![Exploring the Cloud Computing Stack
• The 6 layers of the Cloud Computing Stack
(from top to bottom) are:
• Clients are computer hardware and/or computer
software which rely on The Cloud for
application delivery, or which is specifically
designed for delivery of cloud services, and
which are in either case essentially useless
without it.
• Services (aka Web Service) are “software
system[s] designed to support interoperable
machine-to-machine interaction over a
network“ which may be accessed by other
cloud computing components, software (eg
Software plus services) or end users directly.
• Application leverages The Cloud in software
architecture, often eliminating the need to
install and run the application on the customer’s
own computer, thus alleviating the burden of
software maintenance, ongoing operation, and
support.
• Platform (aka Platform as a service) (the
delivery of a computing platform and/or
solution stack as a service) facilitates
deployment of applications without the
cost and complexity of buying and
managing the underlying hardware and
software layers.
• Storage is the delivery of data storage as
a service (including database-like
services), often billed on a utility
computing basis (eg per gigabyte per
month)
• Infrastructure (aka Infrastructure as a
service) is the delivery of computer
infrastructure (typically a platform
virtualization environment) as a service
61
Typical scenario:
Cloud Computer, Device, etc. »
Cloud Client
Web Services » Cloud Services
Software as a Service, Software
plus Services » Cloud Application
Platform as a Service » Cloud
Platform
Storage as a Service, Cloud
Attached Storage » Cloud Storage
Infrastructure as a Service,
Hardware as a Service » Cloud
Infrastructure](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1fundamentalsofcloudcomputing-250814082438-1857a770/85/Unit-1-Fundamentals-of-Cloud-Computing-pdf-61-320.jpg)
Unit 1 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing.pdf
- 1. Unit 1 Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 1
- 2. CO-PO Mapping 2 Course Outcome Blooms Taxonomy Level After successful completion of the course learner will be able to Mapping with Syllabus Unit PO Mapping CO1 L1 Understand the basic concepts of Cloud Computing U1 PO (1, 3, 5, 6, 11) Mapping Level Justification PO1 3 Knowledge of cloud fundamentals, technology skills. PO3 3 Solution based approaches and domain skills are important to do identification and analysis of existing systems. PO5 3 To understand the basics tool-based approach is needed. PO6 2 Cloud services are provided for societal advantages. PO11 2 Doing cloud configurations and hierarchical development is part of cloud practitioner. Program Outcomes (POs) 1. Engineering knowledge 2. Problem analysis 3. Design/development of solutions 4. Conduct investigations of complex problems 5. Modern tool usage 6. The engineer and society 7. Environment and sustainability 8. Ethics 9. Individual and teamwork 10. Communication 11. Project management and finance 12. Life-long learning
- 3. Content • Introduction to Cloud Computing • History of Cloud Computing • Characteristics of Cloud Computing • Cloud Types • NIST • Cloud cube • Cloud service models • IaaS, PaaS, SaaS • Cloud Computing deployment models • Public, Private and Hybrid • Exploring the Cloud Computing Stack • Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of cloud computing. 3
- 4. Books 4 Textbooks: T2 Surbhi Rastogi, “Cloud Computing Simplified”, BPB Publications, 2021, ISBN-13: 978-9390684359 Reference Books: R5 Barrie Sosinsky, “Cloud Computing Bible”, Wiley Publications, ISBN: 978-81-265-2980-3
- 5. Topic – Book – Pages Mapping L. No. Topic (Hours) Book Page No. Unit I Fundamentals of Cloud Computing (6 Hrs) 1 Introduction to Cloud Computing, History of Cloud Computing Characteristics of Cloud Computing T2 24-31 2 Cloud service models R5 5-7 3 Cloud Types: NIST, Cloud cube R5 9-13 4 Cloud Computing deployment models T2 91-111 5 Exploring the Cloud Computing Stack R5 46-58 6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of cloud computing T2 31-34 5
- 6. Content Revisited •Introduction to Cloud Computing •History of Cloud Computing •Characteristics of Cloud Computing •Cloud Types • NIST • Cloud cube •Cloud service models •Cloud Computing deployment models •Exploring the Cloud Computing Stack •Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of cloud computing. 6
- 8. Introduction to Cloud Computing •What is cloud computing, in simple terms? • Cloud Computing is an availability of processing power, storage and applications delivered on demand to the customers over the internet. •How does cloud computing work? •What cloud-computing services are available? • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS) •What are examples of cloud computing? •Why is it called cloud computing? •What is the history of cloud computing? •How important is the cloud? 8
- 9. Cloud ? Where did I start? 9
- 10. History of Cloud Computing 10
- 11. History of Cloud Computing 11
- 12. History of Cloud Computing 12
- 13. How Does Cloud Computing Work? • Cloud computing is an application-based software infrastructure that stores data on remote serves, which can be accessed through the internet. To understand how cloud computing works, it can be divided into front-end and backend. • The front end enables a user to access data stored in the cloud using an internet browser or a cloud computing software. However, the primary component of cloud computing – responsible for securely storing data and information – is the backend. It comprises servers, computers, databases, and central servers. • The central server facilitates operations by following a set of rules known as protocols. It uses a software, middleware, to ensure seamless connectivity between devices/computers linked via cloud computing. • Cloud computing service providers usually maintain multiple copies of the data to mitigate instances of security threats, data loss, data breach, etc. 13
- 14. History of Cloud Computing • Distributed systems • multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users. • Mainframe computing • highly powerful and reliable computing machines • Cluster computing • Machines connected in a cluster by network with high bandwidth • Grid computing • different systems at different geographical locations connected via the internet • Virtualization • a virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. • Web 2.0 • interactive and dynamic web pages • Utility computing • service provisioning techniques for services such as compute, storage, infrastructure, etc on a pay-per-use basis • Cloud computing • renting computing services 14 Convergence of various advances leading to the advent of cloud computing
- 15. Why should business adopt cloud computing? •No need to set up infrastructure •Automatic upgrades •Integrating legacy applications •Reduction in IT infra capital expenditure •Easier maintenance of applications •Easy scalability 15
- 16. Characteristics of Cloud Computing 1) Resources Pooling 2) On-Demand Self-Service 3) Easy Maintenance 4) Scalability And Rapid Elasticity 5) Economical 6) Measured And Reporting Service 7) Security 8) Automation 9) Resiliency And Availability 10) Large Network Access 11) Work From Any Location 12) Multi-Tenancy 13) Flexibility 16
- 17. Why Use Cloud Computing? • With cloud computing, purchasing hardware and software is significantly cheaper. • A good internet connection is required to access all of the information you need at any time and from any location. • As demand increases, you can easily increase the capacity of this system. The services can be scaled and customized to meet the needs of individual users. • Cloud service providers spend a lot of money on security to ensure that their customers receive high-quality services. • Reliable storage can be found in the cloud. The process of backing up and restoring data is simple, inexpensive, and fast. • Enterprise users can easily access services and applications without worrying about the underlying cost of infrastructures, making it more cost- and time-effective. This gives a boost to the firm’s productivity. 17
- 18. Types of Cloud Computing 18
- 22. • Funny visual aid that establishes a parallel between different types of travel and different types of cloud services 22
- 23. Cloud service models – Funny visual 23
- 28. Public, private and hybrid 28
- 29. Public, private and hybrid 29 Supports all users who want to make use of a computing resource, such as hardware (OS, CPU, memory, storage) or software (application server, database) on a subscription basis. Most common uses of public clouds are for application development and testing, non-mission-critical tasks such as file-sharing, and e-mail service. It is typically infrastructure used by a single organization. Such infrastructure may be managed by the organization itself to support various user groups, or it could be managed by a service provider that takes care of it either on-site or off-site. Hybrid cloud In a hybrid cloud, an organization makes use of interconnected private and public cloud infrastructure. Many organizations make use of this model when they need to scale up their IT infrastructure rapidly, such as when leveraging public clouds to supplement the capacity available within a private cloud.
- 30. Public, private and hybrid •Use cases • Problem Result • Definition • Tenancy • Exposure to public • Data Center Location • Cloud Service Providers • Hardware Components • Expenses • Top companies 30
- 31. Public, private and hybrid 31 Problem Result
- 32. Public, private and hybrid 32 Definition
- 33. Public, private and hybrid 33 Tenancy
- 34. Public, private and hybrid 34 Exposure to public
- 35. Public, private and hybrid 35 Data Center Location
- 36. Public, private and hybrid 36 Cloud Service Providers
- 37. Public, private and hybrid 37 Hardware Components
- 38. Public, private and hybrid 38 Expenses
- 39. Public, private and hybrid 39 Top companies
- 40. Public, private and hybrid 40 # Deployment Model Attribute Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud 1 Ownership Owned by customers Owned by single organization Partially owned by Service Provider and partially by consumer Owned by two or more organizations which has common goal 2 Performance Low to medium Excellent Good Very Good 3 Setup cost of building datacentre Low initial cost High Medium Varies from number of organizations 4 Used by Anyone can access Limited people can access Medium accessibility Depend upon number of cooperatives 5 Security Less Highest Medium High 6 User's control Limited control Full control Full control over private part and limited at public part High control but limited by community policies 7 Maintenance cost Lowest Highest Moderate High 8 Space required Very low Very large Medium Depends on number of cooperatives 9 Workload Normal workload with short-spikes in demand Not suitable for handling large workload Highly dynamic or changeable Suitable for handling large workload 10 Size of Datacentres Around 50,000s Around 50,000s Less than private cloud Public cloud>15,000>Private c cloud 11 Virtualization Resource utilization is optimized via server virtualization Resource utilization efficiency gains through server virtualization Resource utilization is optimized via server virtualization Resource utilization efficiency gains via server virtualization 12 Reliability Medium Highest Medium High 13 Cloud Bursting Not supported Not supported Supported Not supported 14 Example Amazon EC2 Microsoft Azure Rackspace Hybrid cloud Microsoft government community cloud
- 41. Public, private and hybrid # Type When to use Advantages Drawbacks 1 Public cloud •Predictable computing needs, such as communication services for a specific number of users •Apps and services necessary to perform IT and business operations •Additional resource requirements to address varying peak demands •Software development and test environments • No CapEx • Technical agility • Business focus • Affordability • Cost agility • Free maintenance services • Lack of cost control. • Lack of security • Minimal technical control 41
- 42. Public, private and hybrid # Type When to use Advantages Drawbacks 2 Private cloud •Highly regulated industries and government agencies •Sensitive data •Companies that require strong control and security over their IT workloads and the underlying infrastructure •Large enterprises that require advanced data center technologies to operate efficiently and cost-effectively •Organizations that can afford to invest in high performance and availability technologies • Exclusive environments • Custom security • Scalability without tradeoffs • Efficient performance • Flexibility • Price • Mobile difficulty • Scalability depends 42
- 43. Public, private and hybrid # Type When to use Advantages Drawbacks 3 Hybrid cloud •Organizations serving multiple verticals facing different IT security, regulatory, and performance requirements •Optimizing cloud investments without compromising on the value that public or private cloud technologies can deliver •Improving security on existing cloud solutions such as SaaS offerings that must be delivered via secure private networks •Strategically approaching cloud investments to continuously switch and tradeoff between the best cloud service delivery model available in the market • Policy-driven option • Scale with security • Reliability • Cost control • Price • Management • Added complexity 43
- 44. Cloud Types 44
- 45. Cloud Types •National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) •Cloud cube 45
- 46. Cloud Types – NIST 46 NIST Reference Cloud Architecture Cloud Consumer A person or organization that maintains a business relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Providers. Cloud Provider A person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service available to interested parties. Cloud Auditor A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services, information system operations, performance and security of the cloud implementation. Cloud Broker An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers. Cloud Carrier An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.
- 47. Cloud Types – NIST •Actors in Cloud Computing 47 # Actor Definition 1 Cloud Consumer A person or organization that maintains a business relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Providers. 2 Cloud Provider A person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service available to interested parties. 3 Cloud Auditor A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services, information system operations, performance and security of the cloud implementation. 4 Cloud Broker An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers. 5 Cloud Carrier An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.
- 48. Cloud Types – NIST •Interactions among the actors 48
- 49. Cloud Types – NIST •Interactions among the actors 49 Usage Scenario for Cloud Brokers A cloud consumer may request service from a cloud broker instead of contacting a cloud provider directly. The cloud broker may create a new service by combining multiple services or by enhancing an existing service. In this example, the actual cloud providers are invisible to the cloud consumer and the cloud consumer interacts directly with the cloud broker.
- 50. Cloud Types – NIST •Interactions among the actors 50 Usage Scenario for Cloud Carriers (Service Level Agreement) Cloud carriers provide the connectivity and transport of cloud services from cloud providers to cloud consumers. As illustrated in Figure 4, a cloud provider participates in and arranges for two unique service level agreements (SLAs), one with a cloud carrier (e.g. SLA2) and one with a cloud consumer (e.g. SLA1).
- 51. Cloud Types – NIST •Interactions among the actors 51 Usage Scenario for Cloud Auditors For a cloud service, a cloud auditor conducts independent assessments of the operation and security of the cloud service implementation. The audit may involve interactions with both the Cloud Consumer and the Cloud Provider.
- 52. Cloud Types – NIST • The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cloud Computing Definition is composed of 14 interrelated terms and their associated definitions: • Core definition of the cloud computing model (above) • Five essential characteristics • On-demand self-service • Broad network access • Resource pooling • Rapid elasticity • Measured service • Three service models • Software as a Service (SaaS) • Platform as a Service (PaaS) • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) • Four deployment models • Public • Private • Community • Hybrid 52
- 53. Cloud Types – Cloud Cube Model 53
- 54. Cloud Types – Cloud Cube Model • What is the Cloud Cube Model? • The Cloud Cube models help in classifying the cloud-based network in four essential dimensional elements. • The primary aim of this cloud model is to provide security and protect the web or network of the cloud. • This model helps IT managers, organizations, and business leaders by providing the secure and protected network. • There is an open-group association Jericho Forum & their focus is on how to protect and secure cloud network. • They put forward a model that helps to categorize a cloud network based on four-dimensional factors. • The figure shows the Cloud Cube model. 54 Jericho Forum Cloud Cube Model
- 55. Cloud Types – Cloud Cube Model •The dimensions are as follows: 1. External and internal 2. Proprietary and Open 3. Perimeterized or known as (Per) and De-Parameterized or (D-p) 4. In Sourced and Outsourced 55
- 56. Cloud Types – Cloud Cube Model 1. Internal and External • The internal term is allocated for the Private Cloud, and External is earmarked for the Public Cloud. 2. Proprietary and Open • Proprietary stands for paid services, or it means for contractors. The term Open is allocated for Open-Source solutions or services. In some cases, if we talk about Cloud Computing, the open term is used for a system or a platform that permits sharing and freely accessing the APIs. Google App Engine is a famous example to be considered as Open. 56
- 57. Cloud Types – Cloud Cube Model 3. Perimeterized (Per) and De-Perimeterized (D-p) • The real-world definition of Per and D-p in the architectural point of view means whether traditional IT resources like networks and firewalls are operating inside the Per or outside the D-p of the organization. • In Cloud, computing perimeterized is referred to IaaS and PaaS and any other services or contracts which helps in supporting the infrastructure and platform. • De-parametrized is the term that refers to SaaS or to any other set of services followed by the contracts and supports. It is required for software or application as they are not stuck or restricted with any hardware limitations. 4. Insourced and Outsourced • Insources term refers to the in-house development of the cloud, and the Outsource term refers to allowing contractors and service providers to handle all queries. Mostly all the Cloud Business Models come under this section. 57
- 58. Cloud Types – Cloud Cube Model Working of Cloud cube model • The working is also categorized into four sections, and they are as follows: • Physical Location of Data: The location of data may be internally or externally which ultimately defines the organization's boundary. • Ownership: Ownership is proprietary or open; is a measurement for not only ownership of technology but also its interoperability, use of data & ease of data-transfer & degree of vendor's application's lock-in. • Security Range: is parameterized or de-parameterized; which measures whether the operations are inside or outside the security boundary, firewall, etc. • Sourcing: In-sourcing or out-sourcing; which defines whether the customer or the service provider provides the service. 58
- 60. Exploring the Cloud Computing Stack •Cloud computing stack: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS 60
- 61. Exploring the Cloud Computing Stack • The 6 layers of the Cloud Computing Stack (from top to bottom) are: • Clients are computer hardware and/or computer software which rely on The Cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services, and which are in either case essentially useless without it. • Services (aka Web Service) are “software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network“ which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software (eg Software plus services) or end users directly. • Application leverages The Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer’s own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. • Platform (aka Platform as a service) (the delivery of a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service) facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. • Storage is the delivery of data storage as a service (including database-like services), often billed on a utility computing basis (eg per gigabyte per month) • Infrastructure (aka Infrastructure as a service) is the delivery of computer infrastructure (typically a platform virtualization environment) as a service 61 Typical scenario: Cloud Computer, Device, etc. » Cloud Client Web Services » Cloud Services Software as a Service, Software plus Services » Cloud Application Platform as a Service » Cloud Platform Storage as a Service, Cloud Attached Storage » Cloud Storage Infrastructure as a Service, Hardware as a Service » Cloud Infrastructure
- 63. Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing Potential Advantages Potential Risks/Disadvantages Reduced costs for rented IT hardware and software compared to costs for in-house equipment (cost advantages can be reaped through the economies of scope and scale of cloud solutions and from the shift from capital to operational expenditure) Increased costs of communications (to telecommunication operators/ISPs) Reduced cost of in-house IT management Increased costs for data or service migration and integration Enhanced elasticity of storage/processing capacity as required by fluctuations in demand Reduced control over data and applications Greater flexibility and mobility of access to data and services Data security and privacy concerns Immediate and cost-free upgrading of software Unreliable services e.g. due to inadequate ICT or power infrastructure Enhanced reliability/security of data and services Risk of Vendor locking(limited interoperability and data portability) with providers in uncompetitive cloud markets Potential Advantages Potential Risks/Disadvantages 63
- 64. Applications of cloud computing •Online Data Storage •Backup and Recovery •Big Data Analysis •Testing and Development •Antivirus Applications •E-commerce Application •Cloud Computing in Education 64
- 65. Facts out of syllabus 65
- 66. Use Cases of Cloud Computing • Big Data Analytics is a complex process of analyzing large and varied data sets to get the desired result for better decision making of the businesses. Big Data brands companies like Amazon and Facebook collect information on consumer buying behavior like their likes, dislikes, reviews to predict future purchases and grow their businesses accordingly. The combination of cloud computing and big data techniques leverages scalable and cost-effective solutions. • PaaS is a cloud computing service in which a 3rd Party provider delivers hardware and software tools. PaaS model is similar to serverless computing and FaaS (Function as a Service) architecture in which the cloud service provider manages and runs the server and controls the distribution of resources. • IaaS is a cloud computing technology that provides virtual computing resources over the internet. Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud are a few examples of IaaS Platforms. IaaS users access resources and services through WAN. • There are several advantages and benefits of Big Data Analysis in the cloud platform which are listed here: With the advancement of cloud technologies, big data analysis provides better results as the cloud helps to integrate raw data from numerous resources. • Cloud computing is mostly used in Development and testing. Biomni, a managed service leader hosts development and testing in the cloud to create an experiment and deliver new products to clients. • Netflix a well-named player in the US for online content streaming. It partnered with AWS (a cloud computing platform) for services and delivery of content, where the users can access the content anywhere in the world. • BDP International a well-known global logistics provider is hosting virtual desktops in the cloud which reduces capital expenses. • The global leader in the pharmaceutical industry named Pfizer uses Amazon Virtual Private Cloud to enhance high performance for worldwide research and development. • Creative solutions in Healthcare are accelerating the deployment of applications in the cloud. • Out of the three Cloud computing categories, SaaS is one of them. SaaS is related to Application service provider and on-demand computing software delivery model. There are several SaaS applications for businesses such as email, sales management, CRM, financial management, HRM. 66
- 67. Cloud computing failure case study •6 Cloud Computing Failures that Shocked the World •Exposing cloud computing as a failure •The 10 worst cloud outages • Summary of the Amazon EC2 and Amazon RDS Service Disruption in the US East Region •Case studies in cloud migration: Netflix, Pinterest, and Symantec •9 Spectacular Cloud Computing Fails •10 Important Cloud Migration Case Studies You Need To Know •Cloud Computing With Real Life Case Studies •Cloud computing: success stories of global companies •10 Cloud Computing Success Stories by Leveraging AWS and Azure 67
- 68. Cloud Adoption Inhibitors: What Is Holding People Back? • Ambiguity • Concerns Over Maturity • Services aren’t Robust Enough Yet • Integration - Data Integration, Application/Service Integration • Security – • Ownership of Data • Auditing • Privacy, Legal, and Compliance Issues • Multitenancy • Security • Lack of Customization • Technology Challenges • Scale Out • Corporate Policies • Flexibility 68
- 69. Thank You!!!! 69