
•No Maintenance Required: The Public cloud software installation , upgrades and server management are totally owned
by the cloud service providers
•Scalability: The public clouds provides easy scalability options through configurations
•Reliability: The public clouds are always available without much interruption and thus makes it high reliable
Disadvantages of Public Cloud
•Less control: As public clouds are owned by cloud service provides, it does provide much control to the end user
•High Internet Speed: Public cloud performance depends on the availability of high internet speed
•Security concern: Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly

2. Private Cloud
• The Private cloud is an isolated or private cloud environment where systems , applications and resources are
accessible within an organization.
• Private cloud is also termed as ‘Internal Cloud’ or ‘Corporate Cloud’
• Private cloud provides high security and data privacy through firewalls and internal hosting.
• Business critical applications are deployed on private cloud by organization
• Examples: Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud VMware vCloud Suite, OpenStack, Cisco Secure Cloud, Dell Cloud
Solutions, HP Helion Eucalyptusare few examples of Private Cloud

There are four main types of private clouds, each with different management and hosting arrangements:
1. On-premises Private Cloud:
The organization hosts and manages the cloud within its own data center. The organization is responsible for
purchasing, maintaining, and upgrading the hardware, software, security, and other infrastructure. This type of
cloud is expensive and requires a large initial investment.
2. Virtual Private Cloud (VPC):
A VPC is a private-cloud environment within a public cloud. The organization can run code, host websites, and
more in a secure setting while sharing resources with the public cloud.
3. Externally Hosted Private Cloud:
The cloud is hosted on a third-party's servers, but the organization has dedicated servers for its use. The cloud
provider manages resources like storage, upgrades, and security.
4. Managed Private Cloud:
A third party manages the entire private cloud environment, including maintenance, upgrades, support, and
remote management. This type of cloud is expensive, but it's more convenient than on-premises.

Advantages of Private Cloud
• Provides more security on application data
• Provides more controlled on the environment
• Provides high performance
Disadvantages Private Cloud
• Requires high cost in setting up private cloud
• Accessible within the organization boundaries
• Less scalable with available internal hosting resources
• Expertise requires: In the private cloud security concerns are less since customer data and other sensitive
information do not flow out of private infrastructure. Hence skilled people are required to manage & operate cloud
services.

3. Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud is the cloud computing type which is a mix of Public Cloud and Private Cloud.
• With hybrid cloud, service providers can utilize third party cloud providers in full or partial manner thus increasing
the flexibility of computing.
• The hybrid cloud environment is capable of providing on demand externally provision scale ,The ability to augment a
private cloud with a resource of a public cloud can be used to manage any unexpected sudden movement in
workload.
• Hybrid Cloud allows to create a unified, automated, and well-managed computing environment
• Business critical applications are managed and secured using Private Cloud
• Non-critical applications can be deployed and managed through Public cloud
• Hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Cisco
• Banking Applications could be considered as Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
• Provides flexibility to an organization to decide which applications are to be deployed on private or public cloud
• Provides additional Security to critical applications deployed on private cloud
• Provides cost effectiveness
• Reduces overall risk for critical applications
• Provides scalability
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud
• Managing private cloud and public cloud increase complex networking requirements
• Requires to incorporate organization security compliance
• Requires additional manpower for managing networking and private cloud setup
• Requires reliability on both public and private cloud environments up and running
Examples for Hybrid Cloud: AWS Outposts, Azure Stack, Google Anthos, IBM Cloud Satellite, Oracle Cloud at Customer

1.2 Cloud service models
• Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store,
manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
• Companies offering such kinds of cloud computing services are called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud
computing services based on usage. Grids and clusters are the foundations for cloud computing.
Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:
1.Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
2.Platform as a service (PaaS)
3.Software as a service (SaaS)
4.Network as a Service (NaaS)
5.Database as a service (DaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).
• It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures, such as servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual
machines, and other resources. Customers access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per-use model.
• In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific period of time, with pre-determined
hardware configuration. The client paid for the configuration and time, regardless of the actual use. With the help
of the IaaS cloud computing platform layer, clients can dynamically scale the configuration to meet changing
requirements and are billed only for the services actually used.
• The IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to maintain its IT infrastructure.
• IaaS is offered in 3 models: public, private, and hybrid
cloud.
• The private cloud implies that the infrastructure
resides at the customer's premise.
• In public cloud, it is located at the vendor's data
center
• In hybrid cloud it is a combination of the two in
which the customer selects the best of both public
cloud and private cloud.

Some of the Primary Characteristics of IaaS are:
1. Scalability: IaaS enables users to adjust computing capacity according to their demands without requiring to worry
about hardware purchases.
2. Virtualization: IaaS uses virtualization technology to generate virtualized instances that can be managed and
delivered on-demand by abstracting physical computer resources.
3. Resource Pooling: This feature enables users to share computer resources, such as networking and storage, among a
number of users, maximizing resource utilization and cutting costs.
4. Elasticity: IaaS allows users to dynamically modify their computing resources in response to shifting demand,
ensuring optimum performance and financial viability.
5. Self-Service: IaaS offers consumers "self-service" portals that let them independently deploy, administer, and
monitor their computing resources without the assistance of IT employees.
6. Availability: To ensure the high availability and reliability of services, IaaS providers often run redundant and
geographically dispersed data centers.

7. Security: To safeguard their infrastructure and client data, IaaS companies adopt security measures, including data
encryption, firewalls, access controls, and threat detection.
8. Customization: IaaS enables users to alter the operating systems, application stacks, and security settings of their
virtualized instances to suit their unique requirements.
IaaS provider provides the following services:
1. Computing: To provision virtual machines (VMs) for end users, IaaS
providers offer virtual central processing units (CPUs) and virtual main
memory. As a result, users may run their workloads and apps on the
provider's infrastructure without having to worry about managing the
underlying hardware.
2. Storage: Back-end storage services are provided by IaaS providers,
enabling users to store and access their files and data. This offers scalable
and trustworthy storage solutions .
3. Network: IaaS provide networking tools, including routers, switches, and
bridges for the VMs through Network as a Service (NaaS). This enables
connectivity and communication between VMs and other resources while
also allowing customers to create and maintain their network architecture
within the IaaS environment.

4. Load balancers: Incoming network traffic is split up among many virtual machines (VMs) or resources by load balancers,
resulting in effective resource management and excellent application and service availability.
5. Security: To safeguard data and resources housed on the IaaS platform, this can include network security, firewall
configurations, access controls, encryption, and other security measures.
6. Backup and disaster recovery services : this enables customers to create backup copies of their data and software and
put recovery plans in place in the event of data loss or system problems. This promotes business continuity and data
security.
7. Monitoring and Management: This can involve managing VMs, storage, and network configurations using management
panels or APIs, as well as measuring resource utilization, automating scaling, and monitoring performance.
8. Databases: A few IaaS suppliers offer managed database benefits to manage database in the cloud. These services
incorporate relational databases like MySQL,PostgreSQL, SQL Server, as well as NoSQL databases
like MongoDB, Cassandra, and Redis.

Advantages of IaaS
1. Flexibility: organization can include variety of virtual machine sizes, storage options, and networking configurations
designs to fit their infrastructure deployments.
2. Scalability: IaaS allows organizations to increase their infrastructure resources up or down in view of their
requirements.
3. Cost Efficiency: With IaaS, organizations pay just for the resources they consume on a pay-as-you-go basis,
prompting cost savings funds and predictable costs.
4. Geological Reach: IaaS providers work server centers in different geographic regions, allowing associations to deploy
infrastructure resources nearer to their end-users or target markets.
5. Reliability : Provides data replication, backup, and disaster recovery capacities. This ensures high accessibility
limiting the risk of data loss.
6. Security: IaaS incorporates network security, encryption, identity and access management, and consistence
monitoring to ensure data privacy, integrity, and accessibility.

Disadvantages of IaaS
1. Management Complexity: Managing infrastructure in the cloud requires expertise in cloud technologies and
architectures. Organizations may find difficulty in successfully managing and advancing their cloud resources,
monitoring, and troubleshooting.
2. Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Since IaaS depends on internet availability to access and manage
resources, organizations might encounter disturbances in services or execution issues assuming there are issues
with their internet connections or the IaaS provider's network.
3. Cost Management: organizations need to carefully monitor and deal with their cloud spending to stay away from
unexpected costs, without proper cost management practices, organizations might cause unnecessary costs
4. Security Concerns: Storing sensitive data and running basic responsibilities in the cloud can raise security concerns
which should be resolved with proper methods to protect data from cyber threats.
Some of the top Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers in the cloud computing industry
Amazon Web Administrations (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), IBM Cloud, Oracle Cloud
Infrastructure (OCI),Alibaba Cloud

Platform as a Service(Paas)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows programmers to easily create, test, run, and
deploy web applications. You can purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per-use basis
and access them using an Internet connection. In PaaS, back-end scalability is managed by the cloud service provider, so
end-users do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.
• Some of the Services Provided by PaaS are:
1. Programming Languages: A variety of programming languages are supported by PaaS providers, allowing developers to
choose their favorite language to create apps. Languages including Java, Python, Ruby,.NET, PHP, and Node.js are
frequently supported.
2. Application Frameworks: Pre-configured application frameworks are offered by PaaS platforms, which eases the
development process. These frameworks include features like libraries, APIs, and tools for quick development, laying
the groundwork for creating scalable and reliable applications. Popular application frameworks include Laravel, Django,
Ruby on Rails, and Spring Framework.
3. Databases: Managed database services are provided by PaaS providers, making it simple for developers to store and
retrieve data. These services support relational databases (like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Microsoft SQL Server) and
NoSQL databases (like MongoDB, Cassandra, and Redis). For its database services, PaaS platforms often offer
automated backups, scalability, and monitoring tools.

4. Additional Tools and Services: PaaS providers provide a range of extra tools and services to aid in the lifecycle of
application development and deployment like
• Development Tools: These include integrated development environments (IDEs), version control systems, build
and deployment tools, and debugging tools.
• Collaboration and Communication: For team collaboration they provide chat services, shared repositories, and
project management software.
• Analytics and Monitoring: PaaS providers may give tools for tracking application performance, examining user
behavior data which may be helpful for better decision making.
• Security and Identity Management: PaaS systems come with built-in security features like access control,
encryption, and mechanisms for authentication and authorization to protect the privacy of applications and
data.
• Scalability and load balancing: PaaS services frequently offer automatic scaling capabilities for improving
performance and availability, load balancing features divide incoming requests among various instances of the
application.

Advantages of PaaS
1. Simplified Development: PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without worrying
about infrastructure management.
2. Lower risk: No need for investment in hardware and software. Developers only need a PC and an internet
connection to start building applications.
3. Prebuilt functionality: Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality so that users can
avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start the projects only.
4. Instant community:PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the developer can get ideas, share
experiences, and seek advice from others.
5. Scalability:Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without any changes to the
applications.
Disadvantages of PaaS
1. Vendor lock-in: One has to write the applications according to the platform provided by the PaaS vendor, so the
migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.
2. Data Privacy: Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private, so if it is not located within the
walls of the company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.
3. Integration with the rest of the systems applications: may happen that some applications are local, and some are
in the cloud. So there will be chances of increased complexity when we want to use data in the cloud with the
local data.
4. Limited Customization and Control: The degree of customization and control depends largely on infrastructure
provided by PaaS platforms which are mostly pre-configured services .

Popular PaaS Providers

Software as a service (or SaaS)
• Software as a service (or SaaS) is a way of delivering applications over the Internet—as a service.
• Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via the Internet, freeing yourself from complex
software and hardware management.
• It removes the need to install and run applications on our own
computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of
hardware as well as software maintenance.
• SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on
a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud service provider.
• SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without
any downloads or installations required.
• The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software,
on-demand software, or hosted software.

When to use SaaS?
• Small companies and startups
Companies that don’t have that much money and time to build an eCommerce, don’t have time for server
issues or software can use SaaS for a quick start.
• Short-term projects
You can use SaaS for projects that require faster, easier, and more affordable collaborations.
• Big teams or companies
Giant companies like Google even use Asana, a SaaS platform for project management.

Characteristics of SaaS
• Some of the most common characteristics of SaaS include the following:
• Hosted on a remote or central server.
• Access via the Internet.
• Mostly subscription-based.
• The service provider manages its hardware and software updates.
• Downloading or installing the software is not mandatory.
• Services are managed from a central location.
Advantages of SaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without needing to download and install
any software. This reduces the time spent in installation and configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in
the way of the software deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a SaaS provider to automatically perform
the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.

Disadvantages of Saas :
1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as on-premises software, meaning
that users may have to work within the constraints of the SaaS provider’s platform and may not be able to
tailor the software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-based, which means that they
require a stable internet connection to function properly. This can be problematic for users in areas with
poor connectivity or for those who need to access the software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security of the data stored on their
servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or other security incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data, which can be a concern for
organizations that need to maintain strict control over their data for regulatory or other reasons.
Here are some well-known examples of SaaS solutions:
GoToMeeting,DocuSign,Netflix,Slack,Dropbox, SAP Concur,Google Workspace,Trello,Figma,Zoom
The various companies providing Software as a service are :
Cloud9 Analytics, Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox, and
Cloud Tran.

Comparative study of things managed by user Vs cloud provider

Network-as-a-Service (NaaS)
• Network-as-a-Service (NaaS) is a cloud-based networking solution that allows organizations to outsource their network
operations and infrastructure to a third-party provider.
• It provides organizations with a comprehensive set of networking features, including virtual private networks (VPNs),
bandwidth optimization, security, and more.
• NaaS is an ideal solution for organizations that are looking to reduce costs and simplify their network operations.
• It also provides organizations with the flexibility to scale their network operations quickly and easily.
• In NaaS, traditional systems networking parts like
routers, switches, firewalls, and different devices are
virtualized and given as services through cloud service
providers.
• This makes it possible for businesses to access and
manage their network infrastructure without having to
purchase any physical hardware.
• As a result, there is a reduction in operational
complexity, costs associated with maintenance, and
initial investment.

Advantages of NaaS
1. Cost saving : By outsourcing their network operations and infrastructure to a third-party provider, organizations
can save money on hardware, software, and personnel costs.
2. Scalability : NaaS provides organizations with the flexibility to scale their network operations quickly and easily,
enabling them to quickly adapt to changing business needs and requirements.
3. Secure and Reliable : NaaS also provides organizations with a secure and reliable connection to the cloud. It
provides network security measures like firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems etc.
Disadvantages of NaaS
1. Switching Service Provider: After an enterprise has signed up for a particular service provider, any attempts to
switch to a different vendor may be difficult. If the vendor’s hardware or software system fails or the supplier
raises their prices, it could lead to serious consequences for the business.
2. Compatibility: The cloud-based service provider may not be able to operate alongside the outdated setups like
obsolete hardware, on-site software, etc. available in the organization.
3. Migration : Companies that are still utilizing their own data center to run applications and operations, rather than
a cloud-based system, will struggle to migrate large applications and processes to a Network as a Service solution.

Database as a service(Dbaas)
• Database as a service (DBaaS) is a cloud computing service that provides access to a database without the need to
manage the underlying infrastructure.
• DBaaS is delivered over the internet and users can access it through a web-based interface or API. This API is
accessible to the user through a management console, typically an online application, that the user might use to
manage and assemble the information
• In DBaaS, data is replicated over multiple servers to ensure continuous availability.
• Frequently accessed data is cache to speed up the query response time.
• The cloud provider handles the database's maintenance and operations, such as backups, patches, upgrades,
configuration management, and service monitoring.
• Multiple tenants share the same infrastructure, thus reducing the costs.
• The charges are based on the actual usage, thus this is more cost-effective than the traditional database solutions.
• Automated failover mechanism in DBaaS ensures minimal disruption in case of network or hardware failure.

Advantages of DBaaS
1. Scalability: DBaaS can automatically scale resources up and down based on the demand, ensuring cost-efficiency and
optimal performance.
2. High Availability: DBaaS services ensures high availability as they often include built-in redundancy and failover
mechanisms.
3. Reliability: DBaaS services ensures high reliability and business continuity with automated backup and disaster
recovery solutions to help protect data against loss.
4. Cost-efficiency: DBaaS services offer pay-as-you-go pricing that allow organizations to pay only for the resources they
use.
5. Performance Optimization: DBaaS providers ensures consistent performance by managing and optimizing the
underlying infrastructure.
6. Flexibility: Many DBaaS providers support a variety of database engines like SQL, NoSQL, thus giving organizations the
flexibility to choose the best tool for their needs.

Disadvantages of DBaaS
1. Performance Variability: DBaaS operates on shared resources due to which sometimes performance can vary due
to resource contention with other tenants.
2. Complex Customizations: Sometimes it can be difficult to optimize the database for specific needs as users have
limited control over the underlying hardware and software.
3. Hidden Costs: Additional storage charges and charges for premium features can lead to unexpected expenses.
4. Complex Data Portability: Transferring huge volumes of data between providers or back to on-premises systems
can be complex and costly.
5. Time-consuming Data Transfer: Migrating large datasets to a DBaaS platform can be time-consuming and may
require downtime.
DBaaS Tools and Vendors
1. Amazon RDS: This offers managed relational databases with support for multiple database engines, including
MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, MariaDB, and Microsoft SQL server.
2. Google Cloud SQL: It is fully managed relational relational database service for MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL
server.

3. MongoDB Atlas: It is a fully managed cloud database service for MongoDB, offering flexible NoSQL database
capabilities
4. Microsoft Azure SQL Database: It is a fully managed relational database service with AI-powered features for
optimization and performance tuning.

Advantaged of Cloud Computing
1. Cost Saving:
• The cloud computing model is based on the ‘pay-as-you-go’ principle and hence reduces the cost.
• Organizations don’t have to look at, search for, and buy actual physical infrastructure when they have a dependable
cloud computing partner.
2. Accessible to modern technology:
• Cloud computing allows you to access latest application without wasting money on installation this helps in
developing high-end application.
• The opportunity to build powerful AI applications and machine learning models without buying actual physical
servers is a strong motivation.
3. High Speed:
• Provide you to deploy service speedily in fewer clicks.
4. Data Backup and restore data:
• Cloud computing offers a quick and easy method for data backup and restoration. Businesses may simply access and
restore their data in the event of any data loss or system failure by keeping it in the cloud.
5. Mobility:
• Cloud computing makes it simple for mobile devices to access data. Utilizing smartphones and tablets, users can
easily access and control their cloud-based applications and data, increasing their mobility and productivity.

6. Storage Capacity:
• Businesses can virtually store and manage a limitless amount of data in the cloud. The cloud offers a scalable and
centralized storage option for all types of data, including documents, photos, audio, video, and other kinds of files.
7. Collaboration:
• Collaboration is improved because multiple users may work together on documents, projects, and shared storage in the
cloud, enhancing productivity and teamwork.
8.Automatic software updating:
• Cloud service providers take care of infrastructure upkeep, security patches, and updates, freeing organizations from
having to handle these duties themselves.
Disadvantages of cloud computing:
1. Vendor Reliability and Downtime:
• Because of technological difficulties, maintenance needs users may not be able to access their data or applications
during these downtime, which can interfere with business operations and productivity.
2. Internet Dependency:
• A dependable and fast internet connection is essential for cloud computing.

3. Limited Control and Customization:
• It may be difficult for some organizations to modify cloud services to match their needs if they have special
requirements.
4. Data Security and Concerns about Privacy:
• Unauthorized access to data or data breaches can have serious problems, including financial loss, reputational
harm, and legal obligations.
5. Hidden Costs and Pricing Models:
• Businesses should be aware of hidden charges like Data transfer fees, additional storage costs, fees for specialized
support or technical assistance which may vary with different service providers
6. Dependency on Service Provider:
• As organization have more dependency on service provider, they may have difficulties switching to alternate
options if the provider runs into financial difficulties, changes their pricing policy, or even closes down their
services.
7. Data Location and Compliance:
• When data is stored in the cloud, it frequently sits in numerous data centers around the globe that may be
governed by multiple legal systems and data protection laws. Which create issues of abiding with rules of different
countries.

Unit - 1 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing.pdf

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Unit - 1 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing.pdf